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Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition in Women".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2021) | Viewed by 62357

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues

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Guest Editor

1. Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
2. Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
Interests: exercise physiology; obesity-related disorders; breast cancer; hormones
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. José Afonso

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Co-Guest Editor

Centre for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
Interests: training theory and methodology; exercise prescription; performance analysis; strength and conditioning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Monica Sousa

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Co-Guest Editor

CINTESIS, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: sports nutrition; human nutrition; dietary supplements; exercise recovery; body composition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cumulative evidence demonstrates that healthy nutrient intake and regular physical exercise are both powerful lifestyle strategies that modulate lifelong health through their ability to improve body composition, musculoskeletal health, sex steroid hormones, sleep quality, and physical and cognitive performance, as well as to prevent chronic diseases across the lifespan, especially in women. While the benefits of nutrition and physical exercise are commonly studied separately, the integration of nutrition and physical exercise has the potential to produce greater benefits in women than strategies focusing only on one or the other. Studying the specificities of women in response to interventions is of the utmost importance for providing optimal healthcare and aids the design of guidelines that are better suited for women. A better knowledge regarding nutrient intake and physical exercise and their interaction in women is therefore needed. This Special Issue entitled “nutrient intake and physical exercise as modulators of healthy women” will comprise manuscripts that highlight this integrational approach as a potential modulator of lifelong outcomes in women.

Dr. Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
Guest Editor
Dr. José Afonso
Dr. Monica Sousa
Co-Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

nutrition
physical activity
lifespan
healthy lifestyles
women-driven guidelines

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrition and Physical Exercise in Women

by Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues, José Afonso and Mónica Sousa

Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2981; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14142981 - 21 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1804

Abstract

While the benefits of nutrition and physical exercise are commonly studied separately, their concomitant integration has the potential to produce greater benefits in women than strategies focusing only on one or the other [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 1748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Assessing Physical Activity Liking Identify Opportunities to Promote Physical Activity Engagement and Healthy Dietary Behaviors?

by Patrice A. Hubert, Megan Mahoney, Tania B. Huedo-Medina, Tricia M. Leahey and Valerie B. Duffy

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103366 - 25 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1921

Abstract

Improving our understanding of what physical activities are enjoyed and the factors that are associated with physical activity liking can promote participation in regular physical activity. We aimed to study physical activity (PA) liking in college women by modelling interactions between body size perception and dietary behaviors on PA liking, and by examining discrepancies between PA liking versus engagement on body size perception and dietary behaviors. Women (n = 251; 74% white) utilized an online survey to report their level of liking for PA types (scored into a PA liking index) and frequency of PA participation. They also reported their perceived body size, level of dietary restraint, and frequency of consuming foods (scored into a diet quality index). In multivariate analyses, a greater perceived body size was directly associated with lower PA liking and indirectly through greater dietary restraint but lower diet quality. Healthiest dietary behaviors were reported by women who both liked and engaged in PA. Women who reported high PA liking but low PA participation reported a higher dietary restraint and lower diet quality. These findings support the empowerment of women across all body sizes to identify physical activities that they enjoy. Health promotion efforts should encourage women to couple physical activity liking and engagement with a healthy level of dietary restraint and consumption of a healthy diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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15 pages, 5980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Type of Physical Training and Selected Aspects of Psychological Functioning of Women with Obesity: A Randomised Trial

by Monika Bąk-Sosnowska, Magdalena Gruszczyńska, Damian Skrypnik, Sławomir Grzegorczyn, Joanna Karolkiewicz, Marzena Ratajczak, Edyta Mądry, Jarosław Walkowiak and Paweł Bogdański

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2555; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082555 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2563

Abstract

Objective: We conducted a prospective randomised trial to assess whether a specific type of regular physical training performed by women with obesity is related to obtaining specific psychological benefits. Methods: Forty-four women qualified for the study and were divided into two groups. The applied intervention consisted of regular three-month physical exercises in the form of endurance training (group A) or endurance strength training (group B). Initially, and after the completed intervention, we examined anthropometric measurements and the level of: stress (PSS-10), general self-esteem (SES), body self-report (BSQ–34, FRS), and behaviours associated with diet (TFEQ-18). Results: As a result of the intervention, both groups had significantly lower anthropometric parameters and FRS scores with regard to the current figure (gr. A:δ FRS CS −0.90 ± 0.83, p < 0.001; gr. B:δ FRS CS −0.41 ± 0.50, p = 0.01) and BSQ–34 results (gr. A:δ BSQ–34 −14.90 ± 13.5, p = 0.001; gr. B:δ BSQ–34 − 18.64 ± 25.4, p = 0.01). Additionally, an increase in cognitive restraint (δ TFEQ–18 CR1.65 ± 2.06, p = 0.01) and a decrease in emotional eating (δ TFEQ–18 EE −0.82 ± 1.28, p = 0.01) were observed in group B. There were no between-group differences in terms of the magnitude of changes achieved due to the intervention, except for asignificant improvement in the perception of their current figure (FRS) (δ FRSCS −0.90 ± 0.83, p = 0.03) in group A. Conclusions: Regular physical activity over a three-month period by women with obesity promotes the perception of their own body as slimmer and lowers body shape concerns. The change in body shape perception was more pronounced under the influence of endurance training than endurance strength training. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04793451. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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10 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dieting and Disinhibited Eating Patterns in Adult Women with Normal Body Weight: Does Rumination Matter?

by Justyna Waliłko, Paulina Bronowicka, Jinbo He and Anna Brytek-Matera

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072475 - 20 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3602

Abstract

Dieting and disinhibited eating patterns are presented in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Repetitive negative thinking (i.e., rumination) may lead to maladaptive eating behaviors. While numerous studies have focused on dieting and disinhibited eating behaviors in clinical samples, less is known about these behaviors in nonclinical samples with normal body weight. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore how dieting, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating are related to rumination in adult women with normal body weight. One hundred eighty-eight women (M_age = 29.46 ± 8.94; M_BMI = 23.16 ± 4.04) were involved in the current study. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire were administered to the participants. The results showed that repetitive negative thinking was a partial mediator in the relationship between dieting and uncontrolled eating, as well as in the relationship between dieting and emotional eating. Targeting repetitive negative thinking may be important for reducing disinhibited eating patterns in women with normal body weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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15 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 6 Months of Soy-Enriched High Protein Compared to Eucaloric Low Protein Snack Replacement on Appetite, Dietary Intake, and Body Composition in Normal-Weight Obese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Neda Haghighat, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Reza Bagheri, Alexei Wong, Neda Cheraghloo, Gholamreza Moradpour, Michael Nordvall, Omid Asbaghi, Nader Moeinvaziri, Masoud Amini, Zahra Sohrabi and Frédéric Dutheil

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2266; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072266 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4408

Abstract

(1) Background: The favorable effects of high protein snacks on body composition and appetite status in lean and athletic populations have been illustrated previously. However, the effects of soy-enriched high protein snacks have not been investigated in women with normal-weight obesity (NWO). Consequently, we aimed at comparing the effects of six months of soy-enriched high protein snack replacement on appetite, body composition, and dietary intake in women with NWO. (2) Methods: One hundred seven (107) women with NWO [(age: 24 ± 3 yrs, BMI: 22.7 ± 2.3 kg/m², body fat percentage (BFP): 38 ± 3.2%)] who were assigned to one of two groups; high protein snack (HP, n = 52) containing 50 g soybean or isocaloric low-protein snack (protein: 18.2 g, carbohydrate: 15 g, fat: 10 g, energy: 210 kcal) or isocaloric low protein snack (LP, n = 55) containing 3.5 servings of fruit (protein: <2 g, carbohydrate: ≈50 g, fat: <1 g, energy: ≈210 kcal) as part of their daily meals (as a snack at 10 a.m.), successfully completed the study interventions. Body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), BFP, skeletal muscle mass, dietary intake, and appetite levels were evaluated prior to and after the six-month intervention. (3) Results: Appetite (HP = −12 mm and LP = −0.6 mm), energy intake (HP = −166.2 kcal/day and LP = 91.3 kcal), carbohydrate intake (HP = −58.4 g/day and LP = 6.4 g/day), WC (HP = −4.3 cm and LP = −0.9 cm), and BFP (HP = −3.7% and LP = −0.9%) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, while skeletal muscle mass (HP = 1.2 kg and LP = 0.3 kg) significantly increased in the HP compared to the LP group, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Six months of a soy-enriched high protein snack replacement decreased appetite and improved body composition in women with NWO. Our findings suggest that soy-enriched high protein snacks are an efficacious strategy for body composition improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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11 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Choline Metabolites, Hydroxybutyrate and HDL after Dietary Fiber Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Hypertensive Women: A Metabolomic Study

by Carla Patricia Novaes dos Santos Fechine, Mussara Gomes Cavalcanti Alves Monteiro, Josean Fechine Tavares, Augusto Lopes Souto, Rafaella Cristhine Pordeus Luna, Cássia Surama Oliveira da Silva, Jairo Alves da Silva, Sócrates Golzio dos Santos, Maria José de Carvalho Costa and Darlene Camati Persuhn

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1437; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13051437 - 24 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2944

Abstract

Metabolomics has been increasingly used to evaluate metabolic changes associated with morbidities. The objective of this study is to assess the metabolic profile before and after intervention with mixed dietary fiber in overweight and obese hypertensive women. This is an intervention study, and the sample consists of 14 women aged 28 to 58 years. An intervention with 12 g of mixed soluble and insoluble fiber is performed for a period of eight weeks. Serum metabolites are identified using a Bruker ¹H NMR spectrometer at 400 MHz. Multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), is used to differentiate the two groups. After supplementation with dietary fiber, there is a significant increase in the peak intensity values of the metabolites HDL-C (0.0010*), choline (0.0012*) and hydroxybutyrate (0.0010*) as well as a decrease in systolic (0.0013*) and diastolic (0.0026*) blood pressure. The analysis of the metabolomic profile allows the identification of metabolites that have been associated in the literature with hypertension and excess weight (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) and with fiber intake (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) in addition to an increase in HDL-C. The increase in the detection of the described metabolites possibly occurs due to the presence of pathologies and the use of fiber in the intervention, which also contributes to elevated HDL-c and reduced blood pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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15 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

L-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Strength and Power of Knee Muscles and Improves Glycemia Control and Plasma Redox Balance in Exercising Elderly Women

by Gislene R. Amirato, Juliana O. Borges, Daniella L. Marques, Juliana M. B. Santos, Carlos A. F. Santos, Marilia S. Andrade, Guilherme E. Furtado, Marcelo Rossi, Lais N. Luis, Raquel F. Zambonatto, Eliane B. da Silva, Sarah O. Poma, Mariana M. de Almeida, Renato L. Pelaquim, Laiane C. dos Santos-Oliveira, Vinicius L. Sousa Diniz, Maria E. P. Passos, Adriana C. Levada-Pires, Renata Gorjão, Marcelo P. Barros, André L. L. Bachi and Tania C. Pithon-Curi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 1025; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13031025 - 22 Mar 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5735

Abstract

We investigated the effects of oral L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation, associated or not with physical exercises, in control of glycemia, oxidative stress, and strength/power of knee muscles in elderly women. Physically active (n = 21) and sedentary (n = 23) elderly women aged 60 to 80 years were enrolled in the study. Plasma levels of D-fructosamine, insulin, reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, iron, uric acid, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) (lipoperoxidation product), as well as knee extensor/flexor muscle torque peak and average power (isokinetic test), were assessed pre- and post-supplementation with Gln or placebo (30 days). Higher plasma D-fructosamine, insulin, and iron levels, and lower strength/power of knee muscles were found pre-supplementation in the NPE group than in the PE group. Post-supplementation, Gln subgroups showed higher levels of GSH, GSSG, and torque peak, besides lower D-fructosamine than pre-supplementation values. Higher muscle average power and plasma uric acid levels were reported in the PE + Gln group, whereas lower insulin levels were found in the NPE + Gln than pre-supplementation values. TBARs levels were diminished post-supplementation in all groups. Gln supplementation, mainly when associated with physical exercises, improves strength and power of knee muscles and glycemia control, besides boosting plasma antioxidant capacity of elderly women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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14 pages, 1123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Ingestion of Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Substrate Oxidation during Aerobic Exercise Could Depend on Sex Difference in Middle-Aged Sedentary Persons

by Naohisa Nosaka, Shougo Tsujino, Kazumitsu Honda, Hiromi Suemitsu, Kazuhiko Kato and Kazuo Kondo

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 36; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13010036 - 24 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3235

Abstract

Fat oxidation (FAO) during aerobic exercise and whole-body FAO via lipid intake are thought to be important for the maintenance of health, such as the prevention of type 2 diabetes and obesity in sedentary persons in their 40s and 50s. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) ingestion has been attracting attention. However, the effects of difference of sex and the composition of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are unclear, so we examined the effects of these factors on FAO during aerobic exercise. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-arm, within-participants crossover trial. FAO during low- to moderate-intensity exercise was compared when octanoate-rich MCTs (C8R), decanoate-rich MCTs (C10R), or carbohydrate (control) was ingested. Three 2-week interventions were separated by two 2-week washout periods. An increase of FAO during exercise after the C8R diet was found in males, but not in females. An increase of carbohydrate oxidation (CAO) and oxygen uptake during exercise after the C10R diet was found in females, but not in males. In a pooled estimate of the effect of MCTs (C8R and C10R) in women and men, FAO increased during exercise. In conclusion, short-term ingestion of MCTs by middle-aged sedentary persons could increase FAO during aerobic exercise compared to carbohydrate ingestion, but the enhancing effect of MCTs on substrate utilization and oxygen uptake might vary, depending on sex and the composition of MCFAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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15 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isoflavone Supplementation Does Not Potentiate the Effect of Combined Exercise Training on Resting and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Non-Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial-A Pilot Study

by Juliene G. C. Dechichi, Igor M. Mariano, Jéssica S. Giolo, Jaqueline P. Batista, Ana Luiza Amaral, Paula A. B. Ribeiro, Erick P. de Oliveira and Guilherme M. Puga

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3495; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113495 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2587

Abstract

Physical exercise and isoflavone supplementation are potential strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are additive effects of isoflavone supplementation when associated with combined aerobic and resistance exercise on resting and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and in blood pressure variability (BPV). Thirty-one non-obese postmenopausal women were randomly allocated into two groups: placebo and exercise (Placebo n = 19); and isoflavone supplementation (100 mg/day) and exercise (isoflavone n = 19). ABPM and BPV were evaluated before and after 10 weeks of moderate combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise training. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) with Bonferroni correction and intention-to-treat analysis was used to compare the effects of interventions on resting BP, ABPM and BPV. Combined exercise training decreased resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and reduced 24 h and awake ambulatory SBP, DBP and mean blood pressure over time, with no additional effects of isoflavone supplementation. No changes were observed in sleep period, or in BPV indexes (Standard Deviation of 24 h (SD), daytime and nighttime interval (SDdn) and average real variability (ARV) in both groups. We conclude that isoflavone supplementation does not potentiate the effects of combined training on resting and ambulatorial systolic and diastolic blood pressure in non-obese postmenopausal women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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Review

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24 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diet and Nutrition in Gynecological Disorders: A Focus on Clinical Studies

by Sadia Afrin, Abdelrahman AlAshqar, Malak El Sabeh, Mariko Miyashita-Ishiwata, Lauren Reschke, Joshua T. Brennan, Amanda Fader and Mostafa A. Borahay

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1747; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061747 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 20720

Abstract

A healthy lifestyle and a balanced diet play a paramount role in promoting and maintaining homeostatic functions and preventing an array of chronic and debilitating diseases. Based upon observational and epidemiological investigations, it is clear that nutritional factors and dietary habits play a significant role in gynecological disease development, including uterine leiomyoma, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and gynecological malignancies. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables, Mediterranean diets, green tea, vitamin D, and plant-derived natural compounds may have a long-term positive impact on gynecological diseases, while fats, red meat, alcohol, and coffee may contribute to their development. Data regarding the association between dietary habits and gynecological disorders are, at times, conflicting, with potential confounding factors, including food pollutants, reduced physical activity, ethnic background, and environmental factors limiting overall conclusions. This review provides a synopsis of the current clinical data and biological basis of the association between available dietary and nutritional data, along with their impact on the biology and pathophysiology of different gynecological disorders, as well as an outlook on future directions that will guide further investigational research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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20 pages, 402 KiB

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Bidirectional Interactions between the Menstrual Cycle, Exercise Training, and Macronutrient Intake in Women: A Review

by Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues, Mónica Sousa, Patrícia Lourenço Reis, César Leão, Beatriz Cardoso-Marinho, Marta Massada and José Afonso

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 438; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020438 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 11238

Abstract

Women have a number of specificities that differentiate them from men. In particular, the role of sex steroid hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) significantly impact women’s physiology. The literature has shown nonlinear relationships between MC, exercise, and nutritional intake. Notably, these relationships are bidirectional and less straightforward than one would suppose. For example, the theoretical implications of the MC’s phases on exercise performance do not always translate into relevant practical effects. There is often a disconnect between internal measures (e.g., levels of hormone concentrations) and external performance. Furthermore, it is not entirely clear how nutritional intake varies across the MC’s phases and whether these variations impact on exercise performance. Therefore, a thorough review of the existing knowledge could help in framing these complex relationships and potentially contribute to the optimization of exercise prescription and nutritional intake according to the naturally occurring phases of the MC. Throughout this review, an emerging trend is the lack of generalizability and the need to individualize interventions, since the consequences of the MC’s phases and their relationships with exercise and nutritional intake seem to vary greatly from person to person. In this sense, average data are probably not relevant and could potentially be misleading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Intake and Physical Exercise as Modulators of Healthy Women)

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