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The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemicals and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2022) | Viewed by 25847

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Special Issue Editor

College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: natural antioxidant; gut microbiota; nutrition prevention; fruit; vegetable
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The incidence of obesity has dramatically grown in recent decades, which has placed great pressure and burden on people's lives and the economy. Drug treatment of obesity may have certain side effects, while surgical treatment also has risks and will cause negative emotions in people. Weight loss obtained through diet and exercise leads to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the possible beneficial effects of dietary supplements, which are products intended to "supplement" the diet. In addition to vitamins, minerals and amino acids, dietary supplements can contain herbs or other botanicals and many other ingredients. They are not drugs and are not intended to treat diseases; they are adjuvants in the management of obesity and metabolic diseases. As a consequence, there is a great need to determine specific dietary supplements for the management of obesity. This will be the content of this Special Issue.

Dr. Fang Chen
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • dietary supplement
  • obesity
  • botanicals
  • nutrients
  • weight loss

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity
by Daotong Li and Fang Chen
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1150; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15051150 - 24 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disease caused by an imbalance between energy intake and consumption, which leads to excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissues [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)

Research

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15 pages, 5902 KiB  
Article
Protective Effects of Hydroxyphenyl Propionic Acids on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
by Jingling Guo, Pan Wang, Yifan Cui, Xiaosong Hu, Fang Chen and Chen Ma
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu15041043 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1835
Abstract
Gut microbiota imbalances lead to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is primarily accompanied by hepatic steatosis. Hydroxyphenyl propionic acids (HPP) have shown great potential in inhibiting lipid accumulation but their protective effects concerning NAFLD and intestinal microbiota have remained [...] Read more.
Gut microbiota imbalances lead to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is primarily accompanied by hepatic steatosis. Hydroxyphenyl propionic acids (HPP) have shown great potential in inhibiting lipid accumulation but their protective effects concerning NAFLD and intestinal microbiota have remained unclear. In this paper, we investigated the efficacies of 3-HPP and 4-HPP on hepatic steatosis and gut flora in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We found that 3-HPP and 4-HPP administration decreased body weight and liver index, ameliorated dyslipidemia, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, 3-HPP and 4-HPP enhanced the multiformity of gut microbiota; improved the relative abundance of GCA-900066575, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 at genus level; increased concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid and butanoic acid in faeces; and reduced systemic endotoxin levels in NAFLD mice. Moreover, 4-HPP upregulated the relative abundance of genera Rikenella and downregulated the relative abundance of Faecalibaculum. Furthermore, 3-HPP and 4-HPP regulated lipid metabolism and ameliorated gut dysbiosis in NAFLD mice and 4-HPP was more effective than 3-HPP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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15 pages, 719 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Dietary Flavonols on Central Obesity Parameters in Polish Adults
by Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz
Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5051; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14235051 - 27 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1868
Abstract
Background: Central obesity is defined as the excessive fat tissue located in abdominal region accompanied by systemic inflammation, which drives to cardiovascular disease. Flavonols are antioxidative agents present in food. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between dietary flavonols intake [...] Read more.
Background: Central obesity is defined as the excessive fat tissue located in abdominal region accompanied by systemic inflammation, which drives to cardiovascular disease. Flavonols are antioxidative agents present in food. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between dietary flavonols intake and central obesity. Methods and results: 80 participants (40 central obese and 40 healthy controls) were administered a food frequency questionnaire dedicated to flavonols intake assessment. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis. The analysis showed significant differences between central obese participants and healthy controls in total flavonol (p = 0.005), quercetin (p = 0.003), kaempferol (p = 0.04) and isorhamnetin (p < 0.001) habitual intake. Among central obese participants, there was a moderate inverse correlation between fat mass (FM) and total flavonol (R = −0.378; 95% CI: −0.620 to −0.071; p = 0.02), quercetin (R = −0.352; 95% CI: −0.601 to −0.041; p = 0.03), kaempferol (R = −0.425; 95% CI: −0.653 to −0.127; p = 0.01) and myricetin intake (R = −0.352; 95% CI: −0.601 to −0.041; p = 0.03). BMI was inversely correlated with total flavonol (R = −0.330; 95% CI: −0.584 to −0.016; p = 0.04) and quercetin intake (R = −0.336; 95% CI: −0.589 to −0.023; p = 0.04). Waist circumference was inversely correlated with total flavonol (R = −0.328; 95% CI: −0.586 to −0.009; p = 0.04), quercetin (R = −0.322; 95% CI: −0.582 to −0.002; p = 0.048) and myricetin intake (R = −0.367; 95% CI: −0.615 to −0.054; p = 0.02). Among flavonols’ dietary sources, there was an inverse correlation between black tea consumption and FM (R: −0.511; 95% CI: −0.712 to −0.233; p < 0.001) and between coffee and waist circumference (R: −0.352; 95% CI: −0.604 to −0.036; p = 0.03) in central obese participants. Conclusions: The higher flavonol intake could play a protective role in abdominal obesity development. What is more, total and selected flavonol dietary intakes are inversely correlated with the parameters used for obesity assessment in central obese participants. The habitual consumption of products rich in flavonols, mainly tea and coffee, could possibly have a preventive role in abdominal obesity development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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16 pages, 4487 KiB  
Article
Barley Leaf Ameliorates Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis through Preventive Effects
by Yu Feng, Daotong Li, Chen Ma, Meiling Tian, Xiaosong Hu and Fang Chen
Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14183833 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1733
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing globally and progressively in recent decades. Barley leaf (BL) is a nutritional supplement that is shown to have health-promoting effects on intestinal homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that BL could significantly [...] Read more.
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing globally and progressively in recent decades. Barley leaf (BL) is a nutritional supplement that is shown to have health-promoting effects on intestinal homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that BL could significantly attenuate Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, but whether it exerts a prophylactic or therapeutic effect remains elusive. In this study, we supplemented BL before or during CR infestation to investigate which way BL acts. The results showed that BL supplementation prior to infection significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) score, weight loss, colon shortening, colonic wall swelling, and transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. It significantly reduced the amount of CR in the feces and also markedly inhibited the extraintestinal transmission of CR. Meanwhile, it significantly reduced the levels and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-1β (IL1β). In addition, pretreatment with BL improved CR-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by reducing the content of Proteobacteria, while increasing the content of Lactobacillus. In contrast, the effect of BL supplementation during infestation on the improvement of CR-induced colitis was not as good as that of pretreatment with BL. In conclusion, BL protects against CR-caused colitis in a preventive manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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15 pages, 2235 KiB  
Article
Secondary Metabolites in the Dendrobium heterocarpum Methanolic Extract and Their Impacts on Viability and Lipid Storage of 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes
by Sakan Warinhomhoun, Hnin Ei Ei Khine, Boonchoo Sritularak, Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid, Tomofumi Miyamoto, Chiaki Tanaka, Chuchard Punsawad, Yanyong Punpreuk, Rungroch Sungthong and Chatchai Chaotham
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14142886 - 14 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2535
Abstract
Although many natural products have proven their potential to regulate obesity through the modulation of adipocyte biology, none of them has yet been approved for clinical use in obesity therapy. This work aims to isolate valuable secondary metabolites from an orchid species ( [...] Read more.
Although many natural products have proven their potential to regulate obesity through the modulation of adipocyte biology, none of them has yet been approved for clinical use in obesity therapy. This work aims to isolate valuable secondary metabolites from an orchid species (Dendrobium heterocarpum) and evaluate their possible roles in the growth and differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Six compounds were isolated from the orchid’s methanolic extracts and identified as amoenylin (1), methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (2), 3,4-dihydroxy-5,4’-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), dendrocandin B (4), dendrofalconerol A (5), and syringaresinol (6). Among these phytochemicals, compounds 2, 3, and 6 exhibited lower effects on the viability of 3T3-L1 cells, offering non-cytotoxic concentrations of ≲10 µM. Compared to others tested, compound 3 was responsible for the maximum reduction of lipid storage in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (IC50 = 6.30 ± 0.10 µM). A set of protein expression studies unveiled that compound 3 at non-cytotoxic doses could suppress the expression of some key transcription factors in adipocyte differentiation (i.e., PPARγ and C/EBPα). Furthermore, this compound could deactivate some proteins involved in the MAPK pathways (i.e., JNK, ERK, and p38). Our findings prove that D. heterocarpum is a promising source to explore bioactive molecules capable of modulating adipocytic growth and development, which can potentially be assessed and innovated further as pharmaceutical products to defeat obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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13 pages, 923 KiB  
Article
Anti-Obesity Effects of Traditional and Commercial Kochujang in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by A Lum Han, Su-Ji Jeong, Myeong-Seon Ryu, Hee-Jong Yang, Do-Youn Jeong, Do-Sim Park and Hee Kyung Lee
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2783; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14142783 - 06 Jul 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
Kochujang shows anti-obesity effects in cell and animal models. Kochujang is traditionally prepared via slow fermentation or commercially using Aspergillus oryzae. We analyze the anti-obesity effects of two types of Kochujang in overweight and obese adults. The analyses included the following groups: [...] Read more.
Kochujang shows anti-obesity effects in cell and animal models. Kochujang is traditionally prepared via slow fermentation or commercially using Aspergillus oryzae. We analyze the anti-obesity effects of two types of Kochujang in overweight and obese adults. The analyses included the following groups: traditional Kochujang containing either a high-dose (HTK; n = 19), or a low-dose of beneficial microbes (LTK; n = 18), and commercial Kochujang (CK; n = 17). Waist circumference decreased significantly in the HTK and CK groups. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels decreased in the HTK and LTK groups. Visceral fat is significantly reduced in the HTK group. The population of beneficial microorganisms in stool samples increased in all groups. Consumption of Kochujang reduces visceral fat content and improves the lipid profile, which can be enhanced by enrichment with beneficial microbes. These results suggest that Kochujang has the potential for application in obesity prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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11 pages, 2273 KiB  
Article
Phytochemical Combination (p-Synephrine, p-Octopamine Hydrochloride, and Hispidulin) for Improving Obesity in Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet
by Dahae Lee, Ji Hwan Lee, Byoung Ha Kim, Sanghyun Lee, Dong-Wook Kim and Ki Sung Kang
Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14102164 - 23 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2061
Abstract
Obesity treatment efficiency can be increased by targeting both central and peripheral pathways. In a previous study, we identified two natural compounds (hispidulin and p-synephrine) that affect adipocyte differentiation. We tested whether obesity treatment efficiency may be improved by adding an appetite-controlling [...] Read more.
Obesity treatment efficiency can be increased by targeting both central and peripheral pathways. In a previous study, we identified two natural compounds (hispidulin and p-synephrine) that affect adipocyte differentiation. We tested whether obesity treatment efficiency may be improved by adding an appetite-controlling agent to the treatment in the present study. Alkaloids, such as p-octopamine, are adrenergic agonists and are thus used as dietary supplements to achieve weight loss. Here, we assessed anti-obesity effects of a mixture of p-synephrine, p-octopamine HCl, and hispidulin (SOH) on murine preadipocyte cells and on mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). SOH showed stronger inhibition of the formation of red-stained lipid droplets than co-treatment with hispidulin and p-synephrine. Moreover, SOH reduced the expression of adipogenic marker proteins, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In the HFD-induced obesity model, body weight and dietary intake were lower in mice treated with SOH than in the controls. Additionally, liver weight and the levels of alanine aminotransferase and total cholesterol were lower in SOH-treated mice than in the controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that consumption of SOH may be a potential alternative strategy to counteract obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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21 pages, 6494 KiB  
Article
Distinct AMPK-Mediated FAS/HSL Pathway Is Implicated in the Alleviating Effect of Nuciferine on Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in HFD-Fed Mice
by Hanyuan Xu, Xiaorui Lyu, Xiaonan Guo, Hongbo Yang, Lian Duan, Huijuan Zhu, Hui Pan, Fengying Gong and Linjie Wang
Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1898; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14091898 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3066
Abstract
Nuciferine (Nuci), the main aporphine alkaloid component in lotus leaf, was reported to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. Herein we investigated whether Nuci prevents obesity in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and the underlying mechanism in liver/HepG2 hepatocytes and epididymal white adipose tissue [...] Read more.
Nuciferine (Nuci), the main aporphine alkaloid component in lotus leaf, was reported to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. Herein we investigated whether Nuci prevents obesity in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and the underlying mechanism in liver/HepG2 hepatocytes and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) /adipocytes. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD supplemented with Nuci (0.10%) for 12 weeks. We found that Nuci significantly reduced body weight and fat mass, improved glycolipid profiles, and enhanced energy expenditure in HFD-fed mice. Nuci also ameliorated hepatic steatosis and decreased the size of adipocytes. Furthermore, Nuci remarkably promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK, suppressed lipogenesis (SREBP1, FAS, ACC), promoted lipolysis (HSL, ATGL), and increased the expressions of adipokines (FGF21, ZAG) in liver and eWAT. Besides, fatty acid oxidation in liver and thermogenesis in eWAT were also activated by Nuci. Similar results were further observed at cellular level, and these beneficial effects of Nuci in cells were abolished by an effective AMPK inhibitor compound C. In conclusion, Nuci supplementation prevented HFD-induced obesity, attenuated hepatic steatosis, and reduced lipid accumulation in liver/hepatocytes and eWAT/adipocytes through regulating AMPK-mediated FAS/HSL pathway. Our findings provide novel insight into the clinical application of Nuci in treating obesity and related complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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13 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Liquiritigenin Inhibits Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells via mTOR-Mediated Regulation of the Autophagy Mechanism
by Hong Qin, Ziyu Song, Chunyu Zhao, Jinxin Yang, Fan Xia, Lewen Wang, Anwar Ali and Wenya Zheng
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1287; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061287 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2895
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQG) is a natural flavonoid from the herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch that exhibits multiple biological activities. However, its specific role in antiobesity and its related underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the effects and [...] Read more.
Liquiritigenin (LQG) is a natural flavonoid from the herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch that exhibits multiple biological activities. However, its specific role in antiobesity and its related underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the effects and regulatory mechanisms of LQG on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results show that LQG significantly reduced triglyceride levels and downregulated the expression of transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, the expression of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) involved in lipogenesis was reduced by treatment with LQG. The protein expression levels of light chain 3B (LC3B), autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) and p62 were also modulated by LQG, leading to the suppression of autophagy. Further, LQG activated the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the inhibition of which was followed by the restored expression of autophagy-related proteins. Pretreatment with an mTOR inhibitor also reverted the expression of several genes or proteins involved in lipid synthesis. These results suggest that LQG inhibited lipid accumulation via mTOR-mediated autophagy in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes, indicating the role of LQG as a potential natural bioactive component for use in dietary supplements for preventing obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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16 pages, 3757 KiB  
Article
Anti-Obesity Effects of Polymethoxyflavone-Rich Fraction from Jinkyool (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka) Leaf on Obese Mice Induced by High-Fat Diet
by Yeong-Jun Jin, Mi-Gyeong Jang, Jae-Won Kim, Songyee Baek, Hee-Chul Ko, Sung-Pyo Hur and Se-Jae Kim
Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 865; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14040865 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are flavonoids exclusively found in certain citrus fruits and have been reported to be beneficial to human health. Most studies have been conducted with PMFs isolated from citrus peels, while there is no study on PMFs isolated from leaves. In this [...] Read more.
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are flavonoids exclusively found in certain citrus fruits and have been reported to be beneficial to human health. Most studies have been conducted with PMFs isolated from citrus peels, while there is no study on PMFs isolated from leaves. In this study, we prepared a PMF-rich fraction (PRF) from the leaves of Citrus sunki Hort ex. Tanaka (Jinkyool) and investigated whether the PRF could improve metabolic decline in obese mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks. The HFD-induced obese mice were assigned into HFD, OR (HFD + orlistat at 15.6 mg/kg of body weight/day), and PRF (HFD + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of body weight/day) groups. Orlistat and PRF were orally administered for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the serum biochemical parameters, histology, and gene expression profiles in the tissues of each group were analyzed. The body weight gain of the obese mice was significantly reduced after orlistat and PRF administration for 5 weeks. PRF effectively improved HFD-induced insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Histological analysis in the liver demonstrated that PRF decreased adipocyte size and potentially improved the liver function, as it inhibited the incidence of fatty liver. PRF activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, liver transcriptome analysis revealed that PRF administration enriched genes mainly related to fatty-acid metabolism and immune responses. Overall, these results suggest that the PRF exerted an anti-obesity effect via the modulation of lipid metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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15 pages, 1384 KiB  
Article
Olfactory Stimulation by Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Essential Oil Improves Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders in High Fat-Induced Obese Rats
by Seong Jun Hong, Sojeong Yoon, Seong Min Jo, Hyangyeon Jeong, Moon Yeon Youn, Young Jun Kim, Jae Kyeom Kim and Eui-Cheol Shin
Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 741; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14040741 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2206
Abstract
In this study, odor components were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and odor-active compounds (OACs) were identified using GC-olfactometry (GC-O). Among the volatile compounds identified through GC-O, p-anisaldehyde, limonene, estragole, anethole, and trans-anethole elicit the fennel odor. [...] Read more.
In this study, odor components were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and odor-active compounds (OACs) were identified using GC-olfactometry (GC-O). Among the volatile compounds identified through GC-O, p-anisaldehyde, limonene, estragole, anethole, and trans-anethole elicit the fennel odor. In particular, trans-anethole showed the highest odor intensity and content. Changes in body weight during the experimental period showed decreasing values of fennel essential oil (FEO)-inhaled groups, with both body fat and visceral fat showing decreased levels. An improvement in the body’s lipid metabolism was observed, as indicated by the increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and decreased levels of insulin in the FEO-inhaled groups compared to group H. Furthermore, the reduction in systolic blood pressure and pulse through the inhalation of FEO was confirmed. Our results indicated that FEO inhalation affected certain lipid metabolisms and cardiovascular health, which are obesity-related dysfunction indicators. Accordingly, this study can provide basic research data for further research as to protective applications of FEO, as well as their volatile profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Perspectives of Plant Natural Products for Mitigation of Obesity)
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