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Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well...
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Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 May 2021) | Viewed by 60537

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Evasio Pasini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy
2. Italian Association of Functional Medicine, 20855 Lesmo, MB, Italy
Interests: metabolism; amino acid; sarcopenia; chronic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Francesco S. Dioguardi

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Interests: internal medicine; clinical nutrition; molecular biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Giovanni Corsetti

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25023 Brescia, Italy
Interests: cell metabolism; amino acids; immunohistochemistry; electron microscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

The metabolic and nutritional properties of amino acids (AA) in mammals, including humans, are pivotal.

AAs are the molecular constituents of globular, structural, and enzymatic proteins, whose name, deriving from the ancient Greek word “Proteios”, means “At the first place”.

In addition to being the molecular constituents of proteins, AA also have important metabolic activities.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to review and update our knowledge on the physiological effects of AA, along with their ability to influence various protein and global metabolisms in mammals.

We remain at your disposal for additional questions.

Dr. Evasio Pasini
Dr. Francesco S. Dioguardi
Dr. Giovanni Corsetti
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Amino Acid
  • Nutrition
  • Metabolism
  • Inflammation
  • Fat Tissue
  • Hemoglobin
  • Microbioma
  • Sarcopenia
  • Chemotherapies

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3354 KiB  
Article
The Role of Reduced Methionine in Mediating the Metabolic Responses to Protein Restriction Using Different Sources of Protein
by Han Fang, Kirsten P. Stone, Sujoy Ghosh, Laura A. Forney and Thomas W. Gettys
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2609; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082609 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2923
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction and dietary methionine restriction (MR) produce a comparable series of behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses. Both dietary regimens produce a similar reduction in intake of sulfur amino acids (e.g., methionine and cystine), and both diets increase expression and release [...] Read more.
Dietary protein restriction and dietary methionine restriction (MR) produce a comparable series of behavioral, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses. Both dietary regimens produce a similar reduction in intake of sulfur amino acids (e.g., methionine and cystine), and both diets increase expression and release of hepatic FGF21. Given that FGF21 is an essential mediator of the metabolic phenotype produced by both diets, an important unresolved question is whether dietary protein restriction represents de facto methionine restriction. Using diets formulated from either casein or soy protein with matched reductions in sulfur amino acids, we compared the ability of the respective diets to recapitulate the metabolic phenotype produced by methionine restriction using elemental diets. Although the soy-based control diets supported faster growth compared to casein-based control diets, casein-based protein restriction and soy-based protein restriction produced comparable reductions in body weight and fat deposition, and similar increases in energy intake, energy expenditure, and water intake. In addition, the prototypical effects of dietary MR on hepatic and adipose tissue target genes were similarly regulated by casein- and soy-based protein restriction. The present findings support the feasibility of using restricted intake of diets from various protein sources to produce therapeutically effective implementation of dietary methionine restriction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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15 pages, 2437 KiB  
Article
Amino Acid-Based Diet Prevents Lethal Infectious Diarrhea by Maintaining Body Water Balance in a Murine Citrobacter rodentium Infection Model
by Tatsuki Kimizuka, Natsumi Seki, Genki Yamaguchi, Masahiro Akiyama, Seiichiro Higashi, Koji Hase and Yun-Gi Kim
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061896 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4223
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is one of the most important health problems worldwide. Although nutritional status influences the clinical manifestation of various enteric pathogen infections, the effect of diet on enteric infectious diseases remains unclear. Using a fatal infectious diarrheal model, we found that an [...] Read more.
Infectious diarrhea is one of the most important health problems worldwide. Although nutritional status influences the clinical manifestation of various enteric pathogen infections, the effect of diet on enteric infectious diseases remains unclear. Using a fatal infectious diarrheal model, we found that an amino acid-based diet (AD) protected susceptible mice infected with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. While the mice fed other diets, including a regular diet, were highly susceptible to C. rodentium infection, AD-fed mice had an increased survival rate. An AD did not suppress C. rodentium colonization or intestinal damage; instead, it prevented diarrhea-induced dehydration by increasing water intake. An AD altered the plasma and fecal amino acid levels and changed the gut microbiota composition. Treatment with glutamate, whose level was increased in the plasma and feces of AD-fed mice, promoted water intake and improved the survival of C. rodentium-infected mice. Thus, an AD changes the systemic amino acid balance and protects against lethal infectious diarrhea by maintaining total body water content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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13 pages, 2179 KiB  
Article
Alcohol Acutely Antagonizes Refeeding-Induced Alterations in the Rag GTPase-Ragulator Complex in Skeletal Muscle
by Lacee J. Laufenberg, Kristen T. Crowell and Charles H. Lang
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041236 - 09 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2327
Abstract
The Ragulator protein complex is critical for directing the Rag GTPase proteins and mTORC1 to the lysosome membrane mediating amino acid-stimulated protein synthesis. As there is a lack of evidence on alcohol’s effect on the Rag-Ragulator complex as a possible mechanism for the [...] Read more.
The Ragulator protein complex is critical for directing the Rag GTPase proteins and mTORC1 to the lysosome membrane mediating amino acid-stimulated protein synthesis. As there is a lack of evidence on alcohol’s effect on the Rag-Ragulator complex as a possible mechanism for the development of alcoholic skeletal muscle wasting, the aim of our study was to examine alterations in various protein–protein complexes in the Rag-Ragulator pathway produced acutely by feeding and how these are altered by alcohol under in vivo conditions. Mice (C57Bl/6; adult males) were fasted, and then provided rodent chow for 30 min (“refed”) or remained food-deprived (“fasted”). Mice subsequently received ethanol (3 g/kg ethanol) or saline intraperitoneally, and hindlimb muscles were collected 1 h thereafter for analysis. Refeeding-induced increases in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation, were prevented by alcohol. This inhibition was not associated with a differential rise in the intracellular leucine concentration or plasma leucine or insulin levels. Alcohol increased the amount of the Sestrin1•GATOR2 complex in the fasted state and prevented the refeeding-induced decrease in Sestrin1•GATOR2 seen in control mice. Alcohol antagonized the increase in the RagA/C•Raptor complex formation seen in the refed state. Alcohol antagonized the increase in Raptor with immunoprecipitated LAMPTOR1 (part of the Ragulator complex) after refeeding and decreased the association of RagC with LAMPTOR1. Finally, alcohol increased the association of the V1 domain of v-ATPase with LAMPTOR1 and prevented the refeeding-induced decrease in v-ATPase V1 with LAMPTOR1. Overall, these data demonstrate that acute alcohol intake disrupts multiple protein–protein complexes within the Rag-Ragulator complex, which are associated with and consistent with the concomitant decline in nutrient-stimulated muscle protein synthesis under in vivo conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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21 pages, 6684 KiB  
Article
Qualitative Nitrogen Malnutrition Damages Gut and Alters Microbiome in Adult Mice. A Preliminary Histopathological Study
by Giovanni Corsetti, Claudia Romano, Evasio Pasini, Cristian Testa and Francesco S. Dioguardi
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1089; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13041089 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2421
Abstract
Amino-acids (AAs) are the exclusive source of nitrogen for cells. AAs result from the breakdown of food proteins and are absorbed by mucosa of the small intestine that act as a barrier to harmful materials. The quality of food proteins may differ, since [...] Read more.
Amino-acids (AAs) are the exclusive source of nitrogen for cells. AAs result from the breakdown of food proteins and are absorbed by mucosa of the small intestine that act as a barrier to harmful materials. The quality of food proteins may differ, since it reflects content in Essential-AAs (EAAs) and digestibility but, until now, attention was paid mainly to the interaction between indigested proteins as a whole and microbiota. The link between microbiome and quality of proteins has been poorly studied, although these metabolic interactions are becoming more significant in different illnesses. We studied the effects of a special diet containing unbalanced EAAs/Non-EAAs ratio, providing excess of Non-EAAs, on the histopathology of gut epithelium and on the microbiome in adult mice, as model of qualitative malnutrition. Excess in Non-EAAs have unfavorable quick effect on body weight, gut cells, and microbiome, promoting weakening of the intestinal barrier. Re-feeding these animals with standard diet partially reversed the body alterations. The results prove that an unbalanced EAAs/Non-EAAs ratio is primarily responsible for microbiome modifications, not vice-versa. Therefore, treating microbiota independently by treating co-existing qualitative malnutrition does not make sense. This study also provides a reproducible model of sarcopenia-wasting cachexia like the human protein malnutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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10 pages, 1481 KiB  
Article
Management of Anaemia of Chronic Disease: Beyond Iron-Only Supplementation
by Evasio Pasini, Giovanni Corsetti, Claudia Romano, Roberto Aquilani, Tiziano Scarabelli, Carol Chen-Scarabelli and Francesco S. Dioguardi
Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 237; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13010237 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4279
Abstract
Chronic diseases are characterised by altered autophagy and protein metabolism disarrangement, resulting in sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypo-haemoglobinaemia. Hypo-haemoglobinaemia is linked to a worse prognosis independent of the target organ affected by the disease. Currently, the cornerstone of the therapy of anaemia is iron [...] Read more.
Chronic diseases are characterised by altered autophagy and protein metabolism disarrangement, resulting in sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia and hypo-haemoglobinaemia. Hypo-haemoglobinaemia is linked to a worse prognosis independent of the target organ affected by the disease. Currently, the cornerstone of the therapy of anaemia is iron supplementation, with or without erythropoietin for the stimulation of haematopoiesis. However, treatment strategies should incorporate the promotion of the synthesis of heme, the principal constituent of haemoglobin (Hb) and of many other fundamental enzymes for human metabolism. Heme synthesis is controlled by a complex biochemical pathway. The limiting step of heme synthesis is D-amino-levulinic acid (D-ALA), whose availability and synthesis require glycine and succinil-coenzyme A (CoA) as precursor substrates. Consequently, the treatment of anaemia should not be based only on the sufficiency of iron but, also, on the availability of all precursor molecules fundamental for heme synthesis. Therefore, an adequate clinical therapeutic strategy should integrate a standard iron infusion and a supply of essential amino acids and vitamins involved in heme synthesis. We reported preliminary data in a select population of aged anaemic patients affected by congestive heart failure (CHF) and catabolic disarrangement, who, in addition to the standard iron therapy, were treated by reinforced therapeutic schedules also providing essential animo acids (AAs) and vitamins involved in the maintenance of heme. Notably, such individualised therapy resulted in a significantly faster increase in the blood concentration of haemoglobin after 30 days of treatment when compared to the nonsupplemented standard iron therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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18 pages, 1550 KiB  
Article
Mendelian Randomization Study on Amino Acid Metabolism Suggests Tyrosine as Causal Trait for Type 2 Diabetes
by Susanne Jäger, Rafael Cuadrat, Clemens Wittenbecher, Anna Floegel, Per Hoffmann, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Tobias Pischon and Matthias B. Schulze
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12123890 - 19 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4671
Abstract
Circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids, glycine, or aromatic amino acids have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. However, whether those associations reflect causal relationships or are rather driven by early processes of disease development is unclear. We selected diabetes-related amino [...] Read more.
Circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids, glycine, or aromatic amino acids have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. However, whether those associations reflect causal relationships or are rather driven by early processes of disease development is unclear. We selected diabetes-related amino acid ratios based on metabolic network structures and investigated causal effects of these ratios and single amino acids on the risk of type 2 diabetes in two-sample Mendelian randomization studies. Selection of genetic instruments for amino acid traits relied on genome-wide association studies in a representative sub-cohort (up to 2265 participants) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study and public data from genome-wide association studies on single amino acids. For the selected instruments, outcome associations were drawn from the DIAGRAM (DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis, 74,124 cases and 824,006 controls) consortium. Mendelian randomization results indicate an inverse association for a per standard deviation increase in ln-transformed tyrosine/methionine ratio with type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.87 (0.81–0.93)). Multivariable Mendelian randomization revealed inverse association for higher log10-transformed tyrosine levels with type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.19 (0.04–0.88)), independent of other amino acids. Tyrosine might be a causal trait for type 2 diabetes independent of other diabetes-associated amino acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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11 pages, 1905 KiB  
Article
The Anabolic Response to Dietary Protein Is Not Limited by the Maximal Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial
by Sanghee Park, Jiwoong Jang, Myung Dong Choi, Yun-A Shin, Scott Schutzler, Gohar Azhar, Arny A. Ferrando, Robert R. Wolfe and Il-Young Kim
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3276; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113276 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9685
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated in young adults that an anabolic response with mixed meal protein intake above ~35 g/meal, previously recognized as an “optimal” protein dose, was further stimulated. However, it is unknown if this applies to older adults. We therefore examined anabolic [...] Read more.
We have recently demonstrated in young adults that an anabolic response with mixed meal protein intake above ~35 g/meal, previously recognized as an “optimal” protein dose, was further stimulated. However, it is unknown if this applies to older adults. We therefore examined anabolic response to a mixed meal containing either 35 g (MOD, moderate amount of protein) or 70 g (HIGH, high amount of protein) in a randomized cross-over metabolic study in older adults (n = 8). Primed continuous infusions of L-[2H5] phenylalanine and L-[2H2]tyrosine were performed to determine whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (MPS) in basal fasted and fed states. Whole-body protein kinetics (NB, net protein balance; PS, protein synthesis; PB, protein breakdown) and MPS was expressed as changes from the baseline post-absorptive state. Consistent with our previous findings in young adults, both feedings resulted in a positive NB, with HIGH being more positive than MOD. Furthermore, NB (expressed as g protein∙240 min) increased linearly with an increasing amount of protein intake, expressed relative to lean body mass. The positive NB was achieved due mainly to the suppression of PB in both MOD and to a greater extent HIGH, while PS was only increased in HIGH. Consistent with the whole-body data, MPS was significantly higher in HIGH than MOD. Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids and insulin were greater in HIGH vs. MOD. We conclude that in the context of mixed meals, whole-body anabolic response linearly increases with increasing protein intake primarily through the suppression of PB, and MPS was further stimulated with protein intake above the previously considered “optimal” protein dose in older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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15 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomic Analysis and Evaluation of the Effects of HX106, a Nutraceutical, on ADHD-Like Symptoms in Prenatal Alcohol Exposed Mice
by In Gyoung Ju, Mee Youn Lee, Seung Ho Jeon, Eugene Huh, Jin Hee Kim, Jong Kil Lee, Choong Hwan Lee and Myung Sook Oh
Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3027; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12103027 - 02 Oct 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in children characterized by inattention and hyperactivity. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can disrupt fetal neuronal development and cause an ADHD-like hyperactive behavior in the offspring. In this study, we hypothesized that metabolic [...] Read more.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in children characterized by inattention and hyperactivity. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can disrupt fetal neuronal development and cause an ADHD-like hyperactive behavior in the offspring. In this study, we hypothesized that metabolic disturbance would involve in ADHD neuropathology and aimed to investigate the changes in metabolite profile in PAE-induced ADHD-like model and the effects of HX106, a nutraceutical, on ADHD-like pathophysiology and metabolite changes. To this end, we administered HX106 to the mouse offspring affected by PAE (OPAE) and assessed the hyperactivity using the open field test. We observed that HX106-treated OPAE showed less hyperactive behavior than vehicle-treated OPAE. The effects of HX106 were found to be related to the regulation of dopamine transporter and D2 dopamine receptor expression. Furthermore, using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we explored the metabolite changes among the experimental groups. The metabolite profile, particularly related with the amino acids, linoleic acid and amino sugar pathways, was altered by PAE and reversed by HX106 treatment partially similar to that observed in the control group. Overall, this study suggest that metabolite alteration would be involved in ADHD pathology and that HX106 can be an efficient supplement to overcome ADHD by regulating dopamine signaling-related protein expression and metabolite changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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Review

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21 pages, 896 KiB  
Review
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Safety Review of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
by Hellen A. Oketch-Rabah, Emily F. Madden, Amy L. Roe and Joseph M. Betz
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082742 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 14768
Abstract
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is marketed in the U.S. as a dietary supplement. USP conducted a comprehensive safety evaluation of GABA by assessing clinical studies, adverse event information, and toxicology data. Clinical studies investigated the effect of pure GABA as a dietary [...] Read more.
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is marketed in the U.S. as a dietary supplement. USP conducted a comprehensive safety evaluation of GABA by assessing clinical studies, adverse event information, and toxicology data. Clinical studies investigated the effect of pure GABA as a dietary supplement or as a natural constituent of fermented milk or soy matrices. Data showed no serious adverse events associated with GABA at intakes up to 18 g/d for 4 days and in longer studies at intakes of 120 mg/d for 12 weeks. Some studies showed that GABA was associated with a transient and moderate drop in blood pressure (<10% change). No studies were available on effects of GABA during pregnancy and lactation, and no case reports or spontaneous adverse events associated with GABA were found. Chronic administration of GABA to rats and dogs at doses up to 1 g/kg/day showed no signs of toxicity. Because some studies showed that GABA was associated with decreases in blood pressure, it is conceivable that concurrent use of GABA with anti-hypertensive medications could increase risk of hypotension. Caution is advised for pregnant and lactating women since GABA can affect neurotransmitters and the endocrine system, i.e., increases in growth hormone and prolactin levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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18 pages, 972 KiB  
Review
Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein Coupling Receptor
by Nur Fatini Zakaria, Muhajir Hamid and Mohd Ezuan Khayat
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2229; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072229 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6368
Abstract
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been [...] Read more.
Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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22 pages, 1429 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Amino Acids on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Kinetics in Humans: A Quantitative Overview
by Bart van Sloun, Gijs H. Goossens, Balazs Erdos, Michael Lenz, Natal van Riel and Ilja C. W. Arts
Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3211; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12103211 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4672
Abstract
Different amino acids (AAs) may exert distinct effects on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A quantitative comparison of the effects of AAs on glucose and insulin kinetics in humans is currently lacking. PubMed was queried to identify intervention studies reporting glucose and insulin [...] Read more.
Different amino acids (AAs) may exert distinct effects on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. A quantitative comparison of the effects of AAs on glucose and insulin kinetics in humans is currently lacking. PubMed was queried to identify intervention studies reporting glucose and insulin concentrations after acute ingestion and/or intravenous infusion of AAs in healthy adults and those living with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The systematic literature search identified 55 studies that examined the effects of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-alanine, l-glutamine, l-arginine, l-lysine, glycine, l-proline, l-phenylalanine, l-glutamate, branched-chain AAs (i.e., l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine), and multiple individual l-AAs on glucose and insulin concentrations. Oral ingestion of most individual AAs induced an insulin response, but did not alter glucose concentrations in healthy participants. Specific AAs (i.e., leucine and isoleucine) co-ingested with glucose exerted a synergistic effect on the postprandial insulin response and attenuated the glucose response compared to glucose intake alone in healthy participants. Oral AA ingestion as well as intravenous AA infusion was able to stimulate an insulin response and decrease glucose concentrations in T2DM and obese individuals. The extracted information is publicly available and can serve multiple purposes such as computational modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism Related to Health and Well Being)
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