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Habituation to Dehydration during Exercise: Impact on Health, Physical and Cognitive Performance

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2021) | Viewed by 13261

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Prof. Dr. Éric Goulet

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Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Performance, l’Hydratation et la Thermorégulation, Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
Interests: dehydration; exercise performance; heat; hydration; hydration strategy; hyperhydration; instruments validation; sweat sodium concentration; thermoregulation
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Dear Colleagues,

The importance of adequate hydration and nutrition during exercise has been emphasized for years. It is generally commonly admitted that during exercise, dehydration—the dynamic loss of body water through sweat, respiration and urine losses—may handicap physiological functions and subsequently lead to decreased cognitive and physical performance quality. This should not come as a surprise as we humans are primarily composed of water, and the circulating water inside the body plays a role in the regulation of heat loss, the maintenance of cardiac output, oxygen and nutrients delivery to the working muscles, and waste removal. Much of our understanding of how dehydration impacts the capacity of humans to exercise has been acquired through the use of a single, potentially naïve, research paradigm in which the typical participant exercises once while being well-hydrated, and again while being dehydrated, with the researchers not considering the extent of the habituation this participant has had with dealing with daily, repeated training-induced dehydration. It is intuitive to believe that, as it is possible for athletes to adapt to the effect of heat or hypoxia, for example, daily exposures to dehydration could lead to specific adaptations that would render the athlete more resilient to the effect of dehydration, either from a physiological, physical, or cognitive perspective. Research on this topic is in its infancy, but promising. However, results from field studies strongly suggest that humans do possess the intrinsic capacity to habituate to dehydration. Indeed, some of these studies have highlighted that humans can achieve formidable physical performance while being dehydrated by 5 to 10% of their body mass. This Special Issue invites submissions for original laboratory- or field-based studies, as well as case reports, looking at how habituation to dehydration modulates physiological responses to the acute effects of dehydration during exercise and, ultimately, whether this potential adaptative capacity offers some form of protection for physical and cognitive-related performances. Papers reporting on the incidence of health issues in individuals habituated to being dehydrated by daily exercise in warm/hot or humid ambient temperatures are particularly welcome.

Prof. Dr. Éric Goulet
Guest Editor

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Keywords

acclimatization
aerobic exercise performance
cognitive performance
dehydration
health
heat
high-intensity exercise performance
hypohydration
physiological functions
resistance exercise performance

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Performance Before and Following Habituation to Exercise-Induced Hypohydration of 2 and 4% Body Mass in Physically Active Individuals

by Thomas A. Deshayes, Nicolas Daigle, David Jeker, Martin Lamontagne-Lacasse, Maxime Perreault-Briere, Pascale Claveau, Ivan L. Simoneau, Estelle Chamoux and Eric D. B. Goulet

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 935; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14050935 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

We investigated the effect of repeated exposures to hypohydration upon cognitive performance. In a randomized crossover design, ten physically active adults completed two 4-week training blocks, one where they maintained euhydration (EUH) and the other where they were water-restricted (DEH) during walking/running at [...] Read more.

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O_2max, 40 °C. Three sessions per week were performed: (1) 1 h of exercise, (2) exercise until 2% or (3) 4% of body mass has been lost or replaced. Limited to the first and fourth training week, a 12 min walking/running time-trial was completed following the 2 and 4% exercise bouts. Trail making, the Wisconsin card sort, the Stop signal task, Simple visual reaction time and Corsi block-tapping tests were performed immediately following the time-trials. Body mass loss was maintained < 1% with EUH and reached 2.7 and 4.7% with DEH following the time-trials. Except for a lower percentage of correct responses (% accuracy) during the Wisconsin card sort test (p < 0.05) with DEH compared to EUH, no statistically significant decline in cognitive performance was induced by low and moderate levels of hypohydration. Compared to week 1, no statistical differences in cognitive responses were observed after repeated exposures to hypohydration (all p > 0.05). From a practical perspective, the gains in cognitive performance following training to DEH were mostly unclear, but under certain circumstances, were greater than when EUH was maintained. Based on the battery of cognitive tests used in the current study, we conclude that whether physically active individuals are habituated or not to its effect, exercise-induced hypohydration of 2 and 4% has, in general, no or unclear impact on cognitive performance immediately following exercise. These results encourage further research in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Habituation to Dehydration during Exercise: Impact on Health, Physical and Cognitive Performance)

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16 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Repeated Acute Exposures to Low and Moderate Exercise-Induced Hypohydration on Physiological and Subjective Responses and Endurance Performance

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4477; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124477 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

This study aimed to examine whether repeated exposures to low (2%) and moderate (4%) exercise-induced hypohydration may reverse the potentially deleterious effect of hypohydration on endurance performance. Using a randomized crossover protocol, ten volunteers (23 years,

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O_2max: 54 mL∙kg [...] Read more.

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O_2max: 54 mL∙kg⁻¹∙min⁻¹) completed two 4-week training blocks interspersed by a 5-week washout period. During one block, participants replaced all fluid losses (EUH) while in the other they were fluid restricted (DEH). Participants completed three exercise sessions per week (walking/running, 55%

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O_2max, 40 °C): (1) 1 h while fluid restricted or drinking ad libitum, (2) until 2 and (3) 4% of body mass has been lost or replaced. During the first and the fourth week of each training block, participants completed a 12 min time-trial immediately after 2% and 4% body mass loss has been reached. Exercise duration and distance completed (14.1 ± 2.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.5 km) during the fixed-intensity exercise bouts were greater in the 4 compared to the 2% condition (p < 0.01) with no difference between DEH and EUH. During the first week, heart rate, rectal temperature and perceived exertion were higher (p < 0.05) with DEH than EUH, and training did not change these outcomes. Exercise-induced hypohydration of 2% and 4% body mass impaired time-trial performance in a practical manner both at the start and end of the training block. In conclusion, exercise-induced hypohydration of 2% and 4% body mass impairs 12 min walking/running time-trial, and repeated exposures to these hypohydration levels cannot reverse the impairment in performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Habituation to Dehydration during Exercise: Impact on Health, Physical and Cognitive Performance)

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11 pages, 749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Palatable Flavoured Fluids without Carbohydrates and Electrolytes Do Not Enhance Voluntary Fluid Consumption in Male Collegiate Basketball Players in the Heat

by Bernadette Cherianne Taim, Haresh T. Suppiah, Jericho Wee, Marcus Lee, Jason K. W. Lee and Michael Chia

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4197; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124197 - 23 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

Using palatable fluids to enhance drinking in athletes who display insufficient compensatory hydration behaviour may mitigate the risks of hypohydration and performance deficits. However, it is unclear whether flavour can independently enhance fluid consumption. This study examined the effects of a colourless, artificially sweetened flavoured water (FW), without carbohydrates and with negligible amounts of sodium, compared to plain water (W) on fluid consumption in male collegiate basketball players in a practical game setting. Eighteen male basketball players (age 23.1 ± 1.3 years) played a 3v3 basketball small-sided game. The players were randomly assigned to consume either FW or W. Pre-game urine-specific gravity, fluid consumption, body mass, and hedonic taste perceptions were assessed. Basketball performance was analysed through notational analysis. Ratings of perceived exertion and thirst were recorded at pre-, post-game, and at each rest period. Heart rate was recorded throughout the gameplay. Despite significantly higher hedonic ratings for FW than W (6.78 ± 0.83 vs. 5.56 ± 1.33, p = 0.033, d = 1.36), there were no significant differences in fluid consumption (1083 ± 32 mL vs. 1421 ± 403 mL, p = 0.068, d = 0.92). Our result highlighted that using palatable fluids as a strategy to increase fluid consumption during high-intensity gameplay in the heat may not be effective if used without carbohydrates and electrolytes. Practitioners could consider both fluid palatability and composition in establishing a hydration plan for athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Habituation to Dehydration during Exercise: Impact on Health, Physical and Cognitive Performance)

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15 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration Status and Fluid Replacement Strategies of High-Performance Adolescent Athletes: An Application of Machine Learning to Distinguish Hydration Characteristics

by Haresh T. Suppiah, Ee Ling Ng, Jericho Wee, Bernadette Cherianne Taim, Minh Huynh, Paul B. Gastin, Michael Chia, Chee Yong Low and Jason K. W. Lee

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4073; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13114073 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4552

Abstract

There are limited data on the fluid balance characteristics and fluid replenishment behaviors of high-performance adolescent athletes. The heterogeneity of hydration status and practices of adolescent athletes warrant efficient approaches to individualizing hydration strategies. This study aimed to evaluate and characterize the hydration status and fluid balance characteristics of high-performance adolescent athletes and examine the differences in fluid consumption behaviors during training. In total, 105 high-performance adolescent athletes (male: 66, female: 39; age 14.1 ± 1.0 y) across 11 sports had their hydration status assessed on three separate occasions—upon rising and before a low and a high-intensity training session (pre-training). The results showed that 20–44% of athletes were identified as hypohydrated, with 21–44% and 15–34% of athletes commencing low- and high-intensity training in a hypohydrated state, respectively. Linear mixed model (LMM) analyses revealed that athletes who were hypohydrated consumed more fluid (F (1.183.85)) = 5.91, (p = 0.016). Additional K-means cluster analyses performed highlighted three clusters: “Heavy sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits,” “Heavy sweaters with insufficient compensatory hydration habits” and “Light sweaters with sufficient compensatory hydration habits”. Our results highlight that high-performance adolescent athletes with ad libitum drinking have compensatory mechanisms to replenish fluids lost from training. The approach to distinguish athletes by hydration characteristics could assist practitioners in prioritizing future hydration intervention protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Habituation to Dehydration during Exercise: Impact on Health, Physical and Cognitive Performance)

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