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Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 47216

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term “dyslipidemia” refers to an imbalance of blood lipids, including low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and/or triglycerides (TG). The link between such an imbalance and the progression of cardiovascular diseases is well established. In particular, high levels of LDL-C and TG have been positively related to CVD development, while elevated levels of HDL-C have been shown to exert protective effects against CVD. Individuals with dyslipidemia are usually treated by using cholesterol-lowering drugs. However, such drugs are not devoid of deleterious side effects. For this reason, during the last decades, great attention has been paid to natural food sources that possess the ability to lower blood lipids and that could be used as an efficacious alternative to the lipid-modifying drugs.

As Guest Editors of the Special Issue “Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism”, we invite you to submit proposals for manuscripts (original articles and reviews of the literature) regarding the potential use of dietary factors able to modulate the blood lipid profile and to prevent CVD and other dyslipidemia-related chronic diseases.

Prof. Gabriella Calviello
Dr. Simona Serini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cholesterol
  • dietary factors
  • dyslipidemia
  • dyslipidemia-related diseases
  • high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • lipoproteins
  • low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  • triglycerides

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1022 KiB  
Article
High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet—Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?
by Ewa Waliłko, Małgorzata Napierała, Marta Bryśkiewicz, Aneta Fronczyk and Liliana Majkowska
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1086; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041086 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11136
Abstract
Background: To date, no crossover studies have compared the effects of high-protein (HP) and low glycemic index (LGI) diets applied as starting energy-restricted diets. Methods: Thirty-five overweight or obese volunteers with sedentary lifestyles aged 41.4 ± 11.0 years, with body mass index (BMI) [...] Read more.
Background: To date, no crossover studies have compared the effects of high-protein (HP) and low glycemic index (LGI) diets applied as starting energy-restricted diets. Methods: Thirty-five overweight or obese volunteers with sedentary lifestyles aged 41.4 ± 11.0 years, with body mass index (BMI) of 33.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2, without diabetes, completed an 8-week randomized crossover study of an energy-restricted diet (reduction of 30%; approximately 600 kcal/day). The anthropometric parameters, body composition, 24 h blood pressure, and basic metabolic profile were measured at baseline and after completing the two 4-week diets; i.e., the HP (protein at 30% of the daily energy intake) or LGI diet, followed by the opposite diet. All subjects maintained food diaries and attended six counselling sessions with a clinical dietitian. Results: The final weight loss was not significantly different when the HP diet was used first but was associated with a greater loss of fat mass: 4.6 kg (5.8; 3.0 kg) vs. 2.2 (4.5; 0.8); p < 0.025, preserved muscle mass, and reduced LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: A short-term HP diet applied as a jump-start diet appeared to be more beneficial than an LGI diet, as indicated by the greater fat mass loss, preservation of muscle mass, and better effects on the lipid profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)
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19 pages, 344 KiB  
Article
Associations between Dietary Animal and Plant Protein Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors—A Cross-Sectional Study in China Health and Nutrition Survey
by Shuangli Meng, Zhixin Cui, Minjuan Li, Ting Li, Feng Wu, Tong Kang and Huicui Meng
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 336; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020336 - 23 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3077
Abstract
Available data investigating the associations between dietary animal and plant protein intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among populations with habitual plant-based diets are heterogenous and limited in scope. The current study was to assess the associations between dietary animal and plant protein [...] Read more.
Available data investigating the associations between dietary animal and plant protein intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) among populations with habitual plant-based diets are heterogenous and limited in scope. The current study was to assess the associations between dietary animal and plant protein intakes and CMRFs, including lipid and lipoprotein profiles, glucose homeostasis biomarkers, low-grade chronic inflammatory biomarker and uric acid in Chinese adults. Data of 7886 apparently healthy adults were extracted from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Dietary protein (total, animal and plant) intakes were assessed with three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, and CMRFs were measured with standard laboratory methods. Substituting 5% of energy intake from animal protein for carbohydrates was positively associated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and uric acid (all p < 0.05). Substituting 5% of energy intake from plant protein for carbohydrates was inversely associated with non-HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, and positively associated with HDL-C and glycated hemoglobin (all p < 0.05). Some of these associations varied in subgroup analyses by BMI, sex, age or region. There were no significant associations between animal or plant protein intakes and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The public health implication of these findings requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)
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11 pages, 228 KiB  
Communication
Role of Berry Bioactive Compounds on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
by Arpita Basu
Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 1983; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11091983 - 22 Aug 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5934
Abstract
Blood lipids are an important biomarker of cardiovascular health and disease. Among the lipid biomarkers that have been widely used to monitor and predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD), elevated LDL and low HDL cholesterol (C), as well as elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, deserve special attention [...] Read more.
Blood lipids are an important biomarker of cardiovascular health and disease. Among the lipid biomarkers that have been widely used to monitor and predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD), elevated LDL and low HDL cholesterol (C), as well as elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, deserve special attention in their predictive abilities, and thus have been the targets of several therapeutic and dietary approaches to improving lipid profiles. Among natural foods and nutraceuticals, dietary berries are a rich source of nutrients, fiber, and various types of phytochemicals. Berries as whole fruits, juices, and purified extracts have been shown to lower total and LDL-C, and increase HDL-C in clinical studies in participants with elevated blood lipids, type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome. This short review aimed to further discuss the mechanisms and magnitude of the lipid-lowering effects of dietary berries, with emphasis on reported clinical studies. Based on the emerging evidence, colorful berry fruits may thus be included in a healthy diet for the prevention and management of CVD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)

Review

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18 pages, 498 KiB  
Review
Omega-3 PUFA Responders and Non-Responders and the Prevention of Lipid Dysmetabolism and Related Diseases
by Simona Serini and Gabriella Calviello
Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1363; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12051363 - 10 May 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-omega-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are the most popular dietary supplements recommended for the prevention/management of lipid dysmetabolisms and related diseases. However, remarkable inconsistencies exist among the outcomes of the human intervention studies in this [...] Read more.
The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-omega-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are the most popular dietary supplements recommended for the prevention/management of lipid dysmetabolisms and related diseases. However, remarkable inconsistencies exist among the outcomes of the human intervention studies in this field, which contrast with the impressive homogeneity of positive results of most of the preclinical studies. In the present review, we will firstly examine a series of factors—such as background diet composition, gut microbiota and genetic/epigenetic variants, which may lie beneath these inconsistencies. Moreover, we will discuss the recent advance in the knowledge of possible specific biomarkers (genetic-, epigenetic- and microbiota-related) that are being investigated with the goal to apply them in a personalized supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs. We will also consider the possibility of using already available parameters (Omega-3 index, Omega-6 PUFA/Omega-3 PUFA ratio) able to predict the individual responsiveness to these fatty acids and will discuss the optimal timing for their use. Finally, we will critically examine the results of those human studies that have already adopted the distinction of the subjects into omega-3 PUFA responders and non-responders and will discuss the advantage of using such an approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)
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26 pages, 569 KiB  
Review
Effects of Virgin Olive Oil and Phenol-Enriched Virgin Olive Oils on Lipoprotein Atherogenicity
by Marta Farràs, Marina Canyelles, Montserrat Fitó and Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 601; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030601 - 26 Feb 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5426
Abstract
The atherogenicity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) may be more significant than LDL cholesterol levels. Clinical trials which have led to increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have not always seen reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, genetic variants predisposing individuals [...] Read more.
The atherogenicity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) may be more significant than LDL cholesterol levels. Clinical trials which have led to increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol have not always seen reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, genetic variants predisposing individuals to high HDL cholesterol are not associated with a lower risk of suffering a coronary event, and therefore HDL functionality is considered to be the most relevant aspect. Virgin olive oil (VOO) is thought to play a protective role against CVD. This review describes the effects of VOO and phenol-enriched VOOs on lipoprotein atherogenicity and HDL atheroprotective properties. The studies have demonstrated a decrease in LDL atherogenicity and an increase in the HDL-mediated macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity, HDL antioxidant activity, and HDL anti-inflammatory characteristics after various VOO interventions. Moreover, the expression of cholesterol efflux-related genes was enhanced after exposure to phenol-enriched VOOs in both post-prandial and sustained trials. Improvements in HDL antioxidant properties were also observed after VOO and phenol-enriched VOO interventions. Furthermore, some studies have demonstrated improved characteristics of TRL atherogenicity under postprandial conditions after VOO intake. Large-scale, long-term randomized clinical trials, and Mendelian analyses which assess the lipoprotein state and properties, are required to confirm these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)
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23 pages, 1253 KiB  
Review
Polyphenol Effects on Cholesterol Metabolism via Bile Acid Biosynthesis, CYP7A1: A Review
by Karen F. Chambers, Priscilla E. Day, Hassan T. Aboufarrag and Paul A. Kroon
Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112588 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 149 | Viewed by 17079
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main contributor to coronary heart disease, is characterised by an accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol in the arterial wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) reduces cholesterol via its conversion into bile acids (BAs). During RCT in non-hepatic peripheral tissues, cholesterol is [...] Read more.
Atherosclerosis, the main contributor to coronary heart disease, is characterised by an accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol in the arterial wall. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) reduces cholesterol via its conversion into bile acids (BAs). During RCT in non-hepatic peripheral tissues, cholesterol is transferred to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and returned to the liver for conversion into BAs predominantly via the rate-limiting enzyme, cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Numerous reports have described that polyphenol induced increases in BA excretion and corresponding reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in animal and in-vitro studies, but the process whereby this occurs has not been extensively reviewed. There are three main mechanisms by which BA excretion can be augmented: (1) increased expression of CYP7A1; (2) reduced expression of intestinal BA transporters; and (3) changes in the gut microbiota. Here we summarise the BA metabolic pathways focusing on CYP7A1, how its gene is regulated via transcription factors, diurnal rhythms, and microRNAs. Importantly, we will address the following questions: (1) Can polyphenols enhance BA secretion by modulating the CYP7A1 biosynthetic pathway? (2) Can polyphenols alter the BA pool via changes in the gut microbiota? (3) Which polyphenols are the most promising candidates for future research? We conclude that while in rodents some polyphenols induce CYP7A1 expression predominantly by the LXRα pathway, in human cells, this may occur through FXR, NF-KB, and ERK signalling. Additionally, gut microbiota is important for the de-conjugation and excretion of BAs. Puerarin, resveratrol, and quercetin are promising candidates for further research in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Effects of Diet on the Function of Lipoproteins Metabolism)
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