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Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2020) | Viewed by 59750

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stefanos Tyrovolas

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor

1. Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
2. School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon GH506, Hong Kong
Interests: nutrition; successful and healthy aging; frailty; sarcopenia; chronic diseases
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global population is aging at an unprecedented speed. The body’s physiological changes (e.g., muscle loss, myopenia (chronic muscle loss of >5% per year), sarcopenia, and changes in body fat (BF%)) are part of the aging process, and are strongly linked with functional and health loss. Sarcopenia is characterized by declines in muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance, while sarcopenic obesity refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and high accumulation of fat mass.

While there is considerable interest among scientists regarding the direct and indirect effect of nutrition on the body’s physiological changes, there is still scant information on various factors and temporal and regional patterns. Nutrition seems to have a specific impact on muscle decline, sarcopenia, and body fat either as a prevention or an intervention scheme. Given the importance of this issue, the journal Nutrients is planning a Special Issue on “Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition” with the aim of providing a source for accurate and up-to-date scientific information on this topic.

We invite you and your co-workers to consider the submission of your original research findings or a review article on the topic. Manuscripts should focus on the epidemiology of muscle mass loss and sarcopenia as well as on the direct impact of specific food components, dietary patterns, energy intake, macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients, alcohol intake, food insecurity, innovative foods, as well as malnourishment and appetite to the muscle mass process across older populations. We also welcome manuscripts that focus on community and clinical nutrition intervention studies (i.e., protein diet, diet quality). In a similar way, we also welcome manuscripts that focus on the indirect effect of sarcopenia and muscle mass on the ageing and longevity process (i.e., multimorbidity, disability, well-being, and frailty).

Dr. Stefanos Tyrovolas
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

muscle mass decline
sarcopenia
sarcopenic obesity
myopenia
functional impairment
nutrition and physical activity
aging

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Folate Supplementation on Homocysteine and Cognition in Patients with Folate Deficiency and Cognitive Impairment

by Yuka Hama, Tadanori Hamano, Norimichi Shirafuji, Kouji Hayashi, Asako Ueno, Soichi Enomoto, Miwako Nagata, Hirohiko Kimura, Akiko Matsunaga, Masamichi Ikawa, Osamu Yamamura, Tatsuhiko Ito, Yohei Kimura, Masaru Kuriyama and Yasunari Nakamoto

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3138; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12103138 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7402

Abstract

Although folate deficiency was reported to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, influence of folate supplementation on cognition remains controversial. Therefore, we explored the effects of folate supplementation on the cognition and Homocysteine (Hcy) level in relatively short periods in patients with folate deficiency and cognitive impairment. Enrolled 45 patients (mean age of 79.7 ± 7.9 years old) with folate deficiency (<3.6 ng/mL) with cognitive impairment underwent Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and laboratory examinations, including folate, vitamin B₁₂, and Hcy. The degree of hippocampal atrophy in MRI was estimated using a voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease (VSRAD). Patients were administrated folate (5 mg/day), then Hcy, and MMSE score were re-examined after 28 to 63 days. Mean Hcy significantly decreased from 25.0 ± 18.0 to 11.0 ± 4.3 nmol/mL (p < 0.001). Average MMSE scores also significantly changed from 20.1 ± 4.7 to 22.2 ± 4.3 (p < 0.001). The degree of change in the MMSE score and basic Hcy or Hcy change was significantly positively correlated, while degree of hippocampal atrophy in MRI did not. Although several factors should be taken into account, folate supplementation ameliorated cognitive impairment, at least for a short period, in patients with folate deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation with Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Polyphenols Combined with Electrical Muscle Stimulation Increases Muscle Strength in Elderly Adults with Limited Mobility: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Claire Boutry-Regard, Gerard Vinyes-Parés, Denis Breuillé and Toshio Moritani

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1866; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061866 - 23 Jun 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5574

Abstract

Age-related sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder associated with adverse outcomes. Herein, we evaluate the effects of a combination of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and a whey-based nutritional supplement (with or without polyphenols and fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids) on muscle function and size. Free-living elderly participants with mobility limitations were included in this study. They received 2 sessions of EMS per week and were randomly assigned to ingest an isocaloric beverage and capsules for 12 weeks: (1) carbohydrate + placebo capsules (CHO, n = 12), (2) whey protein isolate + placebo capsules (WPI, n = 15) and (3) whey protein isolate + bioactives (BIO) capsules containing omega-3 fatty acids, rutin, and curcumin (WPI + BIO, n = 10). The change in knee extension strength was significantly improved by 13% in the WPI + BIO group versus CHO on top of EMS, while WPI alone did not provide a significant benefit over CHO. On top of this, there was the largest improvement in gait speed (8%). The combination of EMS and this specific nutritional intervention could be considered as a new approach for the prevention of sarcopenia but more work is needed before this approach should be recommended. This trial was registered at the Japanese University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) clinical trial registry (UMIN000008382). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alcohol Drinking and Health in Ageing: A Global Scale Analysis of Older Individual Data through the Harmonised Dataset of ATHLOS

by Stefanos Tyrovolas, Dimitris Panaretos, Christina Daskalopoulou, Iago Gine-Vazquez, Albert Sanchez Niubo, Beatriz Olaya, Martin Bobak, Martin Prince, Matthew Prina, Jose Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Francisco Felix Caballero, Esther Garcia-Esquinas, Arndt Holger, Sergei Scherbov, Warren Sanderson, Ilenia Gheno, Ilona Koupil, Jerome Bickenbach, Somnath Chatterji, Seppo Koskinen, Alberto Raggi, Andrzej Pajak, Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk, Josep Maria Haro and Demosthenes Panagiotakos Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1746; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061746 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4219

Abstract

We investigated the relation between alcohol drinking and healthy ageing by means of a validated health status metric, using individual data from the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) project. For the purposes of this study, the ATHLOS harmonised dataset, which includes information from individuals aged 65+ in 38 countries, was analysed (n = 135,440). Alcohol drinking was reflected by means of three harmonised variables: alcohol drinking frequency, current and past alcohol drinker. A set of 41 self-reported health items and measured tests were used to generate a specific health metric. In the harmonised dataset, the prevalence of current drinking was 47.5% while of past drinking was 26.5%. In the pooled sample, current alcohol drinking was positively associated with better health status among older adults ((b-coef (95% CI): 1.32(0.45 to 2.19)) and past alcohol drinking was inversely related (b-coef (95% CI): −0.83 (−1.51 to −0.16)) with health status. Often alcohol consumption appeared to be beneficial only for females in all super-regions except Africa, both age group categories (65–80 years old and 80+), both age group categories, as well as among all the financial status categories (all p < 0.05). Regional analysis pictured diverse patterns in the association for current and past alcohol drinkers. Our results report the need for specific alcohol intake recommendations among older adults that will help them maintain a better health status throughout the ageing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malnutrition as Key Predictor of Physical Frailty among Malaysian Older Adults

by Camilla Wahida Norazman, Siti Nur’Asyura Adznam and Rosita Jamaluddin

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061713 - 08 Jun 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3733

Abstract

Studies have been carried out on the association between frailty and malnutrition, but the similarities and divergence of the relationship remain debatable. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of malnutrition risk and frailty as well as the overlapping constructs. The associations that emerged were assessed independently of other risk factors. A total of 301 community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 66.91 ± 5.59 years old were randomly recruited. Fried Criteria and Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) were used to assess frailty status and malnutrition, respectively. Other related nutritional assessments were assessed (body mass index (BMI), circumference measures, body fat % and skeletal muscle mass). The prevalence of frailty was 14.6% and prefrail was 59.7%; 29.6% were at risk of malnutrition, and 3.3% were malnourished. Malnutrition risk was significantly associated with a higher number of chronic diseases, BMI, circumference of mid-upper arm (MUAC), and calf, (CC)and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and frailty, whereas frailty was significantly associated with higher number of chronic diseases, SMM and malnutrition. Frailty syndrome can be predicted with increasing age, body fat, lower skeletal muscle and malnutrition. Those who were frail were found to be five times more likely to be at risk of malnutrition. Results suggested that frailty and malnutrition shared considerable overlap, which emphasised the interrelated but discrete concepts. Therefore, the assessment of malnutrition is imperative and could be used as a practical implication in assessing frailty syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

10 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Sarcopenic Dysphagia with Underlying Sarcopenia Following Hip Fracture Surgery in Older Women

by Ayano Nagano, Keisuke Maeda, Akio Shimizu, Shinsuke Nagami, Naohide Takigawa, Junko Ueshima and Masaki Suenaga

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1365; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12051365 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4626

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the association between the development of dysphagia in patients with underlying sarcopenia and the prevalence of sarcopenic dysphagia in older patients following surgical treatment for hip fracture. Older female patients with hip fractures (n = 89) were studied. The data of skeletal muscle mass, hand-grip strength, and nutritional status were examined. The development of dysphagia postoperatively was graded using the Food Oral Intake Scale by a certified nurse in dysphagia nursing. The patients’ mean age was 85.9 ± 6.5 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 76.4% at baseline. Of the 89 patients, 11 (12.3%) and 12 (13.5%) had dysphagia by day 7 of hospitalization and at discharge, respectively. All patients who developed dysphagia had underlying sarcopenia. Lower skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) (<4.7 kg/m²) and grip strength (<8 kg) at baseline indicated a higher incidence of dysphagia on day 7 (p = 0.003 and Phi = 0.391) and at discharge (p = 0.001 and Phi = 0.448). Dysphagia developed after hip fracture surgery could be sarcopenic dysphagia, and worsening sarcopenia was a risk factor for dysphagia following hip fracture surgery. Clinicians and medical coworkers should become more aware of the risks of sarcopenic dysphagia. Early detection and preventive interventions for dysphagia should be emphasized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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10 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Sarcopenia among Older Adults in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

by Ai Koyanagi, Nicola Veronese, Marco Solmi, Hans Oh, Jae Il Shin, Louis Jacob, Lin Yang, Josep Maria Haro and Lee Smith

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 706; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030706 - 06 Mar 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3870

Abstract

Fruit and vegetable consumption may protect against sarcopenia but there are no studies on this topic from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Thus, we assessed this association among older adults from six LMICs. Community-based cross-sectional data of the Study on Global Aging and Adult Health were analyzed. Sarcopenia was defined as the presence of low skeletal muscle mass based on indirect population formula, and either slow gait or low handgrip strength. Quintiles of vegetable and fruit consumption were created based on the number of servings consumed on a typical day. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. The sample consisted of 14,585 individuals aged ≥65 years (mean (SD) age 72.6 (11.4) years; 55% females). Adjusted analyses showed that overall, compared to the lowest quintile (Q1), the highest quintile (Q5) of fruit consumption was associated with a 40% lower odds for sarcopenia (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.42−0.84) but this association was largely driven by the strong association among females (e.g., Q5 vs. Q1 OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.24−0.73), with no significant associations found among males. Vegetable consumption was not significantly associated with sarcopenia. Future studies of longitudinal design may shed light on whether increasing fruit consumption among older females in LMICs may reduce risk for sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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8 pages, 217 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Kidney–Gut–Muscle Axis in End-Stage Renal Disease is Similarly Represented in Older Adults

by Michael S. Lustgarten

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12010106 - 30 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4192

Abstract

Decreased renal function, elevated circulating levels of urea, intestinal levels of urea-degrading bacteria, and gut-derived uremic metabolites are present in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a cohort that has reduced muscle mass and physical function, and poor muscle composition. This phenotype, defined as the kidney–gut–muscle axis, is similarly represented in older adults that do not have ESRD. The purpose of this short communication is to illuminate these findings, and to propose a strategy that can positively impact the kidney–gut–muscle axis. For example, dietary fiber is fermented by intestinal bacteria, thereby producing the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which affect each component of the kidney–gut–muscle axis. Accordingly, a high-fiber diet may be an important approach for improving the kidney–gut–muscle axis in ESRD and in older adults that do not have ESRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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11 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Predictors of Sarcopenic Dysphagia during Hospitalization of Older Adults

by Keisuke Maeda, Yuria Ishida, Tomoyuki Nonogaki, Akio Shimizu, Yosuke Yamanaka, Remi Matsuyama, Ryoko Kato and Naoharu Mori

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 70; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12010070 - 26 Dec 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5446

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the impact of sarcopenia and sarcopenia-related conditions on the development of swallowing disorders during hospitalization. Older adult inpatients (n = 8768) without swallowing disorders in the premorbid period were studied. Sarcopenia-related conditions were evaluated in terms of nutritional status, physical status, and ambulatory conditions as well as hand-grip strength and muscle mass assessed by calf circumference. Development of swallowing disorders was defined based on food texture at discharge from the hospital. The patients’ mean age was 76.1 ± 6.9 years. A total of 374 (4.3%) patients developed swallowing disorders during hospitalization. They were older, with poorer nutritional status, and had more decline of physical performance than those without swallowing disorders. Performance Status score (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28 (1.12–1.46) p < 0.001), ambulatory dependency (OR = 1.72 (1.09–2.71), p = 0.020), malnutrition score (OR = 0.92 (0.87–0.97), p = 0.002), insufficient nutritional intake (OR = 2.33 (1.60–3.40), p < 0.001), and length of stay (OR = 1.01 (1.00–1.01), p = 0.001) were independent contributing factors for swallowing disorder development in the multivariate analysis. The presence of possible sarcopenia was also a contributor to swallowing disorder development. In conclusion, swallowing disorders could develop in patients with possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia-related conditions during hospitalization. Clinicians should be aware of this risk and provide appropriate interventions to prevent sarcopenic dysphagia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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Review

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25 pages, 403 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition and Sarcopenia—What Do We Know?

by Aravinda Ganapathy and Jeri W. Nieves

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1755; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061755 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 143 | Viewed by 20053

Abstract

Muscle health is important for the functionality and independence of older adults, and certain nutrients as well as dietary patterns have been shown to offer protective effects against declines in strength and function associated with aging. In this paper, micronutrients, macronutrients, and food groups have been reviewed, along with their studied effects on the prevalence and incidence of sarcopenia, as well as their ability to preserve muscle mass and optimize physical performance. Randomized controlled trials appear to suggest a critical role for dietary intake of protein in preventing sarcopenia and muscle loss, although the optimal dose and type of protein is unknown. There are some promising data regarding the role of vitamin D and sarcopenia, but it is unclear whether the dose, frequency of dose, or length of treatment impacts the efficacy of vitamin D on improving muscle mass or function. Selenium, magnesium, and omega 3 fatty acids have been studied as supplements in clinical trials and in the diet, and they appear to demonstrate a potential association with physical activity and muscle performance in older individuals. Following the Mediterranean diet and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables have been associated with improved physical performance and protection against muscle wasting, sarcopenia, and frailty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Sarcopenia: Effect of Community and Clinical Nutrition)

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