nutrients-logo

Journal Browser

Journal Browser

Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 36126

Special Issue Editors

Division of Nephrology, Department of Integrated Medicine, Saitama Medical Center Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama-city 330-8503, Saitama, Japan
Interests: chronic kidney disease; microRNA; gene delivery
Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
Interests: fibrosis; Fabry disease; hypertension; chronic kidney disease; cardiovascular diseases

Special Issue Information

Nutrients and kidney diseases strongly influence each other. Kidneys filter and re-absorb various nutritional elements. Additionally, they synthesize many hormones, such as renin, erythropoietin, and prostaglandin, to maintain body homeostasis. Therefore, kidney diseases such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease owing to various pathological conditions may cause many kinds of nutrient abnormalities leading to malnutrition, anemia, mineral bone disorder, and more. Conversely, nutrients have been reported to affect the prognosis of patients with kidney diseases. Malnutrition is a strong predictor in determining the prognosis of patients with kidney diseases. Additionally, dietary therapy as represented by protein restriction to protect renal function in patients with kidney disease may cause protein energy wasting resulting in frailty syndrome, which decreases quality of life and leads to poor prognosis.

The aim of this Special Issue is to update our knowledge of nutrients in kidney disease as it relates to pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Dr. Yoshiyuki Morishita
Dr. Naoki Nakagawa
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nutrients
  • Kidney
  • Acute Kidney Disease
  • Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Clinical Manifestation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatments

Published Papers (11 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 217 KiB  
Editorial
Influence of Nutrients on Kidney Diseases
by Yoshiyuki Morishita and Naoki Nakagawa
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14061234 - 15 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1713
Abstract
Kidneys filter and reabsorb various nutrients and electrolytes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 783 KiB  
Article
Body Composition, Anemia, and Kidney Function among Guatemalan Sugarcane Workers
by Lyndsay Krisher, Jaime Butler-Dawson, Karen Schlosser, Claudia Asensio, Elisa Sinibaldi, Hillary Yoder, Lynn Dexter, Miranda Dally, Daniel Pilloni, Alex Cruz, Diana Jaramillo and Lee S. Newman
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3928; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113928 - 02 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2332
Abstract
Rates of anemia among agricultural workers, who are also at risk for kidney injury and chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu), are unknown. We evaluated body composition through the sum of three skinfolds among 203 male sugarcane cutters and assessed the relationship [...] Read more.
Rates of anemia among agricultural workers, who are also at risk for kidney injury and chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu), are unknown. We evaluated body composition through the sum of three skinfolds among 203 male sugarcane cutters and assessed the relationship of variables related to nutrition, anemia (hemoglobin < 13 g/dL), and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using linear regression. Eleven percent of workers were at the level of essential body fat (2–5%). Anemia was present among 13% of workers, 70% of which were normochromic normocytic, a type of anemia suggesting potential underlying chronic disease. Anemia was more common among those with lower BMI and fat free mass. The prevalence of elevated HbA1c was 21%. A moderate negative correlation was found between hemoglobin and HbA1c (Pearson’s r = −0.32, p < 0.01) which suggests that HbA1c values should be interpreted with caution in populations that have high rates of anemia. Twelve percent of workers had reduced kidney function with an eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. On average, the eGFR was 18 mL/min per 1.73 m2 lower [(95% CI:−24, −12), p < 0.01)] for those with anemia than those without, and 8 mL/min per 1.73 m2 lower among those with elevated HbA1c [(95% CI: −13, −2), p < 0.01]. Results will inform future studies examining the role of anemia in the evaluation of CKDu and interventions to improve nutrition for workers in low-resource settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
α1-Acid Glycoprotein and Dietary Intake in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
by Małgorzata Maraj, Paulina Hetwer, Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala, Barbara Maziarz, Paulina Dumnicka, Marek Kuźniewski and Piotr Ceranowicz
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3671; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113671 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2183
Abstract
Management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients requires monitoring each of the components of malnutrition–inflammation–atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome. Restrictive diet can negatively affect nutritional status and inflammation. An acute-phase protein—α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), has been associated with energy metabolism in animal and human [...] Read more.
Management of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients requires monitoring each of the components of malnutrition–inflammation–atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome. Restrictive diet can negatively affect nutritional status and inflammation. An acute-phase protein—α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), has been associated with energy metabolism in animal and human studies. The aim of our study was to look for a relationship between serum AGP concentrations, laboratory parameters, and nutrient intake in ESRD patients. The study included 59 patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis. A 24 h recall assessed dietary intake during four non-consecutive days—two days in the post-summer period, and two post-winter. Selected laboratory tests were performed: complete blood count, serum iron, total iron biding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron biding capacity (UIBC), vitamin D, AGP, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, prealbumin, and phosphate–calcium metabolism markers (intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate). Recorded dietary intake was highly deficient. A majority of patients did not meet recommended daily requirements for energy, protein, fiber, iron, magnesium, folate, and vitamin D. AGP correlated positively with CRP (R = 0.66), platelets (R = 0.29), and negatively with iron (R = −0.27) and TIBC (R = −0.30). AGP correlated negatively with the dietary intake of plant protein (R = −0.40), potassium (R = −0.27), copper (R = −0.30), vitamin B6 (R = −0.27), and folates (R = −0.27), p < 0.05. However, in multiple regression adjusted for confounders, only CRP was significantly associated with AGP. Our results indicate that in hemodialyzed patients, serum AGP is weakly associated with dietary intake of several nutrients, including plant protein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2337 KiB  
Article
Are Food Additives a Really Problematic Hidden Source of Potassium for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients?
by Montserrat Martínez-Pineda, Antonio Vercet and Cristina Yagüe-Ruiz
Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3569; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13103569 - 12 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5545
Abstract
Dietary treatment in chronic kidney disease (CKD) recommends limiting the consumption of foods rich in potassium to reduce risk of hyperkalemia. Currently, the increased supply of processed foods on the market could be a new “hidden” source of potassium for these patients, which [...] Read more.
Dietary treatment in chronic kidney disease (CKD) recommends limiting the consumption of foods rich in potassium to reduce risk of hyperkalemia. Currently, the increased supply of processed foods on the market could be a new “hidden” source of potassium for these patients, which is causing concern among health professionals who treat them. The aim of this study was to check which EU authorized food additives contain potassium, its conditions of use and classified them according to their risk for CKD patients. In addition, the frequency of appearance of potassium additives in processed foods in a European sample through the analysis of 715 products labeling from France, Germany, and Spain were evaluated. Results showed 41 potassium-containing additives allowed in the European Union, but only 16 were identified, being the most frequent: E202; E252, E340, E450, E452, E508, and E950. The 37.6% of the processed products analyzed contained at least one potassium additive. The food categories that showed the greatest presence of additives were breaded products, meat derivatives, non-alcoholic beverage, ready-to-eat products, and cereal derivatives. Potassium additives are widely distributed in processed foods and therefore pose a risk of hidden sources of potassium in CKD dietary management. These results could be really useful for developing educational tools for CKD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1040 KiB  
Article
Acute Beetroot Juice Ingestion Does Not Alter Renal Hemodynamics during Normoxia and Mild Hypercapnia in Healthy Young Adults
by Christopher L. Chapman, Zachary J. Schlader, Emma L. Reed, Morgan L. Worley and Blair D. Johnson
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1986; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13061986 - 09 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
Arterial hypercapnia reduces renal perfusion. Beetroot juice (BRJ) increases nitric oxide bioavailability and may improve renal blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that acute consumption of BRJ attenuates both decreases in blood velocity and increases in vascular resistance in the renal and segmental [...] Read more.
Arterial hypercapnia reduces renal perfusion. Beetroot juice (BRJ) increases nitric oxide bioavailability and may improve renal blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that acute consumption of BRJ attenuates both decreases in blood velocity and increases in vascular resistance in the renal and segmental arteries during acute hypercapnia. In fourteen healthy young adults, blood velocity and vascular resistance were measured with Doppler ultrasound in the renal and segmental arteries during five minutes of breathing a carbon dioxide gas mixture (CO2) before and three hours after consuming 500 mL of BRJ. There was no difference between pre- and post-BRJ consumption in the increase in the partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 during CO2 breathing (pre: +4 ± 1 mmHg; post: +4 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.4281). Segmental artery blood velocity decreased during CO2 breathing in both pre- (by −1.8 ± 1.9 cm/s, p = 0.0193) and post-BRJ (by −2.1 ± 1.9 cm/s, p = 0.0079), but there were no differences between pre- and post-consumption (p = 0.7633). Segmental artery vascular resistance increased from room air baseline during CO2 at pre-BRJ consumption (by 0.4 ± 0.4 mmHg/cm/s, p = 0.0153) but not post-BRJ (p = 0.1336), with no differences between pre- and post-consumption (p = 0.7407). These findings indicate that BRJ consumption does not attenuate reductions in renal perfusion during acute mild hypercapnia in healthy young adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 703 KiB  
Article
Causal Effects of Homocysteine, Folate, and Cobalamin on Kidney Function: A Mendelian Randomization Study
by Sehoon Park, Soojin Lee, Yaerim Kim, Semin Cho, Kwangsoo Kim, Yong Chul Kim, Seung Seok Han, Hajeong Lee, Jung Pyo Lee, Kwon Wook Joo, Chun Soo Lim, Yon Su Kim and Dong Ki Kim
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 906; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030906 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
Blood homocysteine level and related vitamin levels are associated with various health outcomes. We aimed to assess causal effects of blood homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin on kidney function in the general population by performing Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Genetic instruments for blood homocysteine, [...] Read more.
Blood homocysteine level and related vitamin levels are associated with various health outcomes. We aimed to assess causal effects of blood homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin on kidney function in the general population by performing Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Genetic instruments for blood homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin levels were introduced from a previous genome-wide association (GWAS) meta-analysis of European individuals. Summary-level MR analysis was performed for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from the CKDGen consortium GWAS that included 567,460 European ancestry individuals. For replication, allele-score-based MR was performed with an independent U.K. Biobank cohort of 337,138 individuals of white British ancestry. In summary-level MR for the CKDGen data, high genetically predicted homocysteine levels were significantly associated with low eGFR (per 1 standard deviation, beta for eGFR change −0.95 (−1.21, −0.69) %), supported by pleiotropy-robust MR sensitivity analysis. Genetically predicted high folate levels were significantly associated with high eGFR change (0.86 (0.30, 1.42) %); however, causal estimates from cobalamin were nonsignificant (−0.11 (−0.33, 0.11) %). In the U.K. Biobank data, the results were consistently identified. Therefore, a high blood homocysteine level causally decreases eGFR. Future trials with appropriate homocysteine-lowering interventions may be helpful for the primary prevention of kidney function impairment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2516 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Serum Fatty Acids Profile in Kidney Transplant Recipients
by Adriana Mika, Lukasz P Halinski, Tomasz Sledzinski, Sylwia Malgorzewicz, Paulina Woloszyk, Jolanta Dardzinska, Alicja Debska-Slizien and Michal Chmielewski
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 805; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13030805 - 28 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
Patients with end-stage kidney disease, treated with renal transplantation, are at increased risk of cardio-vascular disease (CVD) and cardio-vascular mortality. They are also characterized by an atherogenic dyslipidemia. Alterations of the fatty acids (FA) profile contribute to increased cardio-vascular risk in the general [...] Read more.
Patients with end-stage kidney disease, treated with renal transplantation, are at increased risk of cardio-vascular disease (CVD) and cardio-vascular mortality. They are also characterized by an atherogenic dyslipidemia. Alterations of the fatty acids (FA) profile contribute to increased cardio-vascular risk in the general population. In the current study we test the hypothesis that kidney transplantation is associated with ab-normalities in FA profile. FA profile was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in 198 renal transplant recipients, and 48 control subjects. The most profound differences between renal transplant patients and controls were related to the content of branched chain FA, monounsaturated FA, and n-6 polyunsaturated FA, respectively. The FA profile significantly separated the patients from the controls in the principal component analysis (PCA). The abnormalities of FA profile showed a tendency for normalization in long-term kidney recipients, as compared to patients with recent transplants. The n-3 PUFA content demonstrated a strong inverse association with the presence of inflammation. Most profound alterations of the FA profile were observed in patients with impaired graft function (glomerular filtration rate < 45 mL/min). The study demonstrated significant disorders of the FA profile in kidney transplant recipients, that might contribute to cardio-vascular risk in this vulnerable patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1085 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Nutritional Interventions on Long-Term Patient Survival in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
by Almudena Pérez-Torres, M. Elena González García, Marta Ossorio-González, Laura Álvarez García, M. Auxiliadora Bajo, Gloria del Peso, Ana Castillo Plaza and Rafael Selgas
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 621; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020621 - 14 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4812
Abstract
Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of malnutrition and subsequent related mortality when starting dialysis. However, there have been few clinical studies on the effect of nutritional interventions on long-term patient survival. A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted from [...] Read more.
Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of malnutrition and subsequent related mortality when starting dialysis. However, there have been few clinical studies on the effect of nutritional interventions on long-term patient survival. A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted from January 2012 to December 2016. A total of 186 patients with non-dialysis ESKD started the nutritional education program (NEP), and 169 completed it. A total of 128 patients participated in a NEP over 6 months (personalized diet, education and oral supplementation, if needed). The control group (n = 45) underwent no specific nutritional intervention. The hospitalization rate was significantly lower for the patients with NEP (13.7%) compared with the control patients (26.7%) (p = 0.004). The mortality odds ratio for the patients who did not receive NEP was 2.883 (95% CI 0.993–8.3365, p = 0.051). The multivariate analysis showed an independent association between mortality and age (OR, 1.103; 95% CI 1.041–1.169; p = 0.001) and between mortality and the female sex (OR, 3.332; 95% CI 1.054–10.535; p = 0.040) but not between mortality and those with NEP (p = 0.051). Individualized nutrition education has long-term positive effects on nutritional status, reduces hospital admissions and increases survival among patients with advanced CKD who are starting dialysis programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1438 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Inorganic Phosphate Intake by the Measurement of the Phosphate/Urea Nitrogen Ratio in Urine
by María Victoria Pendón-Ruiz de Mier, Noemí Vergara, Cristian Rodelo-Haad, María Dolores López-Zamorano, Cristina Membrives-González, Rodrigo López-Baltanás, Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda, Francisco Caravaca, Alejandro Martín-Malo, Arnold J. Felsenfeld, Eugenio J. De la Torre, Sagrario Soriano, Rafael Santamaría and Mariano Rodríguez
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 292; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13020292 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3001
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, it would be desirable to reduce the intake of inorganic phosphate (P) rather than limit the intake of P contained in proteins. Urinary excretion of P should reflect intestinal absorption of P(inorganic plus protein-derived). The aim of [...] Read more.
In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, it would be desirable to reduce the intake of inorganic phosphate (P) rather than limit the intake of P contained in proteins. Urinary excretion of P should reflect intestinal absorption of P(inorganic plus protein-derived). The aim of the present study is to determine whether the ratio of urinary P to urinary urea nitrogen (P/UUN ratio) helps identify patients with a high intake of inorganic P.A cross-sectional study was performed in 71 patients affected by metabolic syndrome with CKD (stages 2–3) with normal serum P concentration. A 3-day dietary survey was performed to estimate the average daily amount and the source of P ingested. The daily intake of P was 1086.5 ± 361.3 mg/day; 64% contained in animal proteins, 22% in vegetable proteins, and 14% as inorganic P. The total amount of P ingested did not correlate with daily phosphaturia, but it did correlate with the P/UUN ratio (p < 0.018). Patients with the highest tertile of the P/UUN ratio >71.1 mg/g presented more abundant inorganic P intake (p < 0.038).The P/UUN ratio is suggested to be a marker of inorganic P intake. This finding might be useful in clinical practices to identify the source of dietary P and to make personalized dietary recommendations directed to reduce inorganic P intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

11 pages, 1816 KiB  
Review
Role and Treatment of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review
by Akio Nakashima, Kazuhiko Kato, Ichiro Ohkido and Takashi Yokoo
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4349; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124349 - 02 Dec 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3619
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis have higher mortality than those without, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death. As CVD is caused by several mechanisms, insulin resistance plays an important role in CVD. This review summarizes the [...] Read more.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis have higher mortality than those without, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death. As CVD is caused by several mechanisms, insulin resistance plays an important role in CVD. This review summarizes the importance and mechanism of insulin resistance in CKD and discusses the current evidence regarding insulin resistance in patients with CKD and dialysis. Insulin resistance has been reported to influence endothelial dysfunction, plaque formation, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A recent study also reported an association between insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and malignancy. Insulin resistance increases as renal function decrease in patients with CKD and dialysis. Several mechanisms increase insulin resistance in patients with CKD, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, and mineral bone disorder. There is the possibility that insulin resistance is the potential future target of treatment in patients with CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 272 KiB  
Review
Utility of Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Mini-Review
by Naoki Nakagawa, Keisuke Maruyama and Naoyuki Hasebe
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3688; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113688 - 20 Oct 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2985
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most significant risk factors for cardiovasculardisese. Malnutrition has been recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD, including those on chronic dialysis. Current studies showed higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most significant risk factors for cardiovasculardisese. Malnutrition has been recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD, including those on chronic dialysis. Current studies showed higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates in patients with CKD and malnutrition. Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), a simple and validated nutritional screening measure for both elderly people and patients on dialysis, is based only on three objective parameters: body weight, height, and serum albumin level. Recently, we demonstrated that the cutoff GNRI for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was 96 in patients on hemodialysis. Moreover, together with left ventricular hypertrophy and low estimated glomerular filtration rate, the utility of GNRI as a significant determinant of cardiovascular events was demonstrated in non-dialysis-dependent patients with CKD. In the present review, we summarize available evidence regarding the relationship of GNRI with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD including those on dialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients Influence on Kidney Diseases)
Back to TopTop