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The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2023) | Viewed by 41242

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Francisco José Amaro-Gahete

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Guest Editor

Department of Physiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Interests: metabolism; exercise; indirect calorimetry; obesity; cardiometabolic risk; fuel oxidation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of several cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes mellitus) is rapidly increasing worldwide during the last decades accounting for important healthcare costs. Physical exercise and diet are well-recognized key factors that influence energy metabolism (including energy balance or nutrients oxidation, among others) in both healthy individuals and patients. Indeed, they improve metabolic flexibility which is defined as the ability of an individual to respond or adapt according to changes in metabolic or energy demand as well as the prevailing conditions or activity. However, new exercise and dietary interventions are emerging to manage energy metabolism-related parameters, being currently under debate their feasibility and efficacy.

This special issue entitled “The effect of exercise and diet on energy metabolism” aims to gather the latest findings on the effects of different exercise or dietary interventions and/or its combination on energy metabolism and metabolic flexibility for the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases not only in patients, but also in apparently healthy individuals. Authors are invited to submit relevant review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original contributions for consideration for inclusion in this Special Issue.

Dr. Francisco José Amaro-Gahete
Guest Editor

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Keywords

indirect calorimetry
physical activity
nutrients
diet
exercise
interventions
HIIT
time-restricted eating

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Nutritional Assessment and Counseling in Physical Therapy Treatment: An Anonymous Cross-Sectional Survey

by Roy Netzer and Michal Elboim-Gabyzon

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4204; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15194204 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1422

Abstract

In the context of the evolving role of Physical Therapists (PTs) in health promotion, this study explored the incorporation of nutritional assessment and counseling into PTs’ professional practice in Israel. Using an anonymous cross-sectional survey design, the research gauged PTs’ professional background, nutritional knowledge, lifestyle habits, and the extent of nutritional care integration. Our survey gathered data from 409 certified PTs in Israel, revealing inadequate nutritional knowledge, commendable nutritional lifestyles, and limited nutritional care integration. Participants with over 13 years of clinical experience demonstrated significantly higher levels of nutritional assessment and counseling integration within their physical therapy practices. Workplace setting, nutritional lifestyle, and nutritional knowledge emerged as significant predictors for nutritional care integration. Specifically, working in outpatient clinics and possessing better nutritional lifestyles and knowledge were associated with the increased integration of nutritional assessment and counseling within physical therapy practice. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and formal nutrition education to bridge the knowledge gaps and optimize patient care. These results advocate for comprehensive nutrition education in physical therapy curricula and the fostering of PTs as role models. Integrating nutrition care could empower PTs to enhance patient outcomes and fulfill their role in preventive healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

13 pages, 1490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlations between the Changing Levels of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Adiposity Following Exercise-Induced Weight Loss

by Chao Zhang, Jonathan Salamon and Ren Zhang

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14235159 - 04 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1744

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a major threat to global public health. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is a serine protease that dissolves blood clots, which can also lead to excessive bleeding. Fibrinogen (FIBR), a glycoprotein, is converted by thrombin to fibrin and then to a fibrin-based blood clot. Both TPA and FIBR levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, and the levels of the two factors are also positively correlated with total adipose tissue amounts. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (VAT and SAT) can contribute differently to whole-body metabolism. In this study, we sought to assess: (1) the strength of the correlation between the changing levels of the two factors and the changing amounts of VAT/SAT during exercise-induced weight loss, (2) whether there is any difference between the two types of adipose tissues in terms of the correlation, and (3) which factor, TPA or FIBR, is more sensitive to changes in adiposity? For this study, we analyzed the data from the diabetes prevention program (DPP), in which the participants were divided into three groups, with one group undergoing a lifestyle change that involved maintaining a minimum of 7% weight loss with physical activity. We found that the basal amounts of VAT and SAT were correlated with TPA and FIBR levels. However, following weight loss, adiposity changes were strongly correlated with the changing levels of TPA, but not FIBR, for both men and women. Therefore, TPA, but not FIBR, is sensitive to changes in adiposity. Furthermore, regarding TPA, weight loss sensitized its correlation with SAT, but not VAT. This study shows how adipose tissues distinctively affect TPA and FIBR levels, two factors associated with cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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18 pages, 3646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impacts of Combined Blood Flow Restriction Training and Betaine Supplementation on One-Leg Press Muscular Endurance, Exercise-Associated Lactate Concentrations, Serum Metabolic Biomarkers, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Gene Expression

by Steven B. Machek, Dillon R. Harris, Emilia E. Zawieja, Jeffery L. Heileson, Dylan T. Wilburn, Anna Radziejewska, Agata Chmurzynska, Jason M. Cholewa and Darryn S. Willoughby

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5040; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14235040 - 27 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3576

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the impacts of a potential blood flow restriction (BFR)-betaine synergy on one-leg press performance, lactate concentrations, and exercise-associated biomarkers. Eighteen recreationally trained males (25 ± 5 y) were randomized to supplement 6 g/day of either betaine anhydrous (BET) or cellulose placebo (PLA) for 14 days. Subsequently, subjects performed four standardized sets of one-leg press and two additional sets to muscular failure on both legs (BFR [LL-BFR; 20% 1RM at 80% arterial occlusion pressure] and high-load [HL; 70% 1RM]). Toe-tip lactate concentrations were sampled before (PRE), as well as immediately (POST0), 30 min (POST30M), and 3 h (POST3H) post-exercise. Serum homocysteine (HCY), growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations were additionally assessed at PRE and POST30M. Analysis failed to detect any significant between-supplement differences for total repetitions completed. Baseline lactate changes (∆) were significantly elevated from POST0 to POST30 and from POST30 to POST3H (p < 0.05), whereby HL additionally demonstrated significantly higher ∆Lactate versus LL-BFR (p < 0.001) at POST3H. Although serum ∆GH was not significantly impacted by supplement or condition, serum ∆IGF-1 was significantly (p = 0.042) higher in BET versus PLA and serum ∆HCY was greater in HL relative to LL-BFR (p = 0.044). Although these data fail to support a BFR-betaine synergy, they otherwise support betaine’s anabolic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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13 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Women? A Randomized, Crossover and Double-Blind Study

by Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín, Juan Del Coso, Millán Aguilar-Navarro, David Varillas-Delgado, Carlos Ruiz-Moreno, Álvaro López-Samanés, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete and Alejandro Muñoz

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5030; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14235030 - 26 Nov 2022

Viewed by 2243

Abstract

p-Synephrine is deemed a safe and effective substance to increase fat utilization during exercise of low-to-moderate intensity in men but not in women. Additionally, the existence of a diurnal variation in substrate utilization has been documented during exercise with enhanced fat oxidation in the evening compared with early morning. However, it remains unknown whether there is an interaction between the effect of p-synephrine and the time of the day on fat oxidation during exercise. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the acute ingestion of 3 milligram of p-synephrine per kilogram of body mass (mg/kg) on fat oxidation during exercise of increasing intensity when the exercise is performed in the morning vs. the evening. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, 16 healthy and active women performed four identical exercise trials after the ingestion of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine and 3 mg/kg of a placebo (cellulose) both in the morning (8–10 am) and in the evening (5–7 pm). In the exercise trials, the substances were ingested 60 min before an incremental test on a cycle ergometer with 3 min stages at workloads from 30 to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max). Substrate oxidation rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. In each trial, the maximum rate of fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicited MFO (Fatmax) were measured. A two-way analysis of variance (time-of-the day × substance) was used to detect differences among the trials. With the placebo, MFO was 0.25 ± 0.11 g/min in the morning and 0.24 ± 0.07 g/min in the evening. With p-synephrine, MFO was 0.26 ± 0.09 g/min in the morning and 0.21 ± 0.07 g/min in the evening. There was no main effect of substance (p = 0.349), time of day (p = 0.186) and the substance × time of day (p = 0.365) on MFO. Additionally, Fatmax was reached at a similar exercise intensity with the placebo (41.33 ± 8.34% VO₂max in the morning and 44.38 ± 7.37% VO₂max in the evening) and with p-synephrine (43.33 ± 7.24% VO₂max in the morning and 45.00 ± 7.43% VO₂max in the evening), irrespective of the time of day with no main effect of substance (p = 0.633), time of day (p = 0.191), or interaction (p = 0.580). In summary, the acute intake of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine before exercise did not increase MFO and Fatmax, independently of the time of day, in female athletes. This indicates that the time of day is not a factor explaining the lack of effectiveness of this substance to enhance fat oxidation during aerobic exercise in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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10 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Are Caffeine’s Effects on Resistance Exercise and Jumping Performance Moderated by Training Status?

by Erfan Berjisian, Alireza Naderi, Shima Mojtahedi, Jozo Grgic, Mohammad Hossein Ghahramani, Raci Karayigit, Jennifer L. Forbes, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete and Scott C. Forbes

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14224840 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3000

Abstract

This study aimed to explore if the effects of caffeine intake on resistance exercise and jumping performance are moderated by training status. We included ten resistance-trained and ten recreationally active males in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants were categorized into groups according to their resistance to training experience and muscular strength levels. Exercise performance outcomes included weight lifted and mean velocity during a one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and squat; repetitions were performed to muscular failure in the same exercises with 70% of 1RM and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Exercise performance was evaluated on three occasions, following no substance ingestion (control), caffeine (6 mg/kg), and placebo. There was a main effect on the condition for all the performance outcomes (all p ≤ 0.02), except for the 1RM squat mean velocity (p = 0.157) and 1RM bench press mean velocity (p = 0.719). For weight lifted in the 1RM bench press, there was a significant difference when comparing the caffeine vs. control, caffeine vs. placebo, and placebo vs. control. For weight lifted in the 1RM squat, a significant difference was found when comparing the caffeine vs. control. For muscular endurance outcomes and jump height, a significant difference was found when caffeine was compared to the control or placebo. Effect sizes were trivial for muscular strength (Hedges’ g: 0.04–0.12), small for the jump height (Hedges’ g: 0.43–0.46), and large for muscular endurance (Hedges’ g: 0.89–1.41). Despite these ergogenic effects, there was no significant training status × caffeine interaction in any of the analyzed outcomes. In summary, caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for muscular strength, endurance, and jump height. These effects are likely to be of a similar magnitude in resistance-trained and recreationally active men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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12 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Novel Gastro-Duodenal Flow Restrictor on Relative Weight Loss and Glucose Levels in a Porcine Model: A Pilot Randomized Study

by Gunn Huh, Jinhee Kwon, So Hee Kim, Ha Jong Lim, Se Hee Min and Do Hyun Park

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2563; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14132563 - 21 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies are promising for obesity. We developed a novel gastro-duodenal flow restrictor (G-DFR) device for relative weight loss and lowering of glucose level and evaluated its safety and efficacy in a porcine model. The G-DFR comprised self-expandable gastro-duodenal partially covered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) metal stent distally attached to a PTFE skirt. Eleven juvenile pigs were randomized into the evaluation of migration (n = 3), mid-term efficacy (n = 5), and control (n = 3) groups. Five pigs showed G-DFR migration at 2, 4, 7, and 10 weeks after placement in the migration and mid-term efficacy group. Compared to the control group, the mid-term efficacy group showed up to 55.4% relative weight loss in 12 weeks. Compared to the case group, the control group showed higher mean ghrelin hormone level from 6 to 12 weeks. Glucose level was significantly lower in the efficacy group than in the control group after 6 weeks. Serum alanine transferase levels and histological collagen deposition were lower in the liver of the case group than in the control group. Although it did not demonstrate consistent performance with respect to migration, a well-positioned G-DFR in the pyloroduodenal portion may lead to relative weight loss, lowering of glucose levels, and improved hepatic parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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26 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“HIIT the Inflammation”: Comparative Effects of Low-Volume Interval Training and Resistance Exercises on Inflammatory Indices in Obese Metabolic Syndrome Patients Undergoing Caloric Restriction

by Dejan Reljic, Walburga Dieterich, Hans J. Herrmann, Markus F. Neurath and Yurdagül Zopf

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 1996; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14101996 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3264

Abstract

Exercise is a cornerstone in metabolic syndrome (MetS) treatment. However, the effects of low-volume exercise modalities on MetS-associated low-grade inflammation are unclear. A total of 106 MetS patients (53.7 ± 11.4 years) were randomized to low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT, 14 min/session), single-set resistance training (1-RT, ~15 min/session), whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS, 20 min/session), three-set resistance training (3-RT, ~50 min/session), each performed 2 ×/week for 12 weeks, or a control group (CON). All groups received nutritional counseling for weight loss. Inflammatory and cardiometabolic indices were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. All groups significantly reduced body weight by an average of 3.6%. Only LOW-HIIT reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) (−1.6 mg/L, p = 0.001) and interleukin-6 (−1.1 pg/mL, p = 0.020). High-sensitivity CRP and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein decreased following LOW-HIIT (−1.4 mg/L, p = 0.001 and −2.1 ng/mL, p = 0.004) and 3-RT (−0.6 mg/L, p = 0.044 and −2.0 ng/mL, p < 0.001). MetS severity score improved with LOW-HIIT (−1.8 units, p < 0.001), 1-RT (−1.6 units, p = 0.005), and 3-RT (−2.3 units, p < 0.001). Despite similar effects on body weight, low-volume exercise modalities have different impact on inflammatory and cardiometabolic outcomes in MetS patients. LOW-HIIT has superior efficacy for improving inflammation compared to 1-RT and WB-EMS. Resistance-based exercise appears to require a higher volume to promote beneficial impact on inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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14 pages, 2159 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Thiamin Restriction on Exercise-Associated Glycogen Metabolism and AMPK Activation Level in Skeletal Muscle

by Akiko Sato, Shinji Sato, Go Omori and Keiichi Koshinaka

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 710; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14030710 - 08 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2328

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the direct influence of a decrease in the cellular thiamin level, before the onset of anorexia (one of the symptoms of thiamin deficiency) on glycogen metabolism and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation levels in skeletal muscle at rest and in response to exercise. Male Wistar rats were classified as the control diet (CON) group or the thiamin-deficient diet (TD) group and consumed the assigned diets for 1 week. Skeletal muscles were taken from the rats at rest, those that underwent low-intensity swimming (LIS), or high-intensity intermittent swimming (HIS) conducted immediately before dissection. There were no significant differences in food intake, locomotive activity, or body weight between groups, but thiamin pyrophosphate in the skeletal muscles of the TD group was significantly lower than that of the CON group. Muscle glycogen and lactate levels in the blood and muscle were equivalent between groups at rest and in response to exercise. The mitochondrial content was equal between groups, and AMPK in the skeletal muscles of TD rats was normally activated by LIS and HIS. In conclusion, with a lowered cellular thiamin level, the exercise-associated glycogen metabolism and AMPK activation level in skeletal muscle were normally regulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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11 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Strength Moderates the Relationship between Nutritional Health Risk and Depression in Korean Older Adults

by Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Haeryun Hong, Hyunsik Kang, Ju-Hyoung Kim and Sang-Koo Woo

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 665; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14030665 - 04 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the relationships between muscle strength and nutritional health risk with late-in-life depression. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of lower-extremity muscle strength on the relationship between nutritional health risk and depression in Korean older adults. Methods: Data obtained from 5949 women and 3971 men aged ≥ 65 years in the 2020 Korea Longitudinal Study on Aging were used in this study. Exposures included lower-extremity muscle strength and nutritional health risk. Lower-extremity muscle strength was measured with a modified sit-to-stand test. The nutritional health risk was assessed using a screening tool. Depression was defined as a score ≥ 8 points on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: Logistic regression analyses showed that depression was positively associated with nutritional health risk (p < 0.001) and inversely associated with lower-extremity muscle strength (p < 0.001). A moderation analysis with Andrew Hayes’ PROCESS macro showed a significant moderating effect of lower-extremity muscle strength (β = −0.119; 95% confidence interval, −0.172 to −0.066; p < 0.001) on the relationship between nutritional health risk and depression; the weaker was the muscle strength, the steeper was the slope of the GDS score for nutritional health risk. Conclusions: The current findings suggest the need for an intervention targeting both high nutritional risk and weak muscle strength as a therapeutic strategy against depression in Korean older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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9 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer

by Lidia Robles-González, Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín, Millán Aguilar-Navarro, Carlos Ruiz-Moreno, Alejandro Muñoz, Juan Del-Coso, Jonatan R. Ruiz and Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124308 - 29 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2397

Abstract

The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO₂max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO₂max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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12 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Combined with a Mixed Diet Contributes to Improvement in Lipid Profile in Trained Cyclists

by Kamila Płoszczyca, Miłosz Czuba, Józef Langfort and Marcin Baranowski

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3481; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103481 - 30 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2303

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the effects of live high-train low method (LH-TL) and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) with a controlled mixed diet on lipid profile in cyclists. Thirty trained male cyclists at a national level with at least six years of training experience participated in the study. The LH-TL group was exposed to hypoxia (FiO₂ = 16.5%) for 11–12 h a day and trained under normoxia for 3 weeks. In the IHT group, participants followed the IHT routine three times a week under hypoxia (FiO₂ = 16.5%) at lactate threshold intensity. The control group (N) lived and trained under normoxia. The results showed that the 3-week LH-TL method significantly improved all lipid profile variables. The LH-TL group showed a significant increase in HDL-C by 9.0% and a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) by 9.2%, LDL-C by 18.2%, and triglycerides (TG) by 27.6%. There were no significant changes in lipid profiles in the IHT and N groups. ∆TG and ∆TC were significantly higher in the LH-TL group compared to the N group. In conclusion, hypoxic conditions combined with a mixed diet can induce beneficial changes in lipid profile even in highly trained athletes. The effectiveness of the hypoxic stimulus is closely related to the hypoxic training method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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21 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Protein-Rich Nutritional Composition Supplementation on Sarcopenia Indices and Physical Activity during Resistance Exercise Training in Older Women with Knee Osteoarthritis

by Chun-De Liao, Yi-Hung Liao, Tsan-Hon Liou, Ching-Ya Hsieh, Yu-Chi Kuo and Hung-Chou Chen

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2487; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082487 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5160

Abstract

Older adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are at high risk of sarcopenia. Protein-rich nutritional composition supplementation (PS) combined with resistance exercise training (RET) improves muscle gains and facilitates physical activity in older adults. However, whether PS augments the effects of RET on muscle mass and PA in patients with KOA remains unclear. Therefore, this study identified the effects of PS on sarcopenic indices and PA in older women with KOA subjected to an RET program. Eligible older women aged 60–85 years and diagnosed as having KOA were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). Both groups performed RET twice a week for 12 weeks. The EG received additional PS during this period. Outcome measures included appendicular lean mass index, walking speed, physical activity, and scores on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index—WOMAC). All measures were tested at baseline and after intervention. With participant characteristics and baseline scores as covariates, analysis of variance was performed to identify between-group differences in changes in all outcome measures after intervention. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Compared with the CG, the EG achieved greater changes in appendicular lean mass index (adjusted mean difference (aMD) = 0.19 kg/m², p < 0.01), physical activity (aMD = 30.0 MET-hour/week, p < 0.001), walking speed (aMD = 0.09 m/s, p < 0.05), and WOMAC global function (aMD = −8.21, p < 0.001) after intervention. In conclusion, PS exerted augmentative effects on sarcopenic indices, physical activity, and perceived global WOMAC score in older women with KOA through 12 weeks of RET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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9 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Speed, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Independent Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean University Students

by Minjeong Kang, Mingyu Joo, Haeryun Hong and Hyunsik Kang

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2420; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072420 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Background: Little is known regarding the role of eating quickly, physical inactivity, and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in assessing the onset of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean young adults. Objectives: This study examined the association between the three risk factors and Mets in 1891 Korean university students (30% female) aged 18–29 years. Methods: Eating speed (slow vs. fast) and physical activity (active vs. inactive) were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake as an indicator of CRF was assessed with graded exercise testing. Components of Mets were waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). Results: All the three exposures were positively associated with abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressures, elevated FBG, elevated TG, and decreased HDLC. Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of Mets was incremental in the order of physical inactivity (odds ratio, OR = 1.666; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.024–2.708; p = 0.040), fast eating (OR = 1.687; 95% CI = 1.094–2.601; p = 0.018), and poor CRF (OR = 5.378; 95% CI = 3.475–8.325; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current findings suggest that a multifaceted intervention targeting at promotion of physical activity and CRF in concert with healthy eating behaviors should be implemented as a preventive strategy against Mets in Korean university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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Review

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20 pages, 4922 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ling-Pi Huang, Giancarlo Condello and Chia-Hua Kuo

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2815; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082815 - 17 Aug 2021

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Abstract

This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus was conducted. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing all types of milk-based protein supplements with control supplements for the training older adults at mean age ≥ 60 y. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, whilst seventeen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. A dose of 10–15 g of milk protein supplementation was sufficient to augment RT-induced LBM/FFM. Intriguingly, four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (−0.49 kg, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.29, I² = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001). For milk-based protein supplementation, RT-induced improvements in muscle strength were observed only when the protein doses ≥22 g (+0.66 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.25, I² = 0%, Z = 2.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Milk protein is superior to whey protein in enhancing RT-induced LBM/FFM gains for older adults. Optimal daily protein intake can dilute the protein supplementation effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Exercise and Diet on Energy Metabolism)

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