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Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health
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Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 73730

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sandra Martin-Pelaez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
Interests: gut microbiota; human nutrition; animal nutrition; food bioactive compounds; probiotics; prebiotics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gut microbiota exerts a fundamental role in human health, and new discoveries are linking gut microbiota dysbiosis with a plethora of diseases and health conditions. It seems that gut microbiota is behind whatever is happening in our bodies, before even we are born. From the variables that influence gut microbiota, diet is a key factor for gut microbiota modulation, since dietary substrates that reach the gut are used by gut microbiota as energy source. The impact of diet on gut microbiota is lifelong, starting with breast milk in the infancy. It is needed to investigate which and how gut microbiota metabolizes these dietary bioactive compounds, and which and how the resulting metabolites may further affect the intestinal microbial populations, human metabolism, and health.

In this Special Issue, we will pay attention to those elements from diet that modulate gut microbiota. We know already some of them, but we need to know more, how they work and the health benefits that they confer through their effect on gut microbiota. We need to know how to take care of our invaluable microbial neighbours, so they will take care of us.

Dr. Sandra Martin-Pelaez
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Gut microbiota
  • Postbiotics
  • Bioactive compounds
  • Health

Published Papers (16 papers)

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12 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Caffeine Intake throughout Pregnancy, and Factors Associated with Non-Compliance with Recommendations: A Cohort Study
by María Rosario Román-Gálvez, Sandra Martín-Peláez, Loreto Hernández-Martínez, Naomi Cano-Ibáñez, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, Juan Miguel Martínez-Galiano, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas and Carmen Amezcua-Prieto
Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14245384 - 18 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
Maternal caffeine consumption is associated with adverse gestational outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the intake of caffeine and factors associated with the non-adherence to caffeine intake recommendations in a cohort of 463 women before (T0) and in each trimester [...] Read more.
Maternal caffeine consumption is associated with adverse gestational outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the intake of caffeine and factors associated with the non-adherence to caffeine intake recommendations in a cohort of 463 women before (T0) and in each trimester of gestation (T1, T2, and T3), by using validated questionnaires. Caffeine intake (median (mg/day), IQR) was 100.0 (181.1) at T0, 9.42 (66.2) at T1, 12.5 (65.6) at T2, and 14.0 (61.1) at T3 (p < 0.001). Non-compliance prevalence (intake > 200 mg/day) was 6.2% at T1, 4.2% at T2, and 2.7% at T3. Not being an active smoker at T1 (OR = 0.17; 95% CI 0.05–0.59) and T2 (OR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.09–0.52), adherence to the Mediterranean Diet at T1 (OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.88) and T2 (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.15–1.02), and moderate physical activity at T1 (OR = 0.50; 95% CI 0.28–0.88) were inversely associated with caffeine consumption. Although caffeine intake may be considered low, intake prevalence increases throughout pregnancy. Although the main source of caffeine during pregnancy is coffee, attention must be also paid to the increasingly intake of chocolate, of which the effect during pregnancy is controversial. Smoking, non-adherence to a good quality diet, and light physical activity are associated with a higher caffeine intake and a lower compliance with caffeine intake recommendations. Perinatal dietary and lifestyle educational policies are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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13 pages, 2753 KiB  
Article
The Intake of Antioxidant Capacity of Children Depends on Their Health Status
by Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Konstantinos Douros, Silvia Pastoriza and José Ángel Rufián-Henares
Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3965; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14193965 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
The gastrointestinal digestion of food and further gut microbial activity render a myriad of different molecules that could be responsible for the biological activities that are classically assigned to their parent compounds. This has been previously shown for some phytochemicals whose antioxidant capacity [...] Read more.
The gastrointestinal digestion of food and further gut microbial activity render a myriad of different molecules that could be responsible for the biological activities that are classically assigned to their parent compounds. This has been previously shown for some phytochemicals whose antioxidant capacity was either increased or decreased after being metabolized by gut microbes. Whether a global antioxidant capacity that is extracted from food is determined by the gut microbial community structure is still not well described. In the present study, we in vitro digested and fermented 48 different foods that were submitted to different culinary treatments using the stools of lean children, obese children, celiac children and children with an allergy to cow’s milk proteins. Their antioxidant capacities were assessed with the DPPH and FRAP assays, and the percentage that each food contributed to their daily antioxidant intake as well as their antioxidant capacity by portion size was inferred. Overall, cereals, fruits and vegetables displayed a higher contribution to their daily antioxidant intake, while tubers, fish and meat exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity by serving size. The food that was fermented in the lean children’s and those children that were allergic to cow’s milk protein’s fecal material, showed a higher antioxidant capacity, which could imply that there is a larger role of the gut microbiota in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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16 pages, 4225 KiB  
Article
The Gut Microbiota of Obese Children Releases Lower Antioxidant Capacity from Food than That of Lean Children
by Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Konstantinos Douros, Silvia Pastoriza and José Ángel Rufián-Henares
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14142829 - 09 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in children over the last few decades, becoming a concern for health professionals and governments. Gut microbial community structure in obese people have been found to differ from that of lean subjects for some taxa which [...] Read more.
The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in children over the last few decades, becoming a concern for health professionals and governments. Gut microbial community structure in obese people have been found to differ from that of lean subjects for some taxa which could result in different production of microbial metabolites. The aim of the present work was to study whether the gut microbiota from obese children extracts a different concentration of antioxidant capacity than the gut microbiota from lean children. For this purpose, different foods were in vitro digested and in vitro fermented using fecal material from obese and lean children. FRAP, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu methods were used to measure the antioxidant capacity released during digestion and fermentation. Overall, when using lean gut microbiota, antioxidant capacity released was higher when measured via DPPH and FRAP. Moreover, according to DPPH results, lean gut microbiota could potentially release more antioxidant power from vegetables than from animal products, while obese gut microbiota did the opposite. On the contrary, with the FRAP method obese gut microbiota released higher levels of antioxidant power from plant products than from animal products, but the final antioxidant capacity was still lower than that released by lean gut microbiota. Therefore, these results reflect that the total antioxidant capacity of foods is influenced by the gut microbiota, although whether that antioxidant capacity is released from plant or animal products can be slightly influenced by the method used for analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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19 pages, 5097 KiB  
Article
Plasma Levels of Endocannabinoids and Their Analogues Are Related to Specific Fecal Bacterial Genera in Young Adults: Role in Gut Barrier Integrity
by Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez, Huiwen Xu, Xinyu Di, Isabelle Kohler, Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto, Francisco M. Acosta, Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas, Alexander Link, Julio Plaza-Díaz, Mario van der Stelt, Thomas Hankemeier, Mercedes Clemente-Postigo, Francisco J. Tinahones, Angel Gil, Patrick C. N. Rensen, Jonatan R. Ruiz and Borja Martinez-Tellez
Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2143; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14102143 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2600
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association of plasma levels of endocannabinoids with fecal microbiota. Methods: Plasma levels of endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as their eleven analogues, and arachidonic acid (AA), were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 92 young [...] Read more.
Objective: To investigate the association of plasma levels of endocannabinoids with fecal microbiota. Methods: Plasma levels of endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as their eleven analogues, and arachidonic acid (AA), were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 92 young adults. DNA extracted from stool samples was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Lipopolysaccharide levels were measured in plasma samples. Results: Plasma levels of endocannabinoids and their analogues were not related to beta or alpha diversity indexes. Plasma levels of AEA and related N-acylethanolamines correlated positively with the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium genus (all rho ≥ 0.26, p ≤ 0.012) and Akkermansia genus (all rho ≥ 0.22, p ≤ 0.036), and negatively with the relative abundance of Bilophila genus (all rho ≤ −0.23, p ≤ 0.031). Moreover, plasma levels of 2-AG and other acylglycerols correlated positively with the relative abundance of Parasutterella (all rho ≥ 0.24, p ≤ 0.020) and Odoribacter genera (all rho ≥ 0.27, p ≤ 0.011), and negatively with the relative abundance of Prevotella genus (all rho ≤ −0.24, p ≤ 0.023). In participants with high lipopolysaccharide values, the plasma levels of AEA and related N-acylethanolamines, as well as AA and 2-AG, were negatively correlated with plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (all rho ≤ −0.24, p ≤ 0.020). Conclusion: Plasma levels of endocannabinoids and their analogues are correlated to specific fecal bacterial genera involved in maintaining gut barrier integrity in young adults. This suggests that plasma levels of endocannabinoids and their analogues may play a role in the gut barrier integrity in young adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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15 pages, 1456 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Egg Intake versus Choline Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Plasma Carotenoids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
by Minu S. Thomas, Marissa DiBella, Christopher N. Blesso, Olga Malysheva, Marie Caudill, Maria Sholola, Jessica L. Cooperstone and Maria Luz Fernandez
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061179 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3563
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that intake of three eggs/d for 4 weeks increased plasma choline and decreased inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of the current study was to further explore the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) provided by eggs versus a [...] Read more.
We previously demonstrated that intake of three eggs/d for 4 weeks increased plasma choline and decreased inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of the current study was to further explore the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) provided by eggs versus a choline bitartrate (CB) supplement on the gut microbiota, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) formation, and plasma carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin in MetS. This randomized, controlled crossover clinical trial included 23 subjects with MetS. Following a washout period of 2 weeks without consuming any choline-containing foods, subjects were randomly allocated to consume either three eggs/d or a CB supplement for 4 weeks (both diets had a choline equivalent of 400 mg/day). DNA was extracted from stool samples to sequence the 16S rRNA gene region for community analysis. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and the α-diversity of the community were determined using QIIME software. Plasma TMAO, methionine, betaine, and dimethylglycine (DMG) were quantified by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin were measured using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. There were significant increases in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin after egg intake compared to the baseline or intake of CB supplement (p < 0.01). In contrast, TMAO was not different between treatments compared to the baseline (p > 0.05). Additionally, while diet intervention had no effects on microbiota diversity measures or relative taxa abundances, a correlation between bacterial biodiversity and HDL was observed. Following egg intake, the observed increases in plasma lutein and zeaxanthin may suggest additional protection against oxidative stress, a common condition in MetS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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13 pages, 2196 KiB  
Article
High-Salt Diet Induces Depletion of Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria in Murine Gut
by Ibrahim Hamad, Alessio Cardilli, Beatriz F. Côrte-Real, Aleksandra Dyczko, Jaco Vangronsveld and Markus Kleinewietfeld
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1171; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061171 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5346
Abstract
Dietary habits are amongst the main factors that influence the gut microbiome. Accumulating evidence points to the impact of a high-salt diet (HSD) on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, immune system and disease. In the present study, we thus investigated [...] Read more.
Dietary habits are amongst the main factors that influence the gut microbiome. Accumulating evidence points to the impact of a high-salt diet (HSD) on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, immune system and disease. In the present study, we thus investigated the effects of different NaCl content in the food (0.03%/sodium deficient, 0.5%/control, 4% and 10% NaCl) on the gut microbiome composition in mice. The bacterial composition was profiled using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing. Our results revealed that HSD led to distinct gut microbiome compositions compared to sodium-deficient or control diets. We also observed significant reduction in relative abundances of bacteria associated with immuno-competent short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production (Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, Blautia and Lactobacillus) in HSD-fed mice along with significant enrichment of Clostridia, Alistipes and Akkermansia depending on the sodium content in food. Furthermore, the predictive functional profiling of microbial communities indicated that the gut microbiota found in each category presents differences in metabolic pathways related to carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism. The presented data show that HSD cause disturbances in the ecological balance of the gastrointestinal microflora primarily through depletion of lactic acid-producing bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. These findings may have important implications for salt-sensitive inflammatory diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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21 pages, 6358 KiB  
Article
Pre-Administration of Berberine Exerts Chemopreventive Effects in AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis Mice via Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota
by Jiaqiang Deng, Lili Zhao, Xieyong Yuan, Yan Li, Junyang Shi, Hua Zhang, Yuxuan Zhao, Liping Han, Huani Wang, Yan Yan, Hong Zhao, Haojie Wang and Fangdong Zou
Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 726; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14040726 - 09 Feb 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6097
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and intestinal flora imbalance play an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have [...] Read more.
Inflammatory activation and intestinal flora imbalance play an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects and the mechanism of BBR on colon cancer were investigated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis mice model. Our results showed that pre-administration of BBR showed a decrease in weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, and the number of colon tumors in mice, compared with the model group. The evidence from pathological examination indicated that the malignancy of intestinal tumors was ameliorated after pre-administration of BBR. Additionally, pre-administration with BBR suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and the cell-proliferation marker Ki67, while expression of the tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) were increased in colon tissue. Moreover, the levels of critical pathway proteins involved in the inflammatory process (p-STAT3 and p-JNK) and cell cycle regulation molecules (β-catenin, c-Myc and CylinD1) exhibited lower expression levels. Besides, 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that pre-administration of BBR increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F:M) and the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, while the abundance of cancer-related bacteria was decreased. Gavage with Lactobacillus rhamnosus can improve the anti-tumor effect of BBR. Overall, pre-administration of BBR exerts preventive effects in colon carcinogenesis, and the mechanisms underlying these effects are correlated with the inhibition of inflammation and tumor proliferation and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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18 pages, 4587 KiB  
Article
The Use of Mushrooms and Spirulina Algae as Supplements to Prevent Growth Inhibition in a Pre-Clinical Model for an Unbalanced Diet
by Roni Sides, Shelley Griess-Fishheimer, Janna Zaretsky, Astar Shitrit, Rotem Kalev-Altman, Reut Rozner, Olga Beresh, Maïtena Dumont, Svetlana Penn, Ron Shahar and Efrat Monsonego-Ornan
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4316; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124316 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2604
Abstract
Today’s eating patterns are characterized by the consumption of unbalanced diets (UBDs) resulting in a variety of health consequences on the one hand, and the consumption of dietary supplements in order to achieve overall health and wellness on the other. Balanced nutrition is [...] Read more.
Today’s eating patterns are characterized by the consumption of unbalanced diets (UBDs) resulting in a variety of health consequences on the one hand, and the consumption of dietary supplements in order to achieve overall health and wellness on the other. Balanced nutrition is especially crucial during childhood and adolescence as these time periods are characterized by rapid growth and development of the skeleton. We show the harmful effect of UBD on longitudinal bone growth, trabecular and cortical bone micro-architecture and bone mineral density; which were analyzed by micro-CT scanning. Three point bending tests demonstrate the negative effect of the diet on the mechanical properties of the bone material as well. Addition of Spirulina algae or Pleurotus eryngii or Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, to the UBD, was able to improve growth and impaired properties of the bone. 16SrRNA Sequencing identified dysbiosis in the UBD rats’ microbiota, with high levels of pro-inflammatory associated bacteria and low levels of bacteria associated with fermentation processes and bone related mechanisms. These results provide insight into the connection between diet, the skeletal system and the gut microbiota, and reveal the positive impact of three chosen dietary supplements on bone development and quality presumably through the microbiome composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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16 pages, 3238 KiB  
Article
Synbiotic Intervention with an Adlay-Based Prebiotic and Probiotics Improved Diet-Induced Metabolic Disturbance in Mice by Modulation of the Gut Microbiota
by Wei-Chung Chiou, Bei-Hau Chang, Hsiao-Hsuan Tien, Yu-Lin Cai, Ya-Chi Fan, Wei-Jen Chen, Hui-Fang Chu, Yu-Hsin Chen and Cheng Huang
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093161 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3779
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and its associated conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are a major public health issue in modern societies. Dietary interventions, including microbiota-directed foods which effectively modulate the gut microbiome, may influence the regulation of obesity and associated [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome and its associated conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are a major public health issue in modern societies. Dietary interventions, including microbiota-directed foods which effectively modulate the gut microbiome, may influence the regulation of obesity and associated comorbidities. Although research on probiotics and prebiotics has been conducted extensively in recent years, diets with the use of synbiotics remain relatively unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of a novel synbiotic intervention, consisting of an adlay seed extrusion cooked (ASEC)-based prebiotic and probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei and Bacillus coagulans) on metabolic disorders and microbial dysbiosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The ASEC-based synbiotic intervention helped improve HFD-induced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and inflammation of the adipose and liver tissues. In addition, data from fecal metagenomics indicated that the ASEC-based synbiotic intervention fostered reconstitution of gut bacterial diversity and composition in HFD-induced obese mice. In particular, the ASEC-based synbiotic intervention increased the relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae and Muribaculaceae and order Bacteroidales and reduced that of families Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Streptococcaceae in HFD-induced obese mice. Collectively, our results suggest that delayed dietary intervention with the novel ASEC-based synbiotic ameliorates HFD-induced obesity, metabolic disorders, and dysbiosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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13 pages, 2777 KiB  
Article
Maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol Therapy Protects Adult Male Rat Offspring against Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal TCDD Exposure
by Chien-Ning Hsu, Chih-Yao Hou, Chien-Te Lee, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Sufan Lin and You-Lin Tain
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093041 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3043
Abstract
Maternal exposure to environmental pollutants affects fetal development, which can result in hypertension in adulthood. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been associated with hypertension. We tested a hypothesis that maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB, a TMA [...] Read more.
Maternal exposure to environmental pollutants affects fetal development, which can result in hypertension in adulthood. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been associated with hypertension. We tested a hypothesis that maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB, a TMA inhibitor) therapy prevents 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure-induced hypertension in adult offspring relevant to alterations of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, the mediation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given weekly oral dose of TCDD 200 ng/kg for four doses (T), 1% DMB in drinking water (D), TCDD + DMB (TD), or vehicle (C) in pregnancy and lactation periods. Male progeny (n = 8/group) were sacrificed at the age of 12 weeks. Perinatal TCDD exposure caused hypertension in adult male offspring coinciding with reduced α-diversity, increased the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, less abundant beneficial bacteria, impaired SCFA receptors’ expression, the activation of AHR signaling, and the aberrant activation of the RAS. Treatment with DMB during pregnancy and lactation rescued hypertension induced by perinatal TCDD exposure. This was accompanied by reshaping gut microbiota, mediating TMA-TMAO metabolic pathway, increasing acetic acid and its receptors, and restoring the AHR and RAS pathway. Our data provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of DMB, a microbiome-based metabolite treatment, for the prevention of hypertension of developmental origins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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13 pages, 3083 KiB  
Article
Amelioration of Hepatic Steatosis in Mice through Bacteroides uniformis CBA7346-Mediated Regulation of High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Lipogenesis
by Hye-Bin Lee, Moon-Ho Do, Hyunjhung Jhun, Sang-Keun Ha, Hye-Seon Song, Seong-Woon Roh, Won-Hyong Chung, Young-Do Nam and Ho-Young Park
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 2989; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13092989 - 27 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2967
Abstract
Dietary habits and gut microbiota play an essential role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and related factors such as insulin resistance and de novo lipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Bacteroides uniformis CBA7346, isolated from the gut of [...] Read more.
Dietary habits and gut microbiota play an essential role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and related factors such as insulin resistance and de novo lipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Bacteroides uniformis CBA7346, isolated from the gut of healthy Koreans, on mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Administration of B. uniformis CBA7346 reduced body and liver weight gain, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, liver steatosis, and liver triglyceride levels in mice on an HFD; the strain also decreased homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance values, as well as serum cholesterol, triglyceride, lipopolysaccharide, leptin, and adiponectin levels in mice on an HFD. Moreover, B. uniformis CBA7346 controlled fatty liver disease by attenuating steatosis and inflammation and regulating de novo lipogenesis-related proteins in mice on an HFD. Taken together, these findings suggest that B. uniformis CBA7346 ameliorates HFD-induced NAFLD by reducing insulin resistance and regulating de novo lipogenesis in obese mice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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17 pages, 1730 KiB  
Article
The Associations between Diet and Socioeconomic Disparities and the Intestinal Microbiome in Preadolescence
by Yelena Lapidot, Leah Reshef, Rebecca Goldsmith, Wasef Na’amnih, Eias Kassem, Asher Ornoy, Uri Gophna and Khitam Muhsen
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2645; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082645 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3189
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome continues to shift and develop throughout youth and could play a pivotal role in health and wellbeing throughout adulthood. Environmental and interpersonal determinants are strong mediators of the intestinal microbiome during the rapid growth period of preadolescence. We aim to [...] Read more.
The intestinal microbiome continues to shift and develop throughout youth and could play a pivotal role in health and wellbeing throughout adulthood. Environmental and interpersonal determinants are strong mediators of the intestinal microbiome during the rapid growth period of preadolescence. We aim to delineate associations between the gut microbiome composition, body mass index (BMI), dietary intake and socioeconomic status (SES) in a cohort of ethnically homogenous preadolescents. This cohort included 139 Arab children aged 10–12 years, from varying socioeconomic strata. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method. The intestinal microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Microbial composition was associated with SES, showing an overrepresentation of Prevotella and Eubacterium in children with lower SES. Higher BMI was associated with lower microbial diversity and altered taxonomic composition, including higher levels of Collinsella, especially among participants from lower SES. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was the strongest predictor of bacterial alterations, including an independent association with Lachnobacterium and Lactobacillus. This study demonstrates that the intestinal microbiome in preadolescents is associated with socioeconomic determinants, BMI and dietary intake, specifically with higher consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, tailored interventions during these crucial years have the potential to improve health disparities throughout the lifespan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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16 pages, 3467 KiB  
Article
Effect of Freezing on Gut Microbiota Composition and Functionality for In Vitro Fermentation Experiments
by Sergio Pérez-Burillo, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Beatriz Navajas-Porras, Telmo Blasco, Francesco Balzerani, Alberto Lerma-Aguilera, Daniel León, Silvia Pastoriza, Iñigo Apaolaza, Francisco J. Planes, Maria Pilar Francino and José Ángel Rufián-Henares
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2207; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072207 - 27 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3489
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a profound effect on human health and is modulated by food and bioactive compounds. To study such interaction, in vitro batch fermentations are performed with fecal material, and some experimental designs may require that such fermentations be performed with [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota has a profound effect on human health and is modulated by food and bioactive compounds. To study such interaction, in vitro batch fermentations are performed with fecal material, and some experimental designs may require that such fermentations be performed with previously frozen stools. Although it is known that freezing fecal material does not alter the composition of the microbial community in 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing studies, it is not known whether the microbial community in frozen samples could still be used for in vitro fermentations. To explore this, we undertook a pilot study in which in vitro fermentations were performed with fecal material from celiac, cow’s milk allergic, obese, or lean children that was frozen (or not) with 20% glycerol. Before fermentation, the fecal material was incubated in a nutritious medium for 6 days, with the aim of giving the microbial community time to recover from the effects of freezing. An aliquot was taken daily from the stabilization vessel and used for the in vitro batch fermentation of lentils. The microbial community structure was significantly different between fresh and frozen samples, but the variation introduced by freezing a sample was always smaller than the variation among individuals, both before and after fermentation. Moreover, the potential functionality (as determined in silico by a genome-scaled metabolic reconstruction) did not differ significantly, possibly due to functional redundancy. The most affected genus was Bacteroides, a fiber degrader. In conclusion, if frozen fecal material is to be used for in vitro fermentation purposes, our preliminary analyses indicate that the functionality of microbial communities can be preserved after stabilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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23 pages, 5012 KiB  
Review
Modulation of Adipocyte Metabolism by Microbial Short-Chain Fatty Acids
by Karolline S. May and Laura J. den Hartigh
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3666; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103666 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7803
Abstract
Obesity and its complications—including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers—constitute a rising global epidemic that has imposed a substantial burden on health and healthcare systems over the years. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a link between obesity and [...] Read more.
Obesity and its complications—including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers—constitute a rising global epidemic that has imposed a substantial burden on health and healthcare systems over the years. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a link between obesity and the gut microbiota. Gut dysbiosis, characterized as microbial imbalance, has been consistently associated with obesity in both humans and animal models, and can be reversed with weight loss. Emerging evidence has shown that microbial-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—including acetate, propionate, and butyrate—provide benefits to the host by impacting organs beyond the gut, including adipose tissue. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the specific mechanisms that link gut-microbial-derived SCFAs with adipose tissue metabolism, such as adipogenesis, lipolysis, and inflammation. In addition, we explore indirect mechanisms by which SCFAs can modulate adipose tissue metabolism, such as via perturbation of gut hormones, as well as signaling to the brain and the liver. Understanding how the modulation of gut microbial metabolites such as SCFAs can impact adipose tissue function could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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18 pages, 726 KiB  
Review
Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Weight Loss in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review
by Valentina Álvarez-Arraño and Sandra Martín-Peláez
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3627; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103627 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 11673
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota has been shown to be a potential determining factor in the development of obesity. The objective of this systematic review is to collect and learn, based on the latest available evidence, the effect of the use of probiotics and synbiotics in [...] Read more.
Intestinal microbiota has been shown to be a potential determining factor in the development of obesity. The objective of this systematic review is to collect and learn, based on the latest available evidence, the effect of the use of probiotics and synbiotics in randomized clinical trials on weight loss in people with overweight and obesity. A search for articles was carried out in PubMed, Web of science and Scopus until September 2021, using search strategies that included the terms “obesity”, “overweight”, “probiotic”, “synbiotic”, “Lactobacillus”, “Bifidobacterium” and “weight loss”. Of the 185 articles found, only 27 complied with the selection criteria and were analyzed in the review, of which 23 observed positive effects on weight loss. The intake of probiotics or synbiotics could lead to significant weight reductions, either maintaining habitual lifestyle habits or in combination with energy restriction and/or increased physical activity for an average of 12 weeks. Specific strains belonging to the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were the most used and those that showed the best results in reducing body weight. Both probiotics and synbiotics have the potential to help in weight loss in overweight and obese populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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18 pages, 487 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Role and Potential of Probiotics in the Field of Mental Health: Major Depressive Disorder
by Dinyadarshini Johnson, Sivakumar Thurairajasingam, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Kok-Gan Chan and Learn-Han Lee
Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13051728 - 20 May 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9829
Abstract
The field of probiotic has been exponentially expanding over the recent decades with a more therapeutic-centered research. Probiotics mediated microbiota modulation within the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) have been proven to be beneficial in various health domains through pre-clinical and clinical studies. In the [...] Read more.
The field of probiotic has been exponentially expanding over the recent decades with a more therapeutic-centered research. Probiotics mediated microbiota modulation within the microbiota–gut–brain axis (MGBA) have been proven to be beneficial in various health domains through pre-clinical and clinical studies. In the context of mental health, although probiotic research is still in its infancy stage, the promising role and potential of probiotics in various mental disorders demonstrated via in-vivo and in-vitro studies have laid a strong foundation for translating preclinical models to humans. The exploration of the therapeutic role and potential of probiotics in major depressive disorder (MDD) is an extremely noteworthy field of research. The possible etio-pathological mechanisms of depression involving inflammation, neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and epigenetic mechanisms potentially benefit from probiotic intervention. Probiotics, both as an adjunct to antidepressants or a stand-alone intervention, have a beneficial role and potential in mitigating anti-depressive effects, and confers some advantages compared to conventional treatments of depression using anti-depressants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)
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