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The Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Disease and Blood Vessels

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 31290

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Special Issue Editor

Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
Interests: cardioprotective; atherosclerosis; cardiomyopathy; arrhythmia; disorders in vessels; phenotype variance; genetic factors; lifestyle interventions; dietary habits
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Appropriate lifestyle interventions, including nutrition, physical activity and exercise training, have been proposed as excellent potential candidates to prevent, slow, or even cure cardiovascular diseases. However, there are still so many open questions about the optimal intake of total energy and the distribution of macronutrients and micronutrients, and the appropriate exercise modality that is best suited or the most effective for heart diseases. In this special issue, we are accepting articles relating the effect of diet on cardiovascular disease, heart disease, and blood vessels. We request the submission of articles providing interesting data on the epidemiology, genetics, clinical trials, digestibility, bioaccessibility, metabolism, absorption, bioactivity, effect on microbiota, food matrix effect, and extreme case report relating this issue. Methodological studies of dietary and biomarker measurements in terms of their application in epidemiological studies are also welcomed. We encourage the scientific community to make significant and innovative contributions to enhance our knowledge of the effects of diet on “heart disease”.

Prof. Hayato Tada
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Diet
  • Fatty acid
  • Sterols
  • Heart Failure
  • Blood Vessels
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology
  • Metabolism

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
The Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Disease, and Blood Vessels
by Hayato Tada, Masayuki Takamura and Masa-aki Kawashiri
Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14020246 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3910
Abstract
The Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Disease, and Blood Vessels [...] Full article

Research

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10 pages, 953 KiB  
Article
Association between Cardiovascular Health and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in the General Japanese Population Aged ≥40 Years
by Tetsuo Nishikawa, Yoshihiro Tanaka, Hayato Tada, Toyonobu Tsuda, Takeshi Kato, Soichiro Usui, Kenji Sakata, Kenshi Hayashi, Masa-aki Kawashiri, Atsushi Hashiba and Masayuki Takamura
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093201 - 15 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2862
Abstract
This study explores the association between lifestyle behavior and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general Japanese population. Japanese residents aged ≥40 years undergoing a national health checkup in Kanazawa City were included. We hypothesized that better lifestyle behavior is associated with lower [...] Read more.
This study explores the association between lifestyle behavior and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in the general Japanese population. Japanese residents aged ≥40 years undergoing a national health checkup in Kanazawa City were included. We hypothesized that better lifestyle behavior is associated with lower incidence of AF. Lifestyle behavior was evaluated by the total cardiovascular health (CVH) score (0 = poor to 14 = ideal), calculated as the sum of the individual scores on seven modifiable risk factors: smoking status, physical activity, obesity, patterns of eating schedule, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose. The association between CVH and incident AF was assessed, adjusting for other factors. A total of 37,523 participants (mean age 72.3 ± 9.6 years, 36.8% men, and mean total CVH score 9 ± 1) were analyzed. During the median follow-up period of 5 years, 703 cases of incident AF were observed. Using a low CVH score as a reference, the upper group (ideal CVH group) had a significantly lower risk of incident AF (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.65–0.96, p = 0.02), especially among those aged <75 years (HR = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.49–0.94, p = 0.02). Thus, ideal CVH is independently associated with a lower risk for incident AF, particularly in younger Japanese individuals (<75 years). Full article
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18 pages, 1952 KiB  
Article
Fructose plus High-Salt Diet in Early Life Results in Salt-Sensitive Cardiovascular Changes in Mature Male Sprague Dawley Rats
by Peter E. Levanovich, Charles S. Chung, Dragana Komnenov and Noreen F. Rossi
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093129 - 08 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2506
Abstract
Fructose and salt intake remain high, particularly in adolescents and young adults. The present studies were designed to evaluate the impact of high fructose and/or salt during pre- and early adolescence on salt sensitivity, blood pressure, arterial compliance, and left ventricular (LV) function [...] Read more.
Fructose and salt intake remain high, particularly in adolescents and young adults. The present studies were designed to evaluate the impact of high fructose and/or salt during pre- and early adolescence on salt sensitivity, blood pressure, arterial compliance, and left ventricular (LV) function in maturity. Male 5-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were studied over three 3-week phases (Phases I, II, and III). Two reference groups received either 20% glucose + 0.4% NaCl (GCS-GCS) or 20% fructose + 4% NaCl (FHS-FHS) throughout this study. The two test groups ingested fructose + 0.4% NaCl (FCS) or FHS during Phase I, then GCS in Phase II, and were then challenged with 20% glucose + 4% NaCl (GHS) in Phase III: FCS-GHS and FHS-GHS, respectively. Compared with GCS-GCS, systolic and mean pressures were significantly higher at the end of Phase III in all groups fed fructose during Phase I. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was elevated at the end of Phase I in FHS-GHS and FHS-FHS (vs. GCS-GCS). At the end of Phase III, PWV and renal resistive index were higher in FHS-GHS and FHS-FHS vs. GCS-GCS. Diastolic, but not systolic, LV function was impaired in the FHS-GHS and FHS-FHS but not FCS-FHS rats. Consumption of 20% fructose by male rats during adolescence results in salt-sensitive hypertension in maturity. When ingested with a high-salt diet during this early plastic phase, dietary fructose also predisposes to vascular stiffening and LV diastolic dysfunction in later life. Full article
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14 pages, 2111 KiB  
Article
Effects of Elaidic Acid on HDL Cholesterol Uptake Capacity
by Takuya Iino, Ryuji Toh, Manabu Nagao, Masakazu Shinohara, Amane Harada, Katsuhiro Murakami, Yasuhiro Irino, Makoto Nishimori, Sachiko Yoshikawa, Yutaro Seto, Tatsuro Ishida and Ken-ichi Hirata
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13093112 - 04 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
Recently we established a cell-free assay to evaluate “cholesterol uptake capacity (CUC)” as a novel concept for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and demonstrated the feasibility of CUC for coronary risk stratification, although its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. HDL fluidity affects cholesterol efflux, and [...] Read more.
Recently we established a cell-free assay to evaluate “cholesterol uptake capacity (CUC)” as a novel concept for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and demonstrated the feasibility of CUC for coronary risk stratification, although its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. HDL fluidity affects cholesterol efflux, and trans fatty acids (TFA) reduce lipid membrane fluidity when incorporated into phospholipids (PL). This study aimed to clarify the effect of TFA in HDL-PL on CUC. Serum was collected from 264 patients after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention to measure CUC and elaidic acid levels in HDL-PL, and in vitro analysis using reconstituted HDL (rHDL) was used to determine the HDL-PL mechanism affecting CUC. CUC was positively associated with HDL-PL levels but negatively associated with the proportion of elaidic acid in HDL-PL (elaidic acid in HDL-PL/HDL-PL ratio). Increased elaidic acid-phosphatidylcholine (PC) content in rHDL exhibited no change in particle size or CUC compared to rHDL containing oleic acid in PC. Recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enhanced CUC, and LCAT-dependent enhancement of CUC and LCAT-dependent cholesterol esterification were suppressed in rHDL containing elaidic acid in PC. Therefore, CUC is affected by HDL-PL concentration, HDL-PL acyl group composition, and LCAT-dependent cholesterol esterification. Elaidic acid precipitated an inhibition of cholesterol uptake and maturation of HDL; therefore, modulation of HDL-PL acyl groups could improve CUC. Full article
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13 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Association of Body Mass Index with Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke
by Masahiro Shiozawa, Hidehiro Kaneko, Hidetaka Itoh, Kojiro Morita, Akira Okada, Satoshi Matsuoka, Hiroyuki Kiriyama, Tatsuya Kamon, Katsuhito Fujiu, Nobuaki Michihata, Taisuke Jo, Norifumi Takeda, Hiroyuki Morita, Sunao Nakamura, Koichi Node, Hideo Yasunaga and Issei Komuro
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2343; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072343 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4405
Abstract
Data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and stroke are scarce. We aimed to examine the association between BMI and incident stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and to clarify the relationship between underweight, overweight, and obesity and stroke risk stratified by sex. [...] Read more.
Data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and stroke are scarce. We aimed to examine the association between BMI and incident stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and to clarify the relationship between underweight, overweight, and obesity and stroke risk stratified by sex. We analyzed the JMDC Claims Database between January 2005 and April 2020 including 2,740,778 healthy individuals (Median (interquartile) age, 45 (38–53) years; 56.2% men; median (interquartile) BMI, 22.3 (20.2–24.8) kg/m2). None of the participants had a history of cardiovascular disease. Each participant was categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). We investigated the association of BMI with incidence stroke in men and women using the Cox regression model. We used restricted cubic spline (RCS) functions to identify the association of BMI as a continuous parameter with incident stroke. The incidence (95% confidence interval) of total stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke was 32.5 (32.0–32.9), 28.1 (27.6–28.5), and 5.5 (5.3–5.7) per 10,000 person-years in men, whereas 25.7 (25.1–26.2), 22.5 (22.0–23.0), and 4.0 (3.8–4.2) per 10,000 person-years in women, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that overweight and obesity were associated with a higher incidence of total and ischemic stroke in both men and women. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were associated with a higher hemorrhagic stroke incidence in men, but not in women. Restricted cubic spline showed that the risk of ischemic stroke increased in a BMI dose-dependent manner in both men and women, whereas there was a U-shaped relationship between BMI and the hemorrhagic stroke risk in men. In conclusion, overweight and obesity were associated with a greater incidence of stroke and ischemic stroke in both men and women. Furthermore, underweight, overweight, and obesity were associated with a higher hemorrhagic stroke risk in men. Our results would help in the risk stratification of future stroke based on BMI. Full article
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13 pages, 641 KiB  
Article
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membranes as Predictors of Lower Cardiovascular Risk in Adults without Previous Cardiovascular Events
by Gustavo Henrique Ferreira Gonçalinho, Geni Rodrigues Sampaio, Rosana Aparecida Manólio Soares-Freitas and Nágila Raquel Teixeira Damasceno
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1919; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061919 - 03 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3161
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) within erythrocyte membranes and cardiovascular risk assessed by three different estimates. Methods: Inclusion criteria were individuals of both sexes, 30 to 74 years, with at least one cardiovascular [...] Read more.
Background: This study investigated the association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) within erythrocyte membranes and cardiovascular risk assessed by three different estimates. Methods: Inclusion criteria were individuals of both sexes, 30 to 74 years, with at least one cardiovascular risk factor, and no previous cardiovascular events (n = 356). Exclusion criteria were individuals with acute or chronic severe diseases, infectious diseases, pregnant, and/or lactating women. Plasma biomarkers (lipids, glucose, and C-reactive protein) were analyzed, and nineteen erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (FA) were identified. The cardiovascular risk was estimated by Framingham (FRS), Reynolds (RRS), and ACC/AHA-2013 Risk Scores. Three patterns of FA were identified (Factor 1, poor in n-3 PUFA), (Factor 2, poor in PUFA), and (Factor 3, rich in n-3 PUFA). Results: Total cholesterol was inversely correlated with erythrocyte membranes C18:3 n-3 (r = −0.155; p = 0.004), C22:6 n-3 (r = −0.112; p = 0.041), and total n-3 (r = −0.211; p < 0.001). Total n-3 PUFA was associated with lower cardiovascular risk by FRS (OR = 0.811; 95% CI= 0.675–0.976). Regarding RRS, Factor 3 was associated with 25.3% lower odds to have moderate and high cardiovascular risk (OR = 0.747; 95% CI = 0.589–0.948). The ACC/AHA-2013 risk score was not associated with isolated and pooled FA. Conclusions:n-3 PUFA in erythrocyte membranes are independent predictors of low-risk classification estimated by FRS and RRS, which could be explained by cholesterol-lowering effects of n-3 PUFA. Full article
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Review

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12 pages, 784 KiB  
Review
Pathobiological Relationship of Excessive Dietary Intake of Choline/L-Carnitine: A TMAO Precursor-Associated Aggravation in Heart Failure in Sarcopenic Patients
by May Nasser Bin-Jumah, Sadaf Jamal Gilani, Salman Hosawi, Fahad A. Al-Abbasi, Mustafa Zeyadi, Syed Sarim Imam, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M Ghoneim, Muhammad Shahid Nadeem and Imran Kazmi
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3453; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103453 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4075
Abstract
The microecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract is altered if there is an imbalance between the gut microbiota phylases, resulting in a variety of diseases. Moreover, progressive age not only slows down physical activity but also reduces the fat metabolism pathway, which may [...] Read more.
The microecological environment of the gastrointestinal tract is altered if there is an imbalance between the gut microbiota phylases, resulting in a variety of diseases. Moreover, progressive age not only slows down physical activity but also reduces the fat metabolism pathway, which may lead to a reduction in the variety of bacterial strains and bacteroidetes’ abundance, promoting firmicutes and proteobacteria growth. As a result, dysbiosis reduces physiological adaptability, boosts inflammatory markers, generates ROS, and induces the destruction of free radical macromolecules, leading to sarcopenia in older patients. Research conducted at various levels indicates that the microbiota of the gut is involved in pathogenesis and can be considered as the causative agent of several cardiovascular diseases. Local and systematic inflammatory reactions are caused in patients with heart failure, as ischemia and edema are caused by splanchnic hypoperfusion and enable both bacterial metabolites and bacteria translocation to enter from an intestinal barrier, which is already weakened, to the blood circulation. Multiple diseases, such as HF, include healthy microbe-derived metabolites. These key findings demonstrate that the gut microbiota modulates the host’s metabolism, either specifically or indirectly, by generating multiple metabolites. Currently, the real procedures that are an analogy to the symptoms in cardiac pathologies, such as cardiac mass dysfunctions and modifications, are investigated at a minimum level in older patients. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge about a particular diet, including trimethylamine, which usually seems to be effective for the improvement of cardiac and skeletal muscle, such as choline and L-carnitine, which may aggravate the HF process in sarcopenic patients. Full article
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16 pages, 1600 KiB  
Review
Intake of Fish and Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
by Lan Jiang, Jinyu Wang, Ke Xiong, Lei Xu, Bo Zhang and Aiguo Ma
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13072342 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6037
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the association of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk. However, the results were inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to quantitatively evaluate the association between marine n-3 [...] Read more.
Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the association of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk. However, the results were inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to quantitatively evaluate the association between marine n-3 PUFA, fish and CVD mortality risk with prospective cohort studies. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and MEDLINE databases from the establishment of the database to May 2021. A total of 25 cohort studies were included with 2,027,512 participants and 103,734 CVD deaths. The results indicated that the fish consumption was inversely associated with the CVD mortality risk [relevant risk (RR) = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.85−0.98]. The higher marine n-3 PUFA intake was associated with the reduced risk of CVD mortality (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.85–0.89). Dose-response analysis suggested that the risk of CVD mortality was decreased by 4% with an increase of 20 g of fish intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99) or 80 milligrams of marine n-3 PUFA intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98) per day. The current work provides evidence that the intake of fish and marine n-3 PUFA are inversely associated with the risk of CVD mortality. Full article
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