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The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutritional Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2020) | Viewed by 47803

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marie-Pierre St-Onge

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Guest Editor

Sleep center of excellence & Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Interests: sleep; diet; energy expenditure; appetite; body composition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The relation between sleep, diet, and body composition is well known. Epidemiological studies clearly show that shorter sleep duration and sleep disorders are associated with obesity and weight gain. However, the role of sleep health, including its duration and quality, in food intake regulation, is not clear. Research is needed to establish how sleep influences appetite, energy intake, and energy balance regulation to modify body composition (e.g., achieving weight loss and maintaining reduced weight following weight change). The goal of this Special Issue is to cover research on these topics. Studies in which sleep is the exposure and diet and body composition are outcomes, or that consider energy balance (diet, energy expenditure, weight change) as predictor and sleep as the outcome, are welcomed. Manuscripts that investigate sleep quality and sleep health in relation to dietary quality are of particular interest. Aspects of energy balance, including dietary intakes and patterns, patterns of physical activity, and body composition, are also relevant to this Special Issue. Submissions of original research, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses will be included. Human studies that investigate aspects of sleep health and weight management, including risk factors associated with obesity, are encouraged.

Dr. Marie-Pierre St-Onge
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Food intake
Dietary patterns
Sleep health
Sleep disorders
Body composition
Obesity
Weight management
Physical activity

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Actigraphy-Derived Sleep Is Associated with Eating Behavior Characteristics

by Rocío Barragán, Faris M. Zuraikat, Victoria Tam, Samantha Scaccia, Justin Cochran, Si Li, Bin Cheng and Marie-Pierre St-Onge

Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030852 - 05 Mar 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3217

Abstract

Poor sleep is a determinant of obesity, with overconsumption of energy contributing to this relationship. Eating behavior characteristics are predictive of energy intake and weight change and may underlie observed associations of sleep with weight status and obesity risk factors. However, relationships between sleep and dimensions of eating behavior, as well as possible individual differences in these relations, are not well characterized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether sleep behaviors, including duration, timing, quality, and regularity relate to dietary restraint, disinhibition, and tendency towards hunger and to explore whether these associations differ by sex. This cross-sectional study included 179 adults aged 20–73 years (68.7% women, 64.8% with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Sleep was evaluated by accelerometry over 2 weeks. Eating behavior dimensions were measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Prolonged wake after sleep onset (WASO) (0.029 ± 0.011, p = 0.007), greater sleep fragmentation index (0.074 ± 0.036, p = 0.041), and lower sleep efficiency (−0.133 ± 0.051, p = 0.010) were associated with higher dietary restraint. However, higher restraint attenuated associations of higher WASO and sleep fragmentation with higher BMI (p-interactions < 0.10). In terms of individual differences, sex influenced associations of sleep quality measures with tendency towards hunger (p-interactions < 0.10). Stratified analyses showed that, in men only, higher sleep fragmentation index, longer sleep onset latency, and lower sleep efficiency were associated with greater tendency towards hunger (β = 0.115 ± 0.037, p = 0.003, β = 0.169 ± 0.072, p = 0.023, β = −0.150 ± 0.055, p = 0.009, respectively). Results of this analysis suggest that the association of poor sleep on food intake could be exacerbated in those with eating behavior traits that predispose to overeating, and this sleep-eating behavior relation may be sex-dependent. Strategies to counter overconsumption in the context of poor quality sleep should be evaluated in light of eating behavior traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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17 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Later Meal and Sleep Timing Predicts Higher Percent Body Fat

by Elizabeth A. Thomas, Adnin Zaman, Marc-Andre Cornier, Victoria A. Catenacci, Emma J. Tussey, Laura Grau, Jaron Arbet, Josiane L. Broussard and Corey A. Rynders

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 73; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13010073 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8014

Abstract

Accumulating evidence suggests that later timing of energy intake (EI) is associated with increased risk of obesity. In this study, 83 individuals with overweight and obesity underwent assessment of a 7-day period of data collection, including measures of body weight and body composition (DXA) and 24-h measures of EI (photographic food records), sleep (actigraphy), and physical activity (PA, activity monitors) for 7 days. Relationships between body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (DXA) with meal timing, sleep, and PA were examined. For every 1 h later start of eating, there was a 1.25 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.91) unit increase in percent body fat (False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjusted p value = 0.010). For every 1 h later midpoint of the eating window, there was a 1.35 (95% CI: 0.51, 2.19) unit increase in percent body fat (FDR p value = 0.029). For every 1 h increase in the end of the sleep period, there was a 1.64 (95% CI: 0.56, 2.72) unit increase in percent body fat (FDR p value = 0.044). Later meal and sleep timing were also associated with lower PA levels. In summary, later timing of EI and sleep are associated with higher body fat and lower levels of PA in people with overweight and obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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12 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habitual Nightly Fasting Duration, Eating Timing, and Eating Frequency are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk in Women

by Nour Makarem, Dorothy D. Sears, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Faris M. Zuraikat, Linda C. Gallo, Gregory A. Talavera, Sheila F. Castaneda, Yue Lai, Junhui Mi and Brooke Aggarwal

Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12103043 - 04 Oct 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3790

Abstract

Nightly fasting duration (NFD) and eating timing and frequency may influence cardiometabolic health via their impact on circadian rhythms, which are entrained by food intake, but observational studies are limited. This 1-year prospective study of 116 US women (33 ± 12y, 45% Hispanic) investigated associations of habitual NFD and eating timing and frequency with cardiovascular health (CVH; American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 score) and cardiometabolic risk factors. NFD, eating timing and frequency, and nighttime eating levels were evaluated from 1-week electronic food records completed at baseline and 1 y. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, longer NFD was associated with poorer CVH (β = −0.22, p = 0.016 and β = −0.22, p = 0.050) and higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 1.08, p < 0.01 and β = 1.74, p < 0.01) in cross-sectional and prospective analyses, respectively. Later timing of the first eating occasion at baseline was associated with poorer CVH (β = −0.20, p = 0.013) and higher DBP (β = 1.18, p < 0.01) and fasting glucose (β = 1.43, p = 0.045) at 1 y. After adjustment for baseline outcomes, longer NFD and later eating times were also associated with higher waist circumference (β = 0.35, p = 0.021 and β = 0.27, p < 0.01, respectively). Eating frequency was inversely related to DBP in cross-sectional (β = −1.94, p = 0.033) and prospective analyses (β = −3.37, p < 0.01). In cross-sectional analyses of baseline data and prospective analyses, a higher percentage of daily calories consumed at the largest evening meal was associated with higher DBP (β = 1.69, p = 0.046 and β = 2.32, p = 0.029, respectively). Findings suggest that frequent and earlier eating may lower cardiometabolic risk, while longer NFD may have adverse effects. Results warrant confirmation in larger multi-ethnic cohort studies with longer follow-up periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

13 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Predicts Better Sleep Quality in US Women from the American Heart Association Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network

by Faris M. Zuraikat, Nour Makarem, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Huaqing Xi, Alekha Akkapeddi and Brooke Aggarwal

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092830 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7392

Abstract

Consumption of a Mediterranean diet has been linked to better sleep health in older, European populations. However, whether this dietary pattern is predictive of sleep quality in US women, a group prone to poor sleep, is unknown. This prospective cohort study of 432 US women (20–76 y; 60% racial/ethnic minority) evaluated whether compliance with a Mediterranean diet at baseline predicted sleep quality at 1-y follow-up. Alternate Mediterranean (aMed) diet scores and habitual sleep quality were computed from the validated Block Brief Food Frequency Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Linear regression models evaluated prospective associations of the aMed diet pattern and its components with measures of sleep quality, after adjustment for age, BMI, race/ethnicity, education, and health insurance status. Higher baseline aMed scores were associated with lower PSQI scores (β = −0.30 ± 0.10, p < 0.01), indicative of better sleep quality, higher sleep efficiency (β = 1.20 ± 0.35, p < 0.001), and fewer sleep disturbances (β = −0.30 ± 0.12, p = 0.01) at 1-y. Fruit and vegetable consumption also predicted lower PSQI scores, higher sleep efficiency and fewer sleep disturbances (all p < 0.05). Higher legume intake predicted better sleep efficiency (β = 1.36 ± 0.55, p = 0.01). These findings suggest that adherence to a Mediterranean diet pattern should be evaluated as a strategy to promote sleep quality in US women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

16 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults

by Andrea M. Spaeth, Namni Goel and David F. Dinges

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092694 - 03 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5395

Abstract

Sleep restriction (SR) reliably increases caloric intake. It remains unknown whether such intake cumulatively increases with repeated SR exposures and is impacted by the number of intervening recovery sleep opportunities. Healthy adults (33.9 ± 8.9y; 17 women, Body Mass Index: 24.8 ± 3.6) participated in a laboratory protocol. N = 35 participants experienced two baseline nights (10 h time-in-bed (TIB)/night; 22:00–08:00) followed by 10 SR nights (4 h TIB/night; 04:00–08:00), which were divided into two exposures of five nights each and separated by one (n = 13), three (n = 12), or five (n = 10) recovery nights (12 h TIB/night; 22:00–10:00). Control participants (n = 10) were permitted 10 h TIB (22:00–08:00) on all nights. Food and drink consumption were ad libitum and recorded daily. Compared to baseline, sleep-restricted participants increased daily caloric (+527 kcal) and saturated fat (+7 g) intake and decreased protein (−1.2% kcal) intake during both SR exposures; however, intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. Similarly, although sleep-restricted participants exhibited substantial late-night caloric intake (671 kcal), such intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. By contrast, control participants showed no changes in caloric intake across days. We found consistent caloric and macronutrient intake increases during two SR exposures despite varying intervening recovery nights. Thus, energy intake outcomes do not cumulatively increase with repeated restriction and are unaffected by recovery opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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12 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns in Relation to Prospective Sleep Duration and Timing among Mexico City Adolescents

by Erica C. Jansen, Ana Baylin, Alejandra Cantoral, Martha María Téllez Rojo, Helen J. Burgess, Louise M. O'Brien, Libni Torres Olascoaga and Karen E. Peterson

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12082305 - 31 Jul 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4241

Abstract

Adult studies show that healthy diet patterns relate to better sleep. However, evidence during adolescence, when sleep may change dramatically, is lacking. Within a cohort of 458 Mexican adolescents, we examined whether consumption of three dietary patterns was associated with sleep duration and timing measured 2 years later, as well as changes in sleep timing and duration. Dietary patterns (identified a posteriori in a prior analysis) were assessed with a baseline food frequency questionnaire, and sleep was measured with wrist actigraphy at baseline and follow-up. Linear regression analyses adjusting for sex, age, screen time, and smoking were conducted. Adolescents with higher consumption of a Plant-Based and Lean Proteins pattern had earlier sleep timing (−0.45 h with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) −0.81, −0.08 in the highest compared to lowest quartiles), less of a phase delay in sleep timing over follow-up (−0.39 h with 95% CI −0.80, 0.02), and shorter weekend sleep duration (0.5 h with 95% CI −0.88, −0.1). Higher consumption of an Eggs, Milk and Refined Grain pattern was associated with earlier sleep timing (−0.40 h with 95% CI −0.77, −0.04), while consumption of a Meat and Starchy pattern was related to higher social jetlag (weekend–weekday sleep timing difference). Healthier diet patterns may promote better sleep in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

13 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trajectories of Dietary Patterns, Sleep Duration, and Body Mass Index in China: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study from China Nutrition and Health Survey, 1991–2009

by Yingting Cao, Xiaoyue Xu and Zumin Shi

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2245; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12082245 - 27 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3641

Abstract

No study has used trajectories of dietary patterns to examine their effects on sleep duration and body mass index over time in the Chinese population. We analyzed data from adults participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1991 and 2009. Dietary intake was measured by a 24-h recall method over three consecutive days. Height and body weight were measured, and sleep duration was self-reported. Multivariable mixed linear models were applied to examine the association between trajectories of dietary patterns (using a latent class model) and sleep duration as well as BMI. Four trajectories of a traditional pattern (characterized by rice, meat, and vegetables) and three trajectories of a modern pattern (characterized by fast food, milk, and deep-fried food) were identified. Participants with a high and rapid increase trajectory of the modern dietary pattern had the shortest sleep duration (β = −0.26; 95% CI: −0.40, −0.13). Participants with a high and stable intake of the traditional dietary pattern had the lowest BMI (β = −1.14; 95% CI: −1.41, −0.87), while the participants with a high and rapid increase trajectory of the modern dietary pattern had the highest BMI (β = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.34, 1,15). A rapid increase in the modern dietary pattern is associated with shorter sleep duration and higher BMI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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17 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial on the Effect of Proteins with Different Tryptophan/Large Neutral Amino Acid Ratios on Sleep in Adolescents: The PROTMORPHEUS Study

by Oussama Saidi, Emmanuelle Rochette, Éric Doré, Freddy Maso, Julien Raoux, Fabien Andrieux, Maria Livia Fantini, Etienne Merlin, Bruno Pereira, Stéphane Walrand and Pascale Duché

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1885; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12061885 - 24 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6019

Abstract

Disturbed sleep is common in adolescents. Ingested nutrients help regulate the internal clock and influence sleep quality. The purpose of this clinical trial is to assess the effect of protein tryptophan (Trp)/large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) ratio on sleep and circadian rhythm. Ingested Trp is involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and improvement of sleep quality. Since Trp transport through the blood–brain barrier is competing with LNAAs, protein with higher Trp/LNAAs were expected to increase sleep efficiency. This randomized double-blind controlled trial will enroll two samples of male adolescents predisposed to sleep disturbances: elite rugby players (n = 24) and youths with obesity (n = 24). They will take part randomly in three sessions each held over a week. They will undergo a washout period, when dietary intake will be calibrated (three days), followed by an intervention period (three days), when their diet will be supplemented with three proteins with different Trp/LNAAs ratios. Physical, cognitive, dietary intake, appetite, and sleepiness evaluations will be made on the last day of each session. The primary outcome is sleep efficiency measured through in-home electroencephalogram recordings. Secondary outcomes include sleep staging, circadian phase, and sleep-, food intake-, metabolism-, and inflammation-related biochemical markers. A fuller understanding of the effect of protein Trp/LNAAs ratio on sleep could help in developing nutritional strategies addressing sleep disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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9 pages, 783 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Relationship between Sleep and Hedonic Appetite in Shift Workers

by Parisa Vidafar, Sean W. Cain and Ari Shechter

Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2835; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092835 - 16 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5057

Abstract

Short and/or poor sleep are established behavioral factors which can contribute to excess food intake, and emerging evidence suggests that disturbed circadian rhythms may also impact food intake regulation. Together, disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms may help explain the excess risk for obesity seen in shift workers. To date, however, the details of how shift work may impact food intake regulation are still not fully defined. Here we examined the relationship between sleep characteristics and hedonic control of appetite in shift workers. A total of 63 shift workers (mean (M) age: 36.7 years, standard deviation (SD): 12.0; 59% women) completed an online survey comprising self-reported measures of body weight regulation, sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep Hygiene Index), and hedonic control of appetite (Food Craving Inventory, Power of Food Scale). Seventy-one percent reported some weight change since starting shift work, and 84% of those reported weight gain (M = +11.3 kg, SD = 9.1). Worse sleep quality and shorter sleep duration were associated with more food cravings, and worse sleep quality and hygiene were associated with higher appetitive drive to consume palatable food (greater hedonic drive). This preliminary study suggests hedonic pathways are potentially contributing to weight gain in shift workers with disturbed sleep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Patterns and Sleep on Body Weight Management)

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