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Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function
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Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 June 2023) | Viewed by 94310

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Bogdanis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: muscle metabolism; muscle fatigue and recovery; muscle damage; oxidative stress; high-intensity interval training; neuromuscular performance; eccentric exercise
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Christoforos D. Giannaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
Interests: exercise and health; exercise, nutrition and sleep; healthy aging; effects of omega polyunsaturated fatty acids on fitness and health; high-intensity exercise
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dietary supplements containing protein and aminoacids, vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids have been shown to have beneficial effects on musculoskeletal health and function across a wide range of age groups in healthy and diseased men and women.

For example, dietary supplements containing whey protein, creatine, vitamin D or antioxidants may contribute to increases in muscle mass, strength and bone mass in both young and older individuals. Furthermore, supplementation with vitamin D or omega-3 fatty acids, with or without the addition of exercise training, may have positive effects on bone and muscle health in aging and disease. Also, some nutritional supplements have been shown to assist injury recovery of athletes or patients.

In this Special Issue of Nutrients entitled “Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function “we aim to bring together papers that examine acute or chronic musculoskeletal effects of dietary supplements, as well as their interaction.

We welcome different types of manuscript submissions, including original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Potential topics may include, but are not limited to, the associations between macronutrients and micronutrients intake (or manipulation), musculoskeletal health (e.g. muscle mass, bone density, fat loss) and neuromuscular function (e.g. strength, power, balance) throughout the entire spectrum of physical activity (from light to high intensity exercise) in healthy and diseased individuals of all ages and physical activity level (sedentary to athletes). The outcome variables may be health-related musculoskeletal adaptations, including body composition changes, hormonal responses, bone and muscle mass changes, as well as molecular mechanisms responsible for structural and functional adaptations of the musculoskeletal system in response to dietary supplements.

Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Bogdanis
Dr. Christoforos D. Giannaki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Protein and amino acids
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Vitamin C
  • Magnesium
  • Creatine
  • Zinc
  • Vitamin D
  • Carnosine
  • Body composition
  • Bone health
  • Muscle mass
  • Aging
  • Post-menopausal women
  • Muscle performance
  • Osteopenia
  • Sarcopenia
  • Injury recovery

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 214 KiB  
Editorial
Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function
by Gregory C. Bogdanis and Christoforos D. Giannaki
Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4404; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15204404 - 17 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1856
Abstract
This Special Issue of Nutrients ‘Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function’ provides new insights into the use of a wide range of dietary supplements, such as zinc, creatine, Vitamin D, HMB, BCAA, betaine, glucoraphanin, citrulline and collagen, to improve bone and muscle [...] Read more.
This Special Issue of Nutrients ‘Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function’ provides new insights into the use of a wide range of dietary supplements, such as zinc, creatine, Vitamin D, HMB, BCAA, betaine, glucoraphanin, citrulline and collagen, to improve bone and muscle structure and function [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

19 pages, 875 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Co-Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate, Thyroid Function, Physical Fitness, and Functional Capacity in Overweight and Obese People under a Hypocaloric Diet: A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial
by Antonis Zavros, Eleni Andreou, George Aphamis, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Giorgos K. Sakkas, Zoe Roupa and Christoforos D. Giannaki
Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3133; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15143133 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4050
Abstract
Evidence of the effectiveness of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical function parameters in people with overweight and obesity is scarce, while the effects of zinc and selenium on thyroid function and body composition are still a [...] Read more.
Evidence of the effectiveness of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical function parameters in people with overweight and obesity is scarce, while the effects of zinc and selenium on thyroid function and body composition are still a topic of debate and controversy. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was to examine the effects of a hypocaloric diet and Se–Zn co-supplementation on RMR, thyroid function, body composition, physical fitness, and functional capacity in overweight or obese individuals. Twenty-eight overweight–obese participants (mean BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7) were randomly allocated (1:1) to the supplementation group (n = 14, 31.1 ± 5.5 yrs, 9 females) and the placebo group (n = 14, 32.1 ± 4.8 yrs, 6 females). The participants received Zn (25 mg of zinc gluconate/day) and Se (200 mcg of L-selenomethionine/day) or placebo tablets containing starch for eight weeks. The participants of both groups followed a hypocaloric diet during the intervention. RMR, thyroid function, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and functional capacity (sit-to-stand tests, timed up-and-go test, and handgrip strength) were assessed before and after the intervention. A significant interaction was found between supplementation and time on RMR (p = 0.045), with the intervention group’s RMR increasing from 1923 ± 440 to 2364 ± 410 kcal/day. On the other hand, no interaction between supplementation and time on the thyroid function was found (p > 0.05). Regarding the effects of Zn/Se co-administration on Se levels, a significant interaction between supplementation and time on Se levels was detected (p = 0.004). Specifically, the intervention group’s Se serum levels were increased from 83.04 ± 13.59 to 119.40 ± 23.93 μg/L. However, Zn serum levels did not change over time (90.61 ± 23.23 to 89.58 ± 10.61 umol/L). Even though all body composition outcomes improved in the intervention group more than placebo at the second measurement, no supplement × time interaction was detected on body composition (p > 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness did not change over the intervention. Yet, a main effect of time was found for some functional capacity tests, with both groups improving similarly over the eight-week intervention period (p < 0.05). In contrast, a supplement x group interaction was found in the performance of the timed up-and-go test (TUG) (p = 0.010), with the supplementation group improving more. In conclusion, an eight-week intervention with Zn/Se co-supplementation combined with a hypocaloric diet increased the RMR, TUG performance, and Se levels in overweight and obese people. However, thyroid function, Zn levels, body composition, and the remaining outcomes of exercise performance remained unchanged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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22 pages, 4815 KiB  
Article
A Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite®) Combined with Quercetin Has Exercise-Mimetic Properties in Human Skeletal Muscle
by Miriam Martinez-Canton, Victor Galvan-Alvarez, Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez, Angel Gallego-Selles, Miriam Gelabert-Rebato, Giovanni Garcia-Perez, Alfredo Santana, Laura Lopez-Rios, Tanausu Vega-Morales, Marcos Martin-Rincon and Jose A. L. Calbet
Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132848 - 23 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
Zynamite PX®, a mango leaf extract combined with quercetin, enhances exercise performance by unknown molecular mechanisms. Twenty-five volunteers were assigned to a control (17 males) or supplementation group (8 males, receiving 140 mg of Zynamite® + 140 mg quercetin/8 h [...] Read more.
Zynamite PX®, a mango leaf extract combined with quercetin, enhances exercise performance by unknown molecular mechanisms. Twenty-five volunteers were assigned to a control (17 males) or supplementation group (8 males, receiving 140 mg of Zynamite® + 140 mg quercetin/8 h for 2 days). Then, they performed incremental exercise to exhaustion (IE) followed by occlusion of the circulation in one leg for 60 s. Afterwards, the cuff was released, and a 30 s sprint was performed, followed by 90 s circulatory occlusion (same leg). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline, 20 s after IE (occluded leg) and 10 s after Wingate (occluded leg), and bilaterally at 90 s and 30 min post exercise. Compared to the controls, the Zynamite PX® group showed increased basal protein expression of Thr287-CaMKIIδD (2-fold, p = 0.007) and Ser9-GSK3β (1.3-fold, p = 0.005) and a non-significant increase of total NRF2 (1.7-fold, p = 0.099) and Ser40-NRF2 (1.2-fold, p = 0.061). In the controls, there was upregulation with exercise and recovery of total NRF2, catalase, glutathione reductase, and Thr287-CaMKIIδD (1.2–2.9-fold, all p < 0.05), which was not observed in the Zynamite PX® group. In conclusion, Zynamite PX® elicits muscle signaling changes in resting skeletal muscle resembling those described for exercise training and partly abrogates the stress kinases responses to exercise as observed in trained muscles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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17 pages, 3553 KiB  
Article
High Cholesterol-Induced Bone Loss Is Attenuated by Arctiin via an Action in Osteoclasts
by Guoen Li, Jung-Nam Park, Hyun-Jung Park, Jae-Hee Suh and Hye-Seon Choi
Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14214483 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1498
Abstract
High cholesterol-induced bone loss is highly associated with oxidative stress, which leads to the generation of oxysterols, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC). Here, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine whether arctiin prevents high cholesterol diet-induced bone loss by decreasing oxidative [...] Read more.
High cholesterol-induced bone loss is highly associated with oxidative stress, which leads to the generation of oxysterols, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC). Here, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine whether arctiin prevents high cholesterol diet-induced bone loss by decreasing oxidative stress. First, arctiin was orally administered to atherogenic diet (AD)-fed C57BL/6J male mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Micro-computerized tomography (μCT) analysis showed that arctiin attenuated AD-induced boss loss. For our in vitro experiments, the anti-oxidant effects of arctiin were evaluated in 7-KC-stimulated osteoclasts (OCs). Arctiin decreased the number and activity of OCs and inhibited autophagy by disrupting the nuclear localization of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and downregulating the oxidized TFEB signaling pathway in OCs upon 7-KC stimulation. Furthermore, arctiin decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by enhancing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), all of which affected OC differentiation. Conversely, silencing of Nrf2 or HO-1/catalase attenuated the effects of arctiin on OCs. Collectively, our findings suggested that arctiin attenuates 7-KC-induced osteoclastogenesis by increasing the expression of ROS scavenging genes in the Nrf2/HO-1/catalase signaling pathway, thereby decreasing OC autophagy. Moreover, arctiin inhibits the oxidation and nuclear localization of TFEB, thus protecting mice from AD-induced bone loss. Our findings thus demonstrate the therapeutic potential of arctiin for the prevention of cholesterol-induced bone loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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12 pages, 5544 KiB  
Article
The Nutraceutical Genistein-Lycopene Combination Improves Bone Damage Induced by Glucocorticoids by Stimulating the Osteoblast Formation Process
by Federica Mannino, Tommaso D’Angelo, Giovanni Pallio, Antonio Ieni, Igor Pirrotta, Domenico Antonio Giorgi, Alessandro Scarfone, Silvio Mazziotti, Christian Booz, Alessandra Bitto, Francesco Squadrito and Natasha Irrera
Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4296; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14204296 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is the most common cause of iatrogenic osteoporosis and represents an important risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fractures. New therapeutic approaches are required in order to treat osteoporosis and reduce the side effects related to the use of [...] Read more.
Chronic glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is the most common cause of iatrogenic osteoporosis and represents an important risk factor for osteoporosis and bone fractures. New therapeutic approaches are required in order to treat osteoporosis and reduce the side effects related to the use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. In this context, previous studies reported the efficacy of some isoflavones and carotenoids, such as lycopene and genistein, on the reduction of the risk of fracture related to osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined oral treatment, consisting of genistein and lycopene, in an experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). GIO was induced by subcutaneous injection of methylprednisolone (MP, 30 mg/kg) for 60 days, whereas the control group (Sham) received saline solution only. Following induction, MP animals randomly were assigned to receive alendronate, genistein, lycopene, or the association of genistein and lycopene or saline solution for additional 60 days together with MP. Femurs obtained from the Sham group were used for osteoblasts extraction; they were then incubated with dexamethasone (DEX) for 24 h to be then treated with lycopene or genistein or the association of lycopene and genistein for an additional 24 h. Treatments with lycopene and genistein restored the impaired mineralization of cells observed following DEX treatment and stimulated osteoblast differentiation by increasing the depressed expression of bALP and RUNX2 (p < 0.0001). Wnt5a, β-catenin, and Nrf-2 expression were significantly increased following genistein and lycopene treatment (p < 0.0001), thus confirming their antioxidant activity as well as their ability in stimulating osteoblast function, mostly when genistein and lycopene were used in association. The combined treatment of genistein and lycopene improved the bone damage induced by glucocorticoids and significantly restored the normal architecture of bones as well as adequate interconnectivity of bone trabeculae, thus increasing bone mineral density parameters. The obtained data demonstrated that genistein and lycopene but in particular their association might prevent GC’s adverse effects, thus stimulating bone formation and reducing bone resorption, improving bone structure and microarchitecture, through different molecular pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin and the Nrf-2 signaling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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14 pages, 3242 KiB  
Article
Curcumin Enhances Fed-State Muscle Microvascular Perfusion but Not Leg Glucose Uptake in Older Adults
by Colleen S. Deane, Ushnah S. U. Din, Tanvir S. Sian, Ken Smith, Amanda Gates, Jonathan N. Lund, John P. Williams, Ricardo Rueda, Suzette L. Pereira, Philip J. Atherton and Bethan E. Phillips
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1313; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061313 - 21 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2280
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing blood flow may combat the postprandial vascular and metabolic dysfunction that manifests with chronological ageing. We compared the effects of acute curcumin (1000 mg) coupled with an oral nutritional supplement (ONS, 7.5 g protein, 24 g carbohydrate and [...] Read more.
Therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing blood flow may combat the postprandial vascular and metabolic dysfunction that manifests with chronological ageing. We compared the effects of acute curcumin (1000 mg) coupled with an oral nutritional supplement (ONS, 7.5 g protein, 24 g carbohydrate and 6 g fat) versus a placebo and ONS (control) on cerebral and leg macrovascular blood flow, leg muscle microvascular blood flow, brachial artery endothelial function, and leg insulin and glucose responses in healthy older adults (n = 12, 50% male, 73 ± 1 year). Curcumin enhanced m. tibialis anterior microvascular blood volume (MBV) at 180 and 240 min following the ONS (baseline: 1.0 vs. 180 min: 1.08 ± 0.02, p = 0.01 vs. 240 min: 1.08 ± 0.03, p = 0.01), and MBV was significantly higher compared with the control at both time points (p < 0.05). MBV increased from baseline in the m. vastus lateralis at 240 min after the ONS in both groups (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between groups. Following the ONS, leg blood flow and leg vascular conductance increased, and leg vascular resistance decreased similarly in both conditions (p < 0.05). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and middle cerebral artery blood flow were unchanged in both conditions (p > 0.05). Similarly, the curcumin and control groups demonstrated comparable increases in glucose uptake and insulin in response to the ONS. Thus, acute curcumin supplementation enhanced ONS-induced increases in m. tibialis anterior MBV without potentiating m. vastus lateralis MBV, muscle glucose uptake, or systemic endothelial or macrovascular function in healthy older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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13 pages, 479 KiB  
Article
Biomarker Changes in Response to a 12-Week Supplementation of an Oral Nutritional Supplement Enriched with Protein, Vitamin D and HMB in Malnourished Community Dwelling Older Adults with Sarcopenia
by Suzette L. Pereira, Marni E. Shoemaker, Susan Gawel, Gerard J. Davis, Menghua Luo, Vikkie A. Mustad and Joel T. Cramer
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061196 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3868
Abstract
Malnutrition and sarcopenia commonly overlap and contribute to adverse health outcomes. Previously, chronic supplementation with two oral nutritional supplements (ONS), control (CONS) and experimental ONS enriched with protein, vitamin D and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) (EONS), improved muscle strength and [...] Read more.
Malnutrition and sarcopenia commonly overlap and contribute to adverse health outcomes. Previously, chronic supplementation with two oral nutritional supplements (ONS), control (CONS) and experimental ONS enriched with protein, vitamin D and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) (EONS), improved muscle strength and quality in malnourished sarcopenic older adults, with EONS demonstrating early strength benefits at 12 weeks. To understand the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to the observed early strength benefits of EONS, we examined serum biomarker changes in response to 12-week supplementation. Serum samples (EONS (n = 90) and CONS (n = 103)) collected at baseline and 12 weeks were analyzed. Biomarkers (n = 243) were measured using multiplexed immunoassay, commercial immunoassays and ELISAs. Sixty markers were excluded with levels below assay detection limits. Sixteen biomarkers significantly changed in response to both interventions including nutritional and metabolic markers. Thirteen biomarkers significantly changed in response to EONS but not CONS. Increases in immunoglobulins, myoglobin, total protein, vitamin E and magnesium were observed with EONS. Inflammation-related ferritin and osteopontin decreased, while soluble receptors for cytokines increased, suggesting decreased inflammation. Sex hormone-binding globulin associated with sarcopenia also decreased with EONS. Biomarkers reflective of multiple biological systems were impacted by nutritional intervention in sarcopenic older adults. Incremental biomarker changes were observed in response to EONS containing HMB that possibly link to improvements in skeletal muscle health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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14 pages, 1812 KiB  
Article
Effects of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Power Output during Repeated Treadmill Sprinting
by Gregory C. Bogdanis, Mary E. Nevill, George Aphamis, Pinelopi S. Stavrinou, David G. Jenkins, Christoforos D. Giannaki, Henryk K. A. Lakomy and Clyde Williams
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1140; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061140 - 08 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5702
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on power output during repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. Sixteen recreationally active males volunteered for this study (age 25.5 ± 4.8 y, height 179 ± 5 cm, [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on power output during repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. Sixteen recreationally active males volunteered for this study (age 25.5 ± 4.8 y, height 179 ± 5 cm, body mass 74.8 ± 6.8 kg). All participants received placebo supplementation (75 mg of glucose·kg−1·day−1) for 5 days and then performed a baseline repeated sprints test (6 × 10 s sprints on a non-motorised treadmill). Thereafter, they were randomly assigned into a Cr (75 mg of Cr monohydrate·kg−1·day−1) or placebo supplementation, as above, and the repeated sprints test was repeated. After Cr supplementation, body mass was increased by 0.99 ± 0.83 kg (p = 0.007), peak power output and peak running speed remained unchanged throughout the test in both groups, while the mean power output and mean running speed during the last 5 s of the sprints increased by 4.5% (p = 0.005) and 4.2% to 7.0%, respectively, during the last three sprints (p = 0.005 to 0.001). The reduction in speed within each sprint was also blunted by 16.2% (p = 0.003) following Cr supplementation. Plasma ammonia decreased by 20.1% (p = 0.037) after Cr supplementation, despite the increase in performance. VO2 and blood lactate during the repeated sprints test remained unchanged after supplementation, suggesting no alteration of aerobic or glycolytic contribution to adenosine triphosphate production. In conclusion, Cr supplementation improved the mean power and speed in the second half of a repeated sprint running protocol, despite the increased body mass. This improvement was due to the higher power output and running speed in the last 5 s of each 10 s sprint. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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14 pages, 930 KiB  
Article
Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation
by Steven B. Machek, Emilia E. Zawieja, Jeffery L. Heileson, Dillon R. Harris, Dylan T. Wilburn, Emma A. Fletcher, Jason M. Cholewa, Artur Szwengiel, Agata Chmurzynska and Darryn S. Willoughby
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 498; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14030498 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3209
Abstract
Several previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation [...] Read more.
Several previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation was therein to determine whether a 28 day washout period was sufficient to return serum betaine concentrations to baseline following a supplementation protocol. Five resistance-trained men (26 ± 6 y) supplemented with 6 g/day betaine anhydrous for 14 days and subsequently visited the lab 10 additional times during a 28 day washout period. Participants underwent venipuncture to assess serum betaine and several other parameters before (PRE) and periodically throughout the washout timeframe (POST0, -4, -7, -10, -13, -16, -19, -22, -25 and -28). All analyses were performed at a significance level of p < 0.05. While analyses failed to detect any differences in any other serum biomarker (p > 0.05), serum betaine was significantly elevated from PRE-to-POST0 (p = 0.047; 2.31 ± 1.05 to 11.1 ± 4.91 µg·mL−1) and was statistically indistinguishable from baseline at POST4 (p = 1.00). Nevertheless, visual data assessment and an inability to assess skeletal muscle concentrations would otherwise suggest that a more conservative 7 day washout period is sufficient to truly return both serum-and-skeletal muscle betaine content to pre-supplementation levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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14 pages, 1714 KiB  
Article
Glucoraphanin Increases Intracellular Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Levels and Stimulates Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell
by Laura Gambari, Marli Barone, Emanuela Amore, Brunella Grigolo, Giuseppe Filardo, Renato Iori, Valentina Citi, Vincenzo Calderone and Francesco Grassi
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 435; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14030435 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2493
Abstract
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are among the most prevalent consequences of ageing, urging the promotion of healthy nutritional habits as a tool in preventing bone fractures. Glucosinolates (GLSs) are organosulfur compounds considered relatively inert precursors of reactive derivatives isothiocyanates (ITCs). Recent evidence suggests that [...] Read more.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are among the most prevalent consequences of ageing, urging the promotion of healthy nutritional habits as a tool in preventing bone fractures. Glucosinolates (GLSs) are organosulfur compounds considered relatively inert precursors of reactive derivatives isothiocyanates (ITCs). Recent evidence suggests that GLSs may exert biological properties based on their capacity to release hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S-donors are known to exert anabolic function on bone cells. Here, we investigated whether a GLS, glucoraphanin (GRA) obtained from Tuscan black kale, promotes osteogenesis in human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). H2S release in buffer and intracellular H2S levels were detected by amperometric measurements and fluorimetric/cytofluorimetric analyses, respectively. Alizarin red staining assay and real-time PCR were performed to evaluate mineral apposition and mRNA expression of osteogenic genes. Using an in vitro cell culture model, our data demonstrate a sulforaphane (SFN)-independent osteogenic stimulation of GRA in hMSCs, at least partially attributable to H2S release. In particular, GRA upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes and enhanced mineral apposition while increasing intracellular concentrations of H2S. Overall, this study suggests the feasibility of using cruciferous derivatives as natural alternatives to chemical H2S-donors as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of bone-wasting diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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12 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Bone Mineral Density Changes in Long-Term Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Real-Life Cohort Study of Native Vitamin D Supplementation
by Yuri Battaglia, Antonio Bellasi, Alessandra Bortoluzzi, Francesco Tondolo, Pasquale Esposito, Michele Provenzano, Domenico Russo, Michele Andreucci, Giuseppe Cianciolo and Alda Storari
Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 323; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14020323 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in kidney transplant patients (KTRs). However, the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on BMD remains poorly defined, especially for long-term KTRs. We aimed to investigate the effect of native vitamin D [...] Read more.
Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in kidney transplant patients (KTRs). However, the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on BMD remains poorly defined, especially for long-term KTRs. We aimed to investigate the effect of native vitamin D supplementation on the BMD of KTRs during a 2-year follow-up. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. BMD was evaluated with standard DEXA that was performed at baseline (before vitamin D supplementation) and at the end of study period. BMD was assessed at lumbar vertebral bodies (LV) and right femoral neck (FN) by a single operator. According to WHO criteria, results were expressed as the T-score (standard deviation (SD) relative to young healthy adults) and Z-score (SD relative to age-matched controls). Osteoporosis and osteopenia were defined as a T-score ≤ −2.5 SD and a T-score < −1 and a > −2.5 SD, respectively. Based on plasma levels, 25-OH-vitamin D (25-OH-D) was supplemented as recommended for the general population. Data from 100 KTRs were analyzed. The mean study period was 27.7 ± 3.4 months. At study inception, 25-OH-D insufficiency and deficiency were recorded in 65 and 35 patients. At the basal DEXA, the percentage of osteopenia and osteoporosis was 43.3% and 18.6% at LV and 54.1% and 12.2% at FN, respectively. At the end of the study, no differences in the Z-score and T-score gains were observed. During linear mixed model analysis, native vitamin D supplementation was found to have a negative nitration with Z-score changes at the right femoral neck in KTRs (p < 0.05). The mean dose of administered cholecalciferol was 13.396 ± 7.537 UI per week; increased 25-OH-D levels were found (p < 0.0001). Either low BMD or 25-OH-vitamin D concentration was observed in long-term KTRs. Prolonged supplementation with 25-OH-D did not modify BMD, Z-score, or T-score. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
12 pages, 1685 KiB  
Article
Acute L-Citrulline Supplementation Increases Nitric Oxide Bioavailability but Not Inspiratory Muscle Oxygenation and Respiratory Performance
by Anastasios A. Theodorou, Panagiotis T. Zinelis, Vassiliki J. Malliou, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Dimitris Mandalidis, Nickos D. Geladas and Vassilis Paschalis
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103311 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3589
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether acute L-citrulline supplementation would affect inspiratory muscle oxygenation and respiratory performance. Twelve healthy males received 6 g of L-citrulline or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s, forced [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to investigate whether acute L-citrulline supplementation would affect inspiratory muscle oxygenation and respiratory performance. Twelve healthy males received 6 g of L-citrulline or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and their ratio), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO•), and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were measured at baseline, one hour post supplementation, and after an incremental resistive breathing protocol to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The resistive breathing task consisted of 30 inspirations at 70% and 80% of MIP followed by continuous inspirations at 90% of MIP until task failure. Sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. One-hour post-L-citrulline supplementation, exhaled NO• was significantly increased (19.2%; p < 0.05), and this increase was preserved until the end of the resistive breathing (16.4%; p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the placebo condition. Pulmonary function and MIP were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. During resistive breathing, sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced, with no difference noted between the two supplementation conditions. In conclusion, a single ingestion of 6 g L-citrulline increased NO• bioavailability but not the respiratory performance and inspiratory muscle oxygenation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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21 pages, 1345 KiB  
Article
Effects of DHA-Rich n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and/or Resistance Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Post-Menopausal Women
by Elisa Félix-Soriano, Alejandro Martínez-Gayo, María José Cobo, Adriana Pérez-Chávez, Javier Ibáñez-Santos, Natalia Palacios Samper, Iñaki Goikoetxea Galarza, Marta Cuervo, Marisol García-Unciti, Pedro González-Muniesa, Silvia Lorente-Cebrián and María J. Moreno-Aliaga
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072465 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 18813
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) supplementation have emerged as strategies to improve muscle function in older adults. Overweight/obese postmenopausal women (55–70 years) were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups, receiving placebo (olive oil) or docosahexaenoic acid [...] Read more.
Resistance training (RT) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) supplementation have emerged as strategies to improve muscle function in older adults. Overweight/obese postmenopausal women (55–70 years) were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups, receiving placebo (olive oil) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich n-3 PUFA supplementation alone or in combination with a supervised RT-program for 16 weeks. At baseline and at end of the trial, body composition, anthropometrical measures, blood pressure and serum glucose and lipid biomarkers were analyzed. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and strength tests were also performed. All groups exhibit a similar moderate reduction in body weight and fat mass, but the RT-groups maintained bone mineral content, increased upper limbs lean mass, decreased lower limbs fat mass, and increased muscle strength and quality compared to untrained-groups. The RT-program also improved glucose tolerance (lowering the OGTT incremental area under the curve). The DHA-rich supplementation lowered diastolic blood pressure and circulating triglycerides and increased muscle quality in lower limbs. In conclusion, 16-week RT-program improved segmented body composition, bone mineral content, and glucose tolerance, while the DHA-rich supplement had beneficial effects on cardiovascular health markers in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. No synergistic effects were observed for DHA supplementation and RT-program combination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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14 pages, 2147 KiB  
Article
Dietary Olive Oil Intake Improves Running Endurance with Intramuscular Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Mice
by Yusuke Komiya, Makoto Sugiyama, Masaru Ochiai, Nanako Osawa, Yuto Adachi, Shugo Iseki and Keizo Arihara
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041164 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2799
Abstract
Olive oil is a functional food shown to have a variety of bioactive effects. Therefore, we expect it to be a novel functional food with an exercise-mimetic effect on skeletal muscles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of olive oil on the [...] Read more.
Olive oil is a functional food shown to have a variety of bioactive effects. Therefore, we expect it to be a novel functional food with an exercise-mimetic effect on skeletal muscles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of olive oil on the endurance capacity and muscle metabolism in mice. Mice fed a 7% (w/w) olive oil diet for eight weeks showed improved treadmill running endurance and increased intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) accumulation in the gastrocnemius muscle compared to soybean oil diet-fed controls. The increase in running endurance with olive oil intake was independent of the muscle fiber type. To elucidate underlying the mechanism of elevated IMTG levels, we examined the expression levels of the genes related to lipid metabolism. We found that the expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) was significantly upregulated in the muscle of olive oil diet-fed mice. In addition, the olive oil diet-fed mice showed no metabolic impairment or differences in growth profiles compared to the controls. These results suggest that dietary olive oil intake affects muscle metabolism and muscle endurance by increasing energy accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

17 pages, 1523 KiB  
Review
Collagen Supplementation for Joint Health: The Link between Composition and Scientific Knowledge
by Daniel Martínez-Puig, Ester Costa-Larrión, Nuria Rubio-Rodríguez and Patricia Gálvez-Martín
Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1332; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15061332 - 08 Mar 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 15977
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, generating pain, disability, and socioeconomic costs worldwide. Currently there are no approved disease-modifying drugs for OA, and safety concerns have been identified with the chronic use of symptomatic drugs. In this context, nutritional supplements and [...] Read more.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, generating pain, disability, and socioeconomic costs worldwide. Currently there are no approved disease-modifying drugs for OA, and safety concerns have been identified with the chronic use of symptomatic drugs. In this context, nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals have emerged as potential alternatives. Among them, collagen is being a focus of particular interest, but under the same term different types of collagens coexist with different structures, compositions, and origins, leading to different properties and potential effects. The aim of this narrative review is to generally describe the main types of collagens currently available in marketplace, focusing on those related to joint health, describing their mechanism of action, preclinical, and clinical evidence. Native and hydrolyzed collagen are the most studied collagen types for joint health. Native collagen has a specific immune-mediated mechanism that requires the recognition of its epitopes to inhibit inflammation and tissue catabolism at articular level. Hydrolyzed collagen may contain biologically active peptides that are able to reach joint tissues and exert chondroprotective effects. Although there are preclinical and clinical studies showing the safety and efficacy of food ingredients containing both types of collagens, available research suggests a clear link between collagen chemical structure and mechanism of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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18 pages, 1876 KiB  
Review
Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Muscle Metabolism in Health and Disease
by Elmira I. Yakupova, Alexey D. Bocharnikov and Egor Y. Plotnikov
Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14183842 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7005
Abstract
Dietary intervention is widely used as a therapeutic approach ranging from the treatment of neurological disorders to attempts to extend lifespan. The most important effect of various diets is a change in energy metabolism. Since muscles constitute 40% of total body mass and [...] Read more.
Dietary intervention is widely used as a therapeutic approach ranging from the treatment of neurological disorders to attempts to extend lifespan. The most important effect of various diets is a change in energy metabolism. Since muscles constitute 40% of total body mass and are one of the major sites of glucose and energy uptake, various diets primarily affect their metabolism, causing both positive and negative changes in physiology and signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss changes in the energy metabolism of muscles under conditions of the low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet/ketogenic diet (KD), fasting, or administration of exogenous ketone bodies, which are all promising approaches to the treatment of various diseases. KD’s main influence on the muscle is expressed through energy metabolism changes, particularly decreased carbohydrate and increased fat oxidation. This affects mitochondrial quantity, oxidative metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and activity of enzymes. The benefits of KD for muscles stay controversial, which could be explained by its different effects on various fiber types, including on muscle fiber-type ratio. The impacts of KD or of its mimetics are largely beneficial but could sometimes induce adverse effects such as cardiac fibrosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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15 pages, 1725 KiB  
Review
The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
by Mauro Lombardo, Alessandra Feraco, Morena Ottaviani, Gianluca Rizzo, Elisabetta Camajani, Massimiliano Caprio and Andrea Armani
Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3010; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14153010 - 22 Jul 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6372
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials [...] Read more.
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are diffuse suffering syndromes that interfere with normal activities. Controversy exists over the role of vitamin D in the treatment of these diseases. We carried out a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to establish whether vitamin D (25OHD) deficiency is more prevalent in CMP patients and to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation in pain management in these individuals. We searched PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for RCTs published in English from 1 January 1990 to 10 July 2022. A total of 434 studies were accessed, of which 14 satisfied the eligibility criteria. In our review three studies, of which two had the best-quality evidence, a correlation between diffuse muscle pain and 25OHD deficiency was confirmed. Six studies, of which four had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that appropriate supplementation may have beneficial effects in patients with established blood 25OHD deficiency. Eight studies, of which six had the best-quality evidence, demonstrated that 25OHD supplementation results in pain reduction. Our results suggest a possible role of vitamin D supplementation in alleviating the pain associated with FMS and CMP, especially in vitamin D-deficient individuals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1143 KiB  
Review
From the Bench to the Bedside: Branched Amino Acid and Micronutrient Strategies to Improve Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leading to Sarcopenia
by Mario Romani, Mette M. Berger and Patrizia D’Amelio
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 483; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14030483 - 22 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5669
Abstract
With extended life expectancy, the older population is constantly increasing, and consequently, so too is the prevalence of age-related disorders. Sarcopenia, the pathological age-related loss of muscle mass and function; and malnutrition, the imbalance in nutrient intake and resultant energy production, are both [...] Read more.
With extended life expectancy, the older population is constantly increasing, and consequently, so too is the prevalence of age-related disorders. Sarcopenia, the pathological age-related loss of muscle mass and function; and malnutrition, the imbalance in nutrient intake and resultant energy production, are both commonly occurring conditions in old adults. Altered nutrition plays a crucial role in the onset of sarcopenia, and both these disorders are associated with detrimental consequences for patients (e.g., frailty, morbidity, and mortality) and society (e.g., healthcare costs). Importantly, sarcopenia and malnutrition also share critical molecular alterations, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and a chronic state of low grade and sterile inflammation, defined as inflammageing. Given the connection between malnutrition and sarcopenia, nutritional interventions capable of affecting mitochondrial health and correcting inflammageing are emerging as possible strategies to target sarcopenia. Here, we discuss mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammageing as key features leading to sarcopenia. Moreover, we examine the effects of some branched amino acids, omega-3 PUFA, and selected micronutrients on these pathways, and their potential role in modulating sarcopenia, warranting further clinical investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function)
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