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Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 August 2021) | Viewed by 51615

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Prof. Dr. Henry J. Thompson

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Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Interests: food patterns; dietary patterns; chronic disease; prevent and control; nutrient sensing; energy sensing; energy balance; gut-associated microbiome; immune system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food consumption patterns, also referred to as dietary patterns, hold considerable promise in identifying the types and amounts of foods and their combination that reduce chronic disease risk and improve morbidity and mortality. What has received limited attention is the extent to which food patterns exert beneficial effects across chronic diseases that have been reported to be interrelated, i.e., obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Moreover, there is a paucity of data on the signaling pathways and molecular determinants of the protective activity of beneficial food patterns. The goal of this Special Issue is to provide a source for accurate, up-to-date scientific information on these topics as well as to encourage new thinking about food pattern assessment and the identification of mechanisms. We invite you and your co-workers to consider submission of your original research findings or a review article on these topics. Of interest are initiatives that consider new approaches to food pattern identification, that consider developmental pathways implicated in regulating energy expenditure or that are associated with nutrient sensing or that consider the role of the gut associated microbiome, and/or the role of the immune system. We encourage authors to discuss the game-changing potential of their results and to identify gaps in knowledge that can guide future research studies.

Prof. Dr. Henry J. Thompson
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Food patterns
Dietary patterns
Chronic disease
Prevent and control
Nutrient sensing
Energy sensing
Energy balance
Gut-associated microbiome
Immune system

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020–2025): Pulses, Dietary Fiber, and Chronic Disease Risk—A Call for Clarity and Action

by Henry J. Thompson

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4034; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13114034 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3704

Abstract

The 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) were recently released [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

Research

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20 pages, 3065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compositional Changes of the High-Fat Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota upon Consumption of Common Pulses

by Tymofiy Lutsiv, Tiffany L. Weir, John N. McGinley, Elizabeth S. Neil, Yuren Wei and Henry J. Thompson

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3992; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113992 - 09 Nov 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

The gut microbiome is involved in the host’s metabolism, development, and immunity, which translates to measurable impacts on disease risk and overall health. Emerging evidence supports pulses, i.e., grain legumes, as underutilized nutrient-dense, culinarily versatile, and sustainable staple foods that promote health benefits through modulating the gut microbiota. Herein, the effects of pulse consumption on microbial composition in the cecal content of mice were assessed. Male mice were fed an obesogenic diet formulation with or without 35% of the protein component comprised by each of four commonly consumed pulses—lentil (Lens culinaris L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), or dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Mice consuming pulses had distinct microbial communities from animals on the pulse-free diet, as evidenced by β-diversity ordinations. At the phylum level, animals consuming pulses showed an increase in Bacteroidetes and decreases in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Furthermore, α-diversity was significantly higher in pulse-fed animals. An ecosystem of the common bacteria that were enhanced, suppressed, or unaffected by most of the pulses was identified. These compositional changes are accompanied by shifts in predicted metagenome functions and are concurrent with previously reported anti-obesogenic physiologic outcomes, suggestive of microbiota-associated benefits of pulse consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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16 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Association between Dietary Patterns and Low HDL-C among Community-Dwelling Elders in North China

by Pengkun Song, Qingqing Man, Yuqian Li, Shanshan Jia, Dongmei Yu, Jian Zhang and Gangqiang Ding

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103308 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1862

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and low HDL-C among the elderly population living in North China. The data were from a national cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015. General information in terms of living habits, health status, and food intake using 24 h dietary recall for three consecutive days was procured, and the weight of edible oil and condiments recorded. Anthropometric index, blood pressure, and fasting serum lipids were measured using standard methods. Dietary patterns were derived from food categories by exploratory factor analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios of low HDL-C across quartiles of dietary patterns. Among 3387 elderly participants, 21.9% had low HDL-C levels. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, participants with highest score versus lowest score in the balanced dietary pattern had a decreased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.88, p for trend = 0.013) in the group with a BMI of 27.1 kg/m² and above. Compared to the lowest quartile, there was a statistically significant negative association between the highest scores of the Western dietary pattern and low HDL-C (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.17–0.82, p for trend = 0.018) in the group with a BMI of 21.6–24.8 kg/m². However, greater adherence to a thrifty dietary pattern (highest quartiles vs. lowest quartiles) was associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.05–10.40, p for trend = 0.044), especially in the subgroup with a BMI of 21.6 kg/m² and below. The study revealed that it is urgent to develop district-specific dietary improvement plans for dyslipidemia based on the nutritional status of the elderly population in North China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

10 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Dietary Botanical Diversity as a Proxy for Phytochemical Exposure

by Henry J. Thompson, Jack O. Levitt, John N. McGinley, Paulette Chandler, Patricia M. Guenther, Inge Huybrechts and Mary C. Playdon

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041295 - 14 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

The study of natural plant molecules and their medicinal properties, pharmacognosy, provides a taxonomy for botanical families that represent diverse chemical groupings with potentially distinct functions in relation to human health. Yet, this reservoir of knowledge has not been systematically applied to elucidating the role of patterns of plant food consumption on gut microbial ecology and function. All chemical classes of dietary phytochemicals can affect the composition of the microbes that colonize the gut and their function. In turn, the gut microbiome affects the host via multiple mechanisms including gut barrier function, immune function, satiety and taste regulation and the activity of biological signaling pathways that influence health and disease. Herein, we report the development of a botanical diversity index (BDI) to evaluate plant food consumption as a novel metric for identifying and quantifying phytochemicals to which an individual is exposed. A rationale is advanced for using the BDI to investigate how plant food diversity impacts gut microbial ecology and functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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10 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Defining Nutritional and Functional Niches of Legumes: A Call for Clarity to Distinguish a Future Role for Pulses in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

by Chelsea Didinger and Henry J. Thompson

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041100 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8223

Abstract

Legume food crops can contribute to the solution of diet-related public health challenges. The rich diversity of the botanical family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) allows legumes to fill numerous nutritional niches. Pulses (i.e., a subgroup of legumes including chickpeas, cowpeas, dry beans, dry peas, and lentils) are a nutrient-dense food that could play a key role in eliminating the dramatic underconsumption of dietary fiber and potassium, two dietary components of public health concern, all while maintaining a caloric intake that promotes a healthy weight status. However, incorrect use of terminology—in the commercial and scientific literature as well as in publications and materials prepared for the consuming public—creates confusion and represents a barrier to dissemination of clear dietary guideline messaging. The use of accurate terminology and a simple classification scheme can promote public health through differentiation among types of legumes, better informing the development and implementation of nutritional policies and allowing health care professionals and the public to capitalize on the health benefits associated with different legumes. Although inconsistent grouping of legumes exists across countries, the recently released 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) were chosen to illustrate potential challenges faced and areas for clarification. In the 2020–2025 DGA, pulses are included in two food groups: the protein food group and ‘beans, peas, lentils’ vegetable subgroup. To evaluate the potential of pulses to contribute to intake of key dietary components within calorie recommendations, we compared 100 kilocalorie edible portions of pulses versus other foods. These comparisons demonstrate the unique nutritional profile of pulses and the opportunity afforded by this type of legume to address public health concerns, which can be greatly advanced by reducing confusion through global harmonization of terminology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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16 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Patterns and Serum Hepatic Enzyme Levels in Adults with Dyslipidemia and Impaired Fasting Plasma Glucose

by Li-Yin Lin, Chien-Yeh Hsu, Hung-Yi Chiou, Hsiu-An Lee, Li-Ming Hsu, Po-Ya Chang, Adi Lukas Kurniawan and Jane C.-J. Chao

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 987; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030987 - 18 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

We investigated the association between dietary patterns and serum hepatic enzyme levels in adults with dyslipidemia and impaired fasting glucose in Taiwan. A total of 15,005 subjects (5452 men and 9553 women) aged 35–69 years were selected. Two major dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis: Western dietary pattern and Mediterranean dietary pattern. Subjects in the highest quartile (Q4) of the Western dietary pattern showed an increased risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06–1.45, p-trend = 0.01). Fur-thermore, in the highest quartile of the Western dietary pattern, subjects with high waist circum-ference were observed to have a greater risk for developing abnormal serum ALT levels compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.04–1.97, p-trend = 0.01). In the highest quartile of the Western dietary pattern, only women were at an increased risk for having abnormal serum ALT levels (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04–1.59, p-trend = 0.03). By contrast, in the highest quartile of the Mediterranean dietary pattern, only men were at a reduced risk for having abnormal serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53–0.97, p-trend = 0.048). We report a positive association between the Western dietary pattern and abnormal serum ALT levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

12 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of the Healthy Eating Index with Estimated Cardiovascular Age in Adults from the KNHANES 2013–2017

by Sunmin Park, Kyungjin Kim, Byung-Kook Lee and Jaeouk Ahn

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 2912; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12102912 - 23 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2873

Abstract

In this paper, we hypothesized that the gap between estimated cardiovascular age (eCV-age) and chronological age had a gender-wise correlation with the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). We tested the hypothesis in adults aged 20–64 years old using the KNHANES 2013–2017 data. eCV-age was estimated based on the designated risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and age-gap was calculated by subtracting the eCV-age from the chronological age in 12,317 adults. Adjusted odds ratios for the age-gap were measured according to KHEI, while controlling for covariates to influence risk factors of CVD, using logistic regression analysis with the complex sample survey design. Age-gaps were divided into four groups: >4 (High), 0–4 (Moderate), −4–0 (Mild), and <−4 years (Low). The higher the age-gap, the lower the cardiovascular risk. Persons included in the following categories belonged to the high and moderate age-gap groups: young (<40 years), women, urban living, better than high school education, higher income, lean, mild drinking, and exercising regularly. KHEI scores were overall higher in women than men (p < 0.01). Having breakfast and saturated fat intake were primary factors that influenced the age-gap for men, whereas fresh fruit intake and carbohydrate intake influenced the age-gap in women. The KHEI scores positively correlated with nutrient intake, especially fiber and vitamin C intake in women (p < 0.05). Participants with high KHEI scores increased their chances of belonging to the high age-gap group by 2.16 times for men and 2.10 for women after adjusting for covariates of sex, age, and residence. However, after adding the covariates of education, income, marriage, and obesity, in conjunction with smoking, alcohol, and regular exercise, this reduced to 1.34 times in women. In conclusion, both genders had a positive correlation between age-gap and overall KHEI scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

10 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Diet Quality and Adherence to Dietary Guidelines in Gastrointestinal Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sara Moazzen, Francisco O. Cortés-Ibañez, Barbara L. van Leeuwen, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh and Geertruida H. de Bock

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12082232 - 27 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2653

Abstract

Diet quality among short- and long-term gastrointestinal (GI) cancer survivors with different tumor sites was investigated compared to a reference population cohort. Diet quality of GI cancer survivors (n = 307) was compared to an age- and sex-matched reference population with no history of cancer (n = 3070). All were selected from Lifelines, a population-based cohort. GI cancers were defined as having a history of cancer of the bowel, esophagus, or stomach. Diet quality was assessed by a self-administrated food frequency questionnaire in terms of: (i) Lifelines Diet (LLD) scores, where higher scores indicate higher diet quality; (ii) the adherence to dietary guidelines, quantified by the percentage of meeting dietary recommendations, as given by Dutch dietary guidelines; and (iii) the mean daily intake of food components. All analyses were adjusted for lifestyle factors. Diet scores in GI cancer survivors were not different from the reference population (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.73–1.23). Stratification for time since diagnosis and tumor site gave similar results. The intake of vegetables, unsweetened dairies, and nuts and legumes was almost 50% lower than the recommended amount, and the mean intake of unhealthy food components was at least one serving/day among GI cancer survivors, as well as in the reference population. In the long run, GI cancer survivors do not differ from the reference population in their diet quality. In conclusion, both groups can improve their diet quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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21 pages, 1535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Eating Mode Defined by Dietary Patterns with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Malaysia Lipid Study Population

by Gaiyal Viliy Balasubramanian, Khun-Aik Chuah, Ban-Hock Khor, Ayesha Sualeheen, Zu-Wei Yeak, Karuthan Chinna, Kalyana Sundram and Tilakavati Karupaiah

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 2080; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12072080 - 14 Jul 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4050

Abstract

Cardiometabolic risk is scarcely explored related to dietary patterns (DPs) in Asian populations. Dietary data (n = 562) from the cross-sectional Malaysia Lipid Study were used to derive DPs through principal component analysis. Associations of DPs were examined with metabolic syndrome (MetS), atherogenic, inflammation and insulinemic status. Four DPs with distinctive eating modes were Home meal (HM), Chinese traditional (CT), Plant foods (PF) and Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Within DP tertiles (T3 vs. T1), the significantly lowest risk was associated with CT for hsCRP (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70, p < 0.001) levels. However, SSB was associated with the significantly highest risks for BMI (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.28, 3.17, p = 0.003), waist circumference (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.14, 2.87, p = 0.013), small LDL-C particles (AOR= 1.69, 95% CI 1.02, 2.79, p = 0.043), HOMA2-IR (AOR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.25, 5.57, p = 0.011), hsCRP (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.40, 3.50, p = 0.001), and MetS (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.49, 5.22, p = 0.001). Adherence behaviors to SSBs (T3) included consuming coffee/tea with condensed milk (29%) or plain with sugar (20.7%) and eating out (12 ± 8 times/week, p < 0.001). Overall, the SSB pattern with a highest frequency of eating out was detrimentally associated with cardiometabolic risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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14 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Free Sugars is Associated with Disease Activity and Dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

by María Correa-Rodríguez, Gabriela Pocovi-Gerardino, José-Luis Callejas-Rubio, Raquel Ríos Fernández, María Martín-Amada, María-Gracia Cruz-Caparros, Irene Medina-Martínez, Norberto Ortego-Centeno and Blanca Rueda-Medina

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1094; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12041094 - 15 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4974

Abstract

Diet has been closely associated with inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Importantly, the consumption of dietary sugars has been positively linked to elevated levels of some inflammation markers, but the potential role of their consumption on the prognosis of autoimmune diseases has not yet been examined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the dietary intake of free sugars and clinical parameters and cardiovascular (CVD) risk markers in patients with SLE. A cross-sectional study including a total of 193 patients with SLE (aged 48.25 ± 12.54 years) was conducted. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to asses disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP; mg/dL), homocysteine (Hcy; µmol/L), anti-double stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) (IU/mL), complement C3 (mg/dL), and complement C4 (mg/dL), among other biochemical markers, were measured. The main factors we considered as risk factors for CVD were obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and blood lipids. The dietary-intrinsic sugar and added-sugar content participants consumed were obtained via a 24-h patient diary. Significant differences were observed in dietary sugar intake between patients with active and inactive SLE (in grams: 28.31 ± 24.43 vs. 38.71 ± 28.87; p = 0.035) and free sugar intake (as a percentage: 6.36 ± 4.82 vs. 8.60 ± 5.51; p = 0.020). Linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between free sugars intake (by gram or percentage) and the number of complications (β (95% CI) = 0.009 (0.001, 0.0018), p = 0.033)); (β (95% CI) = 0.046 (0.008, 0.084), p = 0.018)), and SLEDAI (β (95% CI) = 0.017 (0.001, 0.034), p = 0.043)); (β (95% CI) = 0.086 (0.011, 0.161), p = 0.024)) after adjusting for covariates. Free sugars (g and %) were also associated with the presence of dyslipidaemia (β (95% CI) = −0.003 (−0.005, 0.000), p = 0.024)) and (β (95% CI) = −0.015 (−0.028, −0.002), p = 0.021)). Our findings suggest that a higher consumption of free sugars might negatively impact the activity and complications of SLE. However, future longitudinal research on SLE patients, including dietary intervention trials, are necessary to corroborate these preliminary data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

11 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Consumption of Soft Drinks Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Fracture: A 7-Year Follow-Up Study

by Li Chen, Ruiyi Liu, Yong Zhao and Zumin Shi

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12020530 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9893

Abstract

(1) Background: Fracture causes a substantial burden to society globally. Some studies have found that soft drinks consumption was associated with the risk of fractures. We aimed to assess the association in the Chinese population; (2) Methods: Data from 17,383 adults aged 20 to 75 years old attending the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) between 2004 and 2011 were analyzed. Soft drinks consumption and fracture occurrence were self-reported. The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between soft drink and fracture was assessed using multivariable mixed-effect logistic regression and Cox regression; (3) Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and dietary patterns, compared with those who did not consume soft drinks, participants with daily consumption of soft drinks had an odds ratio (95%CI) of 2.72 (95%CI: 1.45–5.09) for fracture. During a mean 5-year follow-up, there were 569 incident fracture cases. Compared with non-consumers, those with daily soft drinks consumption had a hazard ratio (95%CI) of 4.69 (95%CI: 2.80–7.88) for incident fracture; (4) Conclusions: Soft drinks consumption is directly associated with the risk of fracture. Reducing soft drinks consumption should be considered as an important strategy for individual and population levels to maintain bone health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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Review

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14 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diet Quality and Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers Risk: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Assessment of Evidence Quality

by Sara Moazzen, Kimberley W. J. van der Sloot, Roel J. Vonk, Geertruida H. de Bock and Behrooz Z. Alizadeh

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061863 - 23 Jun 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4228

Abstract

We aimed to assess the effect of a high-quality diet on the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer and to evaluate the overall quality of our findings by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and the references of related articles to February 2020. Two reviewers independently retrieved the data and performed the quality assessments. We defined the highest-quality diet as that with the lowest Diet Inflammatory Index category and the highest Mediterranean Diet Score category. Overall odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for upper gastrointestinal cancer risk comparing the highest- versus lowest-diet quality. A random-effects meta-analysis was then applied with Review Manager, and the quality of the overall findings was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The highest-quality diets were significantly associated with reduced risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers, achieving odds ratios of 0.59 (95% confidence interval: 0.48–0.72) for the Diet Inflammatory Index, pooling the findings from nine studies, and 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.61–0.88) for the Mediterranean Diet Score, pooling the findings from 11 studies. We observed a minimum of 69% heterogeneity in the pooled results. The pooled results were graded as low quality of evidence. Although it may be possible to offer evidence-based general dietary advice for the prevention of upper gastrointestinal cancers, the evidence is currently of insufficient quality to develop dietary recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Patterns in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control)

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