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Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 67418

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yosuke Yamada

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Guest Editor

Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
Interests: exercise physiology; physical fitness and sports medicine; gerontology; sport nutrition; frailty; skeletal muscle; sarcopenia; energy metabolism; body composition
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that unhealthy diet and physical inactivity are leading global risks to human health. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes, kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths in the world. A number of epidemiological studies has been published that examine the relationship between dietary intake or diet quality and health and the relationship between exercise habits, physical activity, or inactivity and health outcomes. However, the double burden of malnutrition which refers to the dual burden of under- and overnutrition occurring simultaneously within a population becomes a big issue globally.

The double burden of malnutrition is related to the lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and access to healthy food or an exercise environment. The healthy habits associated with diet intake and physical activity may differ depending on age (infant, children, adolescent, or middle- or older-age), sex, genetic background, cultural background, medical biography, and current medical status. Thus, high-quality or well-designed epidemiological studies (meta-analysis, intervention, longitudinal, or cross-sectional studies) are still needed. On this topic, you are invited to submit manuscripts that fit the objectives and the topics of this Special Issue.

The objective of this proposed Special Issue on “Diet Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health” is to publish selected papers detailing the role of diet and/or physical activity for human health in general. In particular, papers which examine the interaction between diet intake and physical activity on human health are welcome. To maintain a healthy weight, energy intake should be in balance with total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). TDEE comprises resting energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis, plus physical activity energy expenditure. Review or clinical/experimental studies about such an energy metabolism are welcome to this Special Issue, as well as papers related to the metabolism of any major or minor nutrients.

The studies that aim to establish a diet recommendation on people who have limited daily physical activities because of diseases, disability, or frailty or people who engage in high-intensity or -volume physical activities due to their sports activities, occupation, or cultural environment are also suitable for this Special Issue. In addition, innovation and technological advancements on assessing dietary intake and physical activity are important to understand the effect of dietary intake and physical activity for human health. Hence, studies focused on developing or validating such assessments are also welcome. Potential topics include but are not limited to:

Interaction between diet intake and physical activity on human health;
Healthy habits of diet intake and physical activity in specific age groups, sex, genetic background, cultural background, medical biography, and current medical status;
Adequate diet intake of people who have limited physical activity due to diseases, disability, or frailty;
Dietary recommendations for people who engage in high-intensity or -volume physical activities due to their sports activities, occupation, or cultural environment.

Dr. Yosuke Yamada
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Energy metabolism
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate
Water intake
Vitamins
Minerals
Noncommunicable diseases
Athletes
Body composition
Physical activity
Exercise

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Athletes’ Probiotic Intake May Depend on Protein and Dietary Fiber Intake

by Joy Son, Lae-Guen Jang, Byung-Yong Kim, Sunghee Lee and Hyon Park

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 2947; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12102947 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6261

Abstract

Studies investigating exercise-induced gut microbiota have reported that people who exercise regularly have a healthy gut microbial environment compared with sedentary individuals. In contrast, recent studies have shown that high protein intake without dietary fiber not only offsets the positive effect of exercise on gut microbiota but also significantly lowers the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. In this study, to resolve this conundrum and find the root cause, we decided to narrow down subjects according to diet. Almost all of the studies had subjects on an ad libitum diet, however, we wanted subjects on a simplified diet. Bodybuilders who consumed an extremely high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet were randomly assigned to a probiotics intake group (n = 8) and a placebo group (n = 7) to find the intervention effect. Probiotics, comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. helveticus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum, were consumed for 60 days. As a result, supplement intake did not lead to a positive effect on the gut microbial environment or concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). It has been shown that probiotic intake is not as effective as ergogenic aids for athletes such as bodybuilders with extreme dietary regimens, especially protein and dietary fiber. To clarify the influence of nutrition-related factors that affect the gut microbial environment, we divided the bodybuilders (n = 28) into groups according to their protein and dietary fiber intake and compared their gut microbial environment with that of sedentary male subjects (n = 15). Based on sedentary Korean recommended dietary allowance (KRDA), the bodybuilders′ intake of protein and dietary fiber was categorized into low, proper, and excessive groups, as follows: high-protein/restricted dietary fiber (n = 12), high-protein/adequate dietary fiber (n = 10), or adequate protein/restricted dietary fiber (n = 6). We found no significant differences in gut microbial diversity or beneficial bacteria between the high-protein/restricted dietary fiber and the healthy sedentary groups. However, when either protein or dietary fiber intake met the KRDA, gut microbial diversity and the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria showed significant differences to those of healthy sedentary subjects. These results suggest that the positive effect of exercise on gut microbiota is dependent on protein and dietary fiber intake. The results also suggest that the question of adequate nutrition should be addressed before supplementation with probiotics to derive complete benefits from the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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14 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Gap between Doubly Labeled Water-Based Energy Expenditure and Calculated Energy Intake from Recipes and Plate Waste, and Subsequent Weight Changes in Elderly Residents in Japanese Long-Term Care Facilities: CLEVER Study

by Yuki Nishida, Shigeho Tanaka, Satoshi Nakae, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Shirato, Hirohiko Hirano, Satoshi Sasaki and Fuminori Katsukawa

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2677; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092677 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Unintentional weight loss is a major frailty component; thus, assessing energy imbalance is essential for institutionalized elderly residents. This study examined prediction errors of the observed energy intake (OEI) against the actual energy intake obtained from the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and clarified the relationship between the energy gap obtained by subtracting total energy expenditure (TEE) from OEI and subsequent weight changes in elderly residents in long-term care facilities. Overall, 46 participants were recruited in Japan. TEE was measured using the DLW method, and OEI was calculated from recipes and plate waste simultaneously over a 14–15-day period at baseline. The total energy intake (TEI_DLW) was determined on the basis of DLW and weight changes during the DLW period. The weight was longitudinally tracked monthly for 12 months in the 28 residents who still lived at the facilities. OEI was higher than TEI_DLW by a mean of 232 kcal/day (15.3%) among 46 residents at baseline. The longitudinal data of 28 residents showed that the energy gap tended to be correlated with the slope of weight change (ρ = 0.337, p = 0.080) and the median value was significantly lower in the weight loss group (152 kcal/day) than in the weight gain group (350 kcal/day) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, weight loss could occur at Japanese long-term care facilities even if the difference obtained by subtracting TEE from OEI was positive because OEI was overestimated by more than 200 kcal/day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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11 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Food-Chewing Discomfort with Health Behaviors and Cognitive and Physical Health Using Pooled Data from the Korean Health Panel (2010–2013)

by Sun Mi Shin

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 2105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12072105 - 16 Jul 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Using 4 years of pooled data from the Korean Health Panel (2010–2013), the prevalence of food-chewing discomfort in adults over the age of 19 was investigated and the cross-sectional relationship between food-chewing discomfort and health behaviors and cognitive and physical health was identified. The prevalence of food-chewing discomfort was 31%: young adults (<40 years), 17.9%; middle-aged adults (40–64 years), 28.9%; and older adults (≥65 years), 57.1% (p < 0.0001). When food-chewing discomfort was sometimes, often, or always rather than never, odds ratios (ORs) were analyzed after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Significant OR results of target variables were smoking (OR 1.15, 1.37, 1.50), drinking (1.08, 0.87, 0.73), problem drinking (1.87, 1.67, 1.34), abstinence from drinking (1.23, 1.34, 1.42), nonphysical activity (OR 0.87 only significant, 0.94 nonsignificant, 1.10 nonsignificant), memory decline (2.07, 2.56, 3.31), decision-making difficulty (1.76, 2.78, 4.37), limitation of daily life due to illness (2.29, 3.60, 3.92), and the presence of a chronic disease (1.28, 1.62, 1.73), respectively. In conclusion, there were associations of food-chewing discomfort with increased smoking and decreased alcohol consumption, with increased difficulty in decision-making and memory decline, limitations in daily life due to disease, and the presence of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the causal relationship between chewing and health behaviors and cognitive and physical health through longitudinal studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

10 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Exercise and Vegetarian Diet: Relationship with High Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Taiwanese Adults Based on MTHFR rs1801133 Polymorphism

by Shu-Lin Chang, Oswald Ndi Nfor, Chien-Chang Ho, Kuan-Jung Lee, Wen-Yu Lu, Chia-Chi Lung, Disline Manli Tantoh, Shu-Yi Hsu, Ming-Chih Chou and Yung-Po Liaw

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1564; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061564 - 27 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

We examined the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and exercise and vegetarian diets, in Taiwanese adults, based on the Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 polymorphism. Using regression models, we analyzed historical data collected from 9255 Taiwan Biobank (TWB) participants from 2008 through 2015. Exposure to exercise was associated with higher HDL-C (β = 1.0508 and 1.4011 for GG and GA + AA individuals, respectively), whereas a vegetarian diet was associated with lower HDL-C (β = −6.2793 and −4.6359 for those with GG and GA + AA genotype, respectively). We found an interaction between exercise and diet among GG individuals (p = 0.0101). Compared with no exercise/no vegetarian diet, vegetarian diet/no exercise was associated with a 5.1514 mg/dl reduction in HDL-C among those with GG genotype (β = −5.1514, p < 0.0001) and a 4.8426 mg/dl reduction (β = −4.8426, p < 0.0001) among those with GA + AA genotype. Vegetarian diets in combination with exercise predicted a 6.5552 mg/dl reduction in HDL-C among GG individuals (β = −6.5552) and a 2.8668 mg/dl reduction among GA + AA individuals (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that vegetarian diet alone was associated with lower HDL-C, no matter the rs1801133 genotype. However, the inclusion of regular exercise predicted much lower levels among GG individuals, whereas levels among GA + AA individuals were relatively higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

11 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Step Count in Japanese Preschool Children: A Study Based on Doubly Labeled Water

by Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Aya Itoi, Makoto Nishimura, Kaori Fujisawa, Yasuki Higaki, Misaka Kimura and Yoshiko Aoki

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1223; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12051223 - 26 Apr 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4078

Abstract

Adequate energy intake is essential for the healthy development of children, and the estimated energy requirement of children is determined by total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy deposition for growth. A previous study in Japanese tweens indicated that TDEE could be estimated by fat-free mass (FFM) and step count. The aims of this study were to measure TDEE in Japanese preschool children and to confirm whether TDEE can be estimated by FFM and step count in preschool children. Twenty-one children aged 4–6 years old (11 girls and 10 boys; age, 5.1 (0.9) years; height, 107.2 (6.6) cm; weight, 17.5 (1.7) kg; BMI, 15.3 (1.3); mean (SD)) participated in this study. FFM and 7-day TDEE were obtained by doubly labeled water (DLW). Participants wore accelerometers during the DLW measurement period. No significant differences were observed in age-adjusted height, weight, BMI, FFM (13.0 (1.5) kg), or TDEE (1300 (174) kcal/day) between girls and boys. Girls had significantly higher percent fat and a lower daily step count than boys. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that FFM and step count were significant predictors of TDEE; TDEE (kcal/day) = 85.0 × FFM (kg) + 0.0135 × step count (steps/day). This accounted for 74% of TDEE variance. The current study confirmed that FFM and step count are major determinants of TDEE in Japanese preschool children as well as adolescents, although further research is needed to obtain precise equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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18 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity on Body Composition Parameters, Lipid Profile Markers, and Irisin Levels in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Catia Morelli, Ennio Avolio, Angelo Galluccio, Giovanna Caparello, Emanuele Manes, Simona Ferraro, Daniela De Rose, Marta Santoro, Ines Barone, Stefania Catalano, Sebastiano Andò, Diego Sisci, Cinzia Giordano and Daniela Bonofiglio

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12030742 - 11 Mar 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4268

Abstract

In adolescence, health status is influenced by several factors, including dietary pattern and physical activity (PA) which are crucial elements of lifestyle in terms of prevention and treatment of metabolic and chronic diseases. The current study aimed to explore the impact of the different intensity levels of PA along with the adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD), on body composition indices and metabolic parameters in a cohort of adolescents, thereby investigating potential predictors of health behavior in youth. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 92 participants (44 girls and 48 boys, aged 14 to 17 years), which were divided into the following three groups according to intensity levels of PA: Group A (physical inactivity), Group B (moderate PA), and Group C (vigorous-intensity PA). The Questionnaire of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (KIDMED test) was used to assess both diet composition and adherence to a MD. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements, bio-impedentiometric analysis for body composition parameters, and biochemical and hormonal measurements. The majority of adolescents (60.87%) had a medium adherence to the MD, and even a better distribution of food rates was found in adolescents performing vigorous-intensity PA. A comparison of anthropometric measurements and body composition parameters among groups showed that body mass index and fat mass (FM) were significantly lower while body cell mass (BCM), free fat mass (FFM), phase angle (PhA), and total body water (TBW) were higher in Group C adolescents as compared with those of Group A. In Group C, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was reduced and insulin levels were inversely associated with FFM (r = −0.454 and p = 0.004) and directly correlated with FM (r = 0.331 and p = 0.003). In the same Group C, we observed elevated serum irisin levels and lower lipid profile markers as compared with Group A. Interestingly, irisin negatively correlated with both total cholesterol (r = −0.428 and p = 0.04) and LDL (r = −0.468 and p = 0.02) in Group C. Finally, a receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis revealed irisin, LDL, HDL, and body composition variables (FFM, BMC, PhA, and TBW) as the most predictive measures for vigorous-intensity PA. Our results highlight the importance of developing healthy lifestyle programs that include improving the intensity of PA among a young population as a superior strategy for ensuring a better quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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23 pages, 1506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Capsinoids on Daily Physical Activity, Body Composition and Cold Hypersensitivity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Randomized Study

by Keiichi Yokoyama, Yosuke Yamada, Yasunori Akamatsu, Yasuko Yoshinaka, Akiko Yamamoto, Tomonori Koizumi, Kana Ohyama, Katsuya Suzuki, Masaki Hashimoto, Hitoshi Sato and Misaka Kimura

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 212; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12010212 - 14 Jan 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6559

Abstract

Sedentary/inactive lifestyle leads middle-aged and older adults to metabolic syndrome and frailty. Capsinoids from nonpungent chili pepper cultivar have been reported to reduce body fat mass, promote metabolism, and improve unidentified complaints of chills. Additionally, they have an anti-inflammation effect; therefore, we hypothesized that continuous oral ingestion of capsinoids alleviates age-related inflammation in the brain and improves the physical activity (PA) in middle-aged and older adults. In our double-blind human study, 69 participants (17 male, 52 female; mean age: 74.1 ± 7.7 years; range: 52–87 years) were administered either 9 mg of capsinoids which were extracted from pepper fruit variety CH-19 Sweet (Capsicum anuum L.) (CP group), or a placebo (PL group) daily over a 3 month period. In an animal study, PA and inflammation-related mRNA expression in the brain were examined in 5-week (young) and 53-week (old) aged mice fed a diet with or without 0.3% dihydrocapsiate, a type of capsinoids, for 12 weeks. In a human study, capsinoids intake did not increase the amount of light-to-moderate PA less than 6.0 metabolic equivalents (METs) (CP: 103.0 ± 28.2 at baseline to 108.2 ± 28.3 at 12 weeks; PL: 104.6 ± 19.8 at baseline to 115.2 ± 23.6 at 12 weeks, METs × hour/week); however, in participants exhibiting an inactive lifestyle, it showed significant increase (CP: 84.5 ± 17.2 at baseline to 99.2 ± 24.9 at 12 weeks; PL: 99.7 ± 23.3 at baseline to 103.8 ± 21.9 at 12 weeks). The energy expenditure in physical activity also improved in the inactive CP group (CP: 481.2 ± 96.3 at baseline to 562.5 ± 145.5 at 12 weeks; PL: 536.8 ± 112.2 at baseline to 598.6 ± 127.6 at 12 weeks; kcal/day). In all participants, CP showed reduced waist circumference, percent body fat, and visceral fat volume; in addition, chills were eased in subjects aged 80 years and older. The older mice fed capsinoids showed increased locomotion activity, decreased inflammation, and oxidative stress in the brain. The results suggest that the continuous oral ingestion of capsinoids gains PA through anti-inflammation effect in the brain as well as reduces fat accumulation and chills in inactive and older humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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13 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and/or High Protein Intake Maintains Fat-Free Mass in Older People with Mild Disability; the Fukuoka Island City Study: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Rie Takae, Yoichi Hatamoto, Jun Yasukata, Yujiro Kose, Takaaki Komiyama, Masahiro Ikenaga, Eiichi Yoshimura, Yosuke Yamada, Naoyuki Ebine, Yasuki Higaki and Hiroaki Tanaka

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu11112595 - 29 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4701

Abstract

Body composition changes with age, with fat mass (FM) increasing and fat-free mass (FFM) decreasing. Higher physical activity and high or adequate protein intake are thought to be beneficial in preventing the loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the relationships between physical activity, protein intake, and FFM in older people with mild disability. Total energy expenditure (TEE) under free-living conditions was assessed using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method, and physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Dietary intake was assessed using a self-recorded food intake diary during the DLW period. Percent FFM was significantly positively correlated with protein intake and physical activity level (PAL) after adjustment for age and sex (protein intake r = 0.652, p < 0.001, PAL r = 0.345, p = 0.011). In multiple linear regression analysis, when PAL, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or protein intake were included, 31%, 32%, and 55%, respectively, of the variation in %FFM was explained. Moreover, the addition of both PAL/MVPA and protein intake explained 61%/60%, respectively, of the variation in %FFM. Either protein intake above the currently recommended level or higher levels of physical activity would be beneficial for the maintenance of high %FFM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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Review

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48 pages, 2648 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review

by Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil and Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1899; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061899 - 26 Jun 2020

Cited by 129 | Viewed by 20923

Abstract

Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body’s response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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16 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Selenium Mineral Trace Element in Exercise: Antioxidant Defense System, Muscle Performance, Hormone Response, and Athletic Performance. A Systematic Review

by Diego Fernández-Lázaro, Cesar I. Fernandez-Lazaro, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Lourdes Jiménez Navascués, Alfredo Córdova Martínez and Jesús Seco-Calvo

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1790; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061790 - 16 Jun 2020

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6776

Abstract

Exercise overproduces oxygen reactive species (ROS) and eventually exceeds the body’s antioxidant capacity to neutralize them. The ROS produce damaging effects on the cell membrane and contribute to skeletal muscle damage. Selenium (Se), a natural mineral trace element, is an essential component of selenoproteins that plays an important role in antioxidant defense. The activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a highly-efficient antioxidant enzyme, is closely dependent on the presence of Se. These properties of Se may be potentially applicable to improve athletic performance and training recovery. We systematically searched for published studies to evaluate the effectiveness of Se supplementation on antioxidant defense system, muscle performance, hormone response, and athletic performance among physically active individuals. We used the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and searched in SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases to identify published studies until March 2020. The systematic review incorporated original studies with randomized controlled crossover or parallel design in which intake of Se administered once a day was compared with the same placebo conditions. No exclusions were applied for the type of physical exercise performed, the sex, nor the age of the participants. Among 150 articles identified in the search, 6 met the criteria and were included in the systematic review. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the McMaster Critical Review Form. Oral Se supplementation with 180 µg/day or 240 µg/day (selenomethionine) and 200 µg/day (Sodium Selenite), significantly decreased lipid hydroperoxide levels and increased GPx in plasma, erythrocyte, and muscle. No significant effects were observed on athletic performance, testosterone hormone levels, creatine kinase activity, and exercise training-induced adaptations on oxidative enzyme activities or on muscle fiber type myosin heavy chain expression. In addition, Se supplementation showed to have a dampening effect on the mitochondria changes in chronic and acute exercise. In summary, the use of Se supplementation has no benefits on aerobic or anaerobic athletic performance but it may prevent Se deficiencies among athletes with high-intensity and high-volume training. Optimal Se plasma levels may be important to minimize chronic exercise-induced oxidative effects and modulate the exercise effect on mitochondrial changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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24 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Acute Dietary Polyphenols and Post-Meal Physical Activity on Postprandial Metabolism in Adults with Features of the Metabolic Syndrome

by Dustin W Davis, James W Navalta, Graham R McGinnis, Reimund Serafica, Kenneth Izuora and Arpita Basu

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1120; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12041120 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4319

Abstract

Approximately 22% of U.S. adults and 25% of adults globally have metabolic syndrome (MetS). Key features, such as dysglycemia and dyslipidemia, predict type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, premature disability, and death. Acute supplementation of dietary polyphenols and post-meal physical activity hold promise in improving postprandial dysmetabolism. To our knowledge, no published review has described the effects of either intervention on postprandial glucose, insulin, lipids, and markers of oxidative damage and inflammation in adults with features of MetS. Thus, we conducted this review of controlled clinical trials that provided dietary polyphenols from oils, fruits, teas, and legumes during a dietary challenge, or implemented walking, cycling, and stair climbing and descending after a dietary challenge. Clinical trials were identified using ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Google Scholar and were published between 2000 and 2019. Dietary polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil, grapes, blackcurrants, strawberries, black tea, and black beans improved postprandial glucose, insulin, and markers of oxidative damage and inflammation, but results were not consistent among clinical trials. Freeze-dried strawberry powder distinctly improved postprandial insulin and markers of oxidative damage and inflammation. Post-meal physical activity attenuated postprandial glucose, but effects on postprandial lipids and markers of oxidative damage and inflammation were inconclusive. Consuming dietary polyphenols with a meal and completing physical activity after a meal may mitigate postprandial dysmetabolism in adults with features of MetS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health)

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