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Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2021) | Viewed by 23644

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Khadija Ouguerram

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Guest Editor

UMR 1280 Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRAE, Université de Nantes 44 093 Nantes, France
Interests: cardiovascular disease; lipid metabolism; isotopic labelling and modelling analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lipids are highly diverse in structure, and their distribution varies at the organism level.

In recent years, by using multiplex platforms, emerging lipidomic techniques allow for the high-throughput profiling of thousands of lipids categorized into five main species—namely, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterols, and free fatty acids.

The disturbance of lipids homeostasis is the major mechanism which promotes, directly or indirectly, several diseases. To take CVD as an example, plasma lipid biomarkers including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and triglycerides have long been used to assess the risk and treatment of CVD. However, using more recent lipidomic approaches, other lipids at very low concentrations in the blood (particularly some sphingolipids or phosphides) were found to have a strong positive association with recurrent CVD and CVD mortality, independent of HDL-c and LDL-c, and are key bioactive signaling elements in the body. The use of diverse and complementary approaches such as biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and physiology provides a good understanding of the mechanisms involved in these chronic diseases.

There is tremendous interest in the health protection of some food constituents against chronic diseases in which elevated lipids and inflammation are major issues. Overall, a lower disease risk for food groups of plant origin has been found, whereas a higher disease risk for sugar-sweetened beverages and certain food groups of animal origin has been identified. Thus, the nutritional regulation of lipid metabolism has become an important tool to prevent or reverse the development of chronic diseases. This nutritional intervention can take place at different stages of life, including the perinatal stage.

Dr. Khadija Ouguerram
Guest Editor

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Keywords

lipids
glycerolipids
phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterols
free fatty acids
metabolism
disease

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Performance among United States (US) Military Officers: The Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid-Bound Omega-3’s (RRIPP-3) Study

by Bernadette P. Marriott, Travis H. Turner, Joseph R. Hibbeln, Jill C. Newman, Marcie Pregulman, Angela M. Malek, Robert J. Malcolm, Gregory A. Burbelo and Jeffrey W. Wismann

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061854 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3697

Abstract

Studies have assessed omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive decline among older adults and cognitive development among children, although less is known about cognitive or neurological effects among young adults. We examined whether omega-3 supplementation from krill oil could improve cognition and resilience among young military officers compared to a control. This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 555 officers (mean age 23.4 ± 2.8, 98.6% male) entering the United States (US) Army Infantry Basic Officer Leaders Course (IBOLC) with the intention to complete the US Ranger Course. Volunteer participants consumed eight dietary supplements daily of krill oil containing 2.3 g omega-3 or control (macadamia nut oil) over an approximate 20-week period. Cognitive functioning, resilience, and mood were assessed during a well-rested period at approximately 14 weeks and after a battlefield simulation at 16 weeks. Blood spot samples were collected to monitor compliance and dietary intake was assessed. All hypotheses were tested using both ‘Intention to Treat’ (ITT) and ‘As Per Protocol’ (APP) approaches. Of the 555 randomized individuals, 245 (44.1%) completed the study. No statistically significant group-by-time interactions indicating treatment effect were found on any outcomes. Poor compliance was indicated by lower than expected omega-3 elevations in the treatment group, and may have contributed to a failure to detect a response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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15 pages, 3104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatic Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Lack of Acsm3 Expression in Polydactylous Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia and Visceral Fat Accumulation

by Kristýna Junková, Lukáš F. Mirchi, Blanka Chylíková, Michaela Janků, Jan Šilhavý, Martina Hüttl, Irena Marková, Denisa Miklánková, Josef Včelák, Hana Malínská, Michal Pravenec, Ondřej Šeda and František Liška

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1462; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13051462 - 25 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2782

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Its complex pathogenesis includes, on the one hand, sedentary lifestyle and high caloric intake, and, on the other hand, there is a clear genetic predisposition. PD (Polydactylous rat) is an animal model of hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and obesity. To unravel the genetic and pathophysiologic background of this phenotype, we compared morphometric and metabolic parameters as well as liver transcriptomes among PD, spontaneously hypertensive rat, and Brown Norway (BN) strains fed a high-fat diet (HFD). After 4 weeks of HFD, PD rats displayed marked hypertriglyceridemia but without the expected hepatic steatosis. Moreover, the PD strain showed significant weight gain, including increased weight of retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pads, and impaired glucose tolerance. In the liver transcriptome, we found 5480 differentially expressed genes, which were enriched for pathways involved in fatty acid beta and omega oxidation, glucocorticoid metabolism, oxidative stress, complement activation, triacylglycerol and lipid droplets synthesis, focal adhesion, prostaglandin synthesis, interferon signaling, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways. Interestingly, the PD strain, contrary to SHR and BN rats, did not express the Acsm3 (acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 3) gene in the liver. Together, these results suggest disturbances in fatty acid utilization as a molecular mechanism predisposing PD rats to hypertriglyceridemia and fat accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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17 pages, 9932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Medium-Chained Acyl-Carnitines Sign High Caloric Intake whereas Short-Chained Acyl-Carnitines Sign High -Protein Diet within a High-Fat, Hypercaloric Diet in a Randomized Crossover Design Dietary Trial

by Nadezda V. Khodorova, Annemarie Rietman, Douglas N. Rutledge, Jessica Schwarz, Julien Piedcoq, Serge Pilard, Els Siebelink, Frans J. Kok, Daniel Tomé, Marco Mensink and Dalila Azzout-Marniche

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1191; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041191 - 03 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

The western dietary pattern is known for its frequent meals rich in saturated fat and protein, resulting in a postprandial state for a large part of the day. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism in response to high (HP) or normal (NP) protein, high-fat hypercaloric diet and to identify early biomarkers of protein intake and hepatic lipid accumulation. In a crossover design, 17 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to consume a HP or NP hypercaloric diet for two weeks. In parallel, a control group (CD; n = 10) consumed a weight-maintaining control diet. Biomarkers of postprandial lipid and glucose metabolism were measured in 24 h urine and in plasma before and following a meal challenge. The metabolic profile of urine but not plasma, showed increased excretion of ¹³C, carnitine and short chain acyl-carnitines after adaptation to the HP diet. Urinary excretion of decatrienoylcarnitine and octenoylcarnitine increased after adaptation to the NP diet. Our results suggest that the higher excretion of short-chain urinary acyl-carnitines could facilitate the elimination of excess fat of the HP diet and thereby reduce hepatic fat accumulation previously reported, whereas the higher excretion medium-chains acyl-carnitine could be early biomarkers of hepatic lipid accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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14 pages, 2945 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Carrot Supplementation Improves Blood Pressure and Reduces Aortic Root Lesions in an Atherosclerosis-Prone Genetic Mouse Model

by Raffaella Soleti, Marine Coué, Charlotte Trenteseaux, Gregory Hilairet, Lionel Fizanne, Fatima Kasbi-Chadli, Patricia Mallegol, Julien Chaigneau, Jerome Boursier, Michel Krempf, Emmanuel Geoffriau, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina and Khadija Ouguerram

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1181; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041181 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3445

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have shown that carrot consumption may be associated with a lower risk of developing several metabolic dysfunctions. Our group previously determined that the Bolero (Bo) carrot variety exhibited vascular and hepatic tropism using cellular models of cardiometabolic diseases. The present study evaluated the potential metabolic and cardiovascular protective effect of Bo, grown under two conditions (standard and biotic stress conditions (BoBS)), in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice fed with high fat diet (HFD). Effects on metabolic/hemodynamic parameters and on atherosclerotic lesions have been assessed. Both Bo and BoBS decreased plasma triglyceride and expression levels of genes implicated in hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipid oxidation. BoBS supplementation decreased body weight gain, secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein, and increased cecal propionate content. Interestingly, Bo and BoBS supplementation improved hemodynamic parameters by decreasing systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure. Moreover, Bo improved cardiac output. Finally, Bo and BoBS substantially reduced the aortic root lesion area. These results showed that Bo and BoBS enriched diets corrected most of the metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in an atherosclerosis-prone genetic mouse model and may therefore represent an interesting nutritional approach for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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11 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Circulating Markers of Cholesterol Homeostasis and Macrovascular Events among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

by Wen-Chin Lee, Wei-Hung Kuo, Sin-Hua Moi, Barry Chiu, Jin-Bor Chen and Cheng-Hong Yang

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 1014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13031014 - 21 Mar 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2674

Abstract

Current strategies targeting serum cholesterol bring limited benefits to mortality and macrovascular events prevention among hemodialysis patients. Direct measurements and analysis on circulating markers of cholesterol homeostasis could be promising solutions to this bottleneck. We prospectively enrolled 90 maintenance hemodialysis patients and 9 healthy controls in 2019 for 1 year. We measured circulating desmosterol and lathosterol as markers for cholesterol synthesis and campesterol and sitosterol for cholesterol absorption. At baseline, hemodialysis patients showed higher levels of campesterol (p = 0.023) compared to healthy controls. During follow-up, we identified 14 (15.4%) patients who experienced macrovascular events. Comparisons of cholesterol homeostasis markers between cohorts with and without macrovascular events showed no significant differences in markers of cholesterol synthesis or absorption. Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio was not statistically significant for the prediction of macrovascular events after full-adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, serum albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride. We concluded that hemodialysis patients demonstrated higher level of cholesterols absorption, indicated by circulating campesterol compared to healthy subjects. Markers for cholesterol homeostasis were not significantly associated with macrovascular events during a 1-year follow-up. Our results shed light on the novel therapeutic target of modulating cholesterol absorption in HD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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17 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Marine Microalga, Tisochrysis lutea, Protects against Metabolic Disorders Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity

by Claire Mayer, Léo Richard, Martine Côme, Lionel Ulmann, Hassan Nazih, Benoît Chénais, Khadija Ouguerram and Virginie Mimouni

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020430 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3047

Abstract

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 series and especially docosahexaenoic acid are known to exert preventive effects on metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and decrease cardiovascular disease risk. n-3 LC-PUFAs are mainly consumed in the form of fish oil, while other sources, such as certain microalgae, may contain a high content of these fatty acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso), a microalga rich in DHA, on metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Three male Wistar rat groups were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat and high fructose diet (HF), supplemented or not with 12% of T. lutea (HF-Tiso). The supplementation did not affect plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). Bodyweight, glycemia and insulinemia decreased in HF-Tiso rats (ANOVA, p < 0.001), while total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (ANOVA, p < 0.001) without change of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Tiso supplementation decreased fat mass and leptinemia as well as liver TAG, cholesterol and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (ANOVA, p < 0.001) while it did not affect interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-4 and lipopolysaccharides levels. HF-Tiso rats showed an increase of IL-10 level in abdominal adipose tissue (ANOVA, p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results indicated that DHA-rich T. lutea might be beneficial for the prevention of obesity and improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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Review

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18 pages, 2028 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Walnut Intake on Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Saeed Mastour Alshahrani, Reham M. Mashat, Diaa Almutairi, Alaa Mathkour, Sahar Saad Alqahtani, Amirah Alasmari, Abdullah Hassan Alzahrani, Reem Ayed, Mohammed Yahya Asiri, Alsanussi Elsherif and Abdullah Alsabaani

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4460; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14214460 - 23 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3949

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia is a cardiometabolic risk factor of CVD, yet it can be modifiable. Walnuts have been suggested as a dietary intervention to improve the lipid profile. Therefore, we reviewed the literature to assess the evidence linking walnut intake to the improvement of blood lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG). PubMed and Embase databases were searched from 2010 up to March 2022. We limited our search to randomized controlled trials conducted on humans and published in English during the specified period. Cochrane’s risk of bias tool for interventional studies was used. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis, and weighted mean differences were obtained (WMD) Thirteen trials from the U.S., Europe, and Asia were included. Walnut intake was associated with significant reductions in TC (WMD: −8.58 mg/dL), LDL-C (WMD: −5.68 mg/dL), and TG (WMD: −10.94 mg/dL). Walnut consumption was not associated with HDL-C. Subgroup analysis showed that overweight/obese and those with comorbidities had more lipid improvement. A longer trial duration did result in further improvements. However, our results may be prone to bias due to extraneous confounding factors. Additionally, levels of heterogeneity were considerable for some outcomes of interest. Results from this meta-analysis provide evidence for the health benefits of walnuts on blood lipids. Walnuts possibly reduce the risk of CVD; thus, they can be successfully added to a dietary pattern to enhance health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Health)

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