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Precision Nutrition

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 37317

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A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

1. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain
2. CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
3. Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
Interests: nutrigenomics; molecular biologygene regulation and cell signaling; leptin; metabolic programming; thermogenesis; browning; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; personalized precision nutrition; novel foods; functional foods; health claims on food
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
1. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation Group), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
2. Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
3. CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
4. Alimentómica S.L. Camí de na Pontons. s/n (Pol.11, Parc 3), 07310 Campanet, Spain
Interests: obesity; diets; metabolic alterations; nutrigenomics; nutrigenetics; bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

New scientific advances in different areas have allowed the design of more precise strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders through nutrition. In this context emerges the term Precision Nutrition, a new approach that takes advantage of scientific knowledge about the interaction of internal and external environmental factors to develop dynamic and precise nutritional recommendations.

Therefore, Precision Nutrition includes personalized advice based on genetics and well-documented gene–nutrient–phenotype interactions, as well as other factors such as individual metabolome, transcriptome, and microbiota profile; food behavior; and dietary, physical activity, and life-style habits; and the resulting interactomes.

Precision Nutrition should be based at least on three sequential steps: conventional nutritional approaches (considering age, gender, and physiological states); the incorporation of nutritional and health status information (e.g., metabolites, physical and nutritional behavior); and the genetic baggage including multiomics functional integration.

Overall, Precise Nutrition has the final goal of promoting public health through the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and associated diseases.

Prof. Dr. Andreu Palou
Dr. Barbara Reynés
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nutriepigenetics
  • nutrigenetics
  • nutrigenomics
  • eating behavior
  • food behaviors
  • metabolomics
  • physical activity
  • microbiota
  • environmental input

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 1803 KiB  
Article
Interaction Effect of the Mediterranean Diet and an Obesity Genetic Risk Score on Adiposity and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: The HELENA Study
by Miguel Seral-Cortes, Sergio Sabroso-Lasa, Pilar De Miguel-Etayo, Marcela Gonzalez-Gross, Eva Gesteiro, Cristina Molina-Hidalgo, Stefaan De Henauw, Éva Erhardt, Laura Censi, Yannis Manios, Eva Karaglani, Kurt Widhalm, Anthony Kafatos, Laurent Beghin, Aline Meirhaeghe, Diego Salazar-Tortosa, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Luis A. Moreno, Luis Mariano Esteban and Idoia Labayen
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3841; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12123841 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4249
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are worldwide major health challenges. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a better cardiometabolic profile, but these beneficial effects may be influenced by genetic variations, modulating the predisposition to obesity or MetS. The aim was to assess [...] Read more.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are worldwide major health challenges. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a better cardiometabolic profile, but these beneficial effects may be influenced by genetic variations, modulating the predisposition to obesity or MetS. The aim was to assess whether interaction effects occur between an obesity genetic risk score (obesity-GRS) and the MD on adiposity and MetS in European adolescents. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the interaction effects of an obesity-GRS and the MD on adiposity and MetS and its components. Interaction effects between the MD on adiposity and MetS were observed in both sex groups (p < 0.05). However, those interaction effects were only expressed in a certain number of adolescents, when a limited number of risk alleles were present. Regarding adiposity, a total of 51.1% males and 98.7% females had lower body mass index (BMI) as a result of higher MD adherence. Concerning MetS, only 9.9% of males with higher MD adherence had lower MetS scores. However, the same effect was observed in 95.2% of females. In conclusion, obesity-related genotypes could modulate the relationship between MD adherence and adiposity and MetS in European adolescents; the interaction effect was higher in females than in males. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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18 pages, 567 KiB  
Article
Influence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of ELOVL on Biomarkers of Metabolic Alterations in the Mexican Population
by María Luisa Maycotte-Cervantes, Adriana Aguilar-Galarza, Miriam Aracely Anaya-Loyola, Ma. de Lourdes Anzures-Cortes, Lorenza Haddad-Talancón, Akram Sharim Méndez-Rangel, Teresa García-Gasca, Víctor Manuel Rodríguez-García and Ulisses Moreno-Celis
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113389 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2611
Abstract
The elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) is a family of seven enzymes that have specific functions in the synthesis of fatty acids. Some have been shown to be related to insulin secretion (ELOVL2), and in the lipid profile (ELOVL6) and [...] Read more.
The elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) is a family of seven enzymes that have specific functions in the synthesis of fatty acids. Some have been shown to be related to insulin secretion (ELOVL2), and in the lipid profile (ELOVL6) and patients with various pathologies. The present work focused on the study of ELOVL polymorphs with clinical markers of non-communicable chronic diseases in the Mexican population. A sample of 1075 participants was obtained, who underwent clinical, biochemical, and nutritional evaluation, and a genetic evaluation of 91 genetic variants of ELOVL was considered (2–7). The results indicate a 33.16% prevalence of obesity by body mass index, 13.84% prevalence of insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, 7.85% prevalence of high cholesterol, and 20.37% prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. The deprived alleles showed that there is no association between them and clinical disease risk markers, and the notable finding of the association studies is that the ELOVL2 variants are exclusive in men and ELVOL7 in women. There is also a strong association of ELOVL6 with various markers. The present study shows, for the first time, the association between the different ELOVLs and clinical markers of chronic non-communicable diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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14 pages, 1249 KiB  
Article
Polygenetic-Risk Scores for A Glaucoma Risk Interact with Blood Pressure, Glucose Control, and Carbohydrate Intake
by Donghyun Jee, ShaoKai Huang, Suna Kang and Sunmin Park
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3282; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113282 - 26 Oct 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2652
Abstract
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, has multifactorial causes, including environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated genetic risk factors of glaucoma with gene-gene interaction and explored modifications of genetic risk with gene-lifestyles interaction in adults >40 years. The present study included 377 subjects [...] Read more.
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, has multifactorial causes, including environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated genetic risk factors of glaucoma with gene-gene interaction and explored modifications of genetic risk with gene-lifestyles interaction in adults >40 years. The present study included 377 subjects with glaucoma and 47,820 subjects without glaucoma in a large-scale hospital-based cohort study from 2004 to 2013. The presence of glaucoma was evaluated by a diagnostic questionnaire evaluated by a doctor. The genome-wide association study was performed to identify genetic variants associated with glaucoma risk. Food intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. We performed generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis to construct polygenetic-risk score (PRS) and explored gene × nutrient interaction. PRS of the best model included LIM-domain binding protein-2 (LDB2) rs3763969, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (CDKN2B) rs523096, ABO rs2073823, phosphodiesterase-3A (PDE3A) rs12314390, and cadherin 13 (CDH13) rs12449180. Glaucoma risk in the high-PRS group was 3.02 times that in the low-PRS group after adjusting for confounding variables. For those with low serum glucose levels (<126 mg/dL), but not for those with high serum glucose levels, glaucoma risk in the high-PRS group was 3.16 times that in the low-PRS group. In those with high carbohydrate intakes (≥70%), but not in those with low carbohydrate intakes, glaucoma risk was 3.74 times higher in the high-PRS group than in the low-PRS group. The glaucoma risk was 3.87 times higher in the high-PRS group than in the low-PRS group only in a low balanced diet intake. In conclusion, glaucoma risk increased by three-fold in adults with a high PRS, and it can be reduced by good control of serum glucose concentrations and blood pressure (BP) with a balanced diet intake. These results can be applied to precision nutrition to reduce glaucoma risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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26 pages, 6451 KiB  
Article
The Impact of FTO Genetic Variants on Obesity and Its Metabolic Consequences is Dependent on Daily Macronutrient Intake
by Przemyslaw Czajkowski, Edyta Adamska-Patruno, Witold Bauer, Joanna Fiedorczuk, Urszula Krasowska, Monika Moroz, Maria Gorska and Adam Kretowski
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3255; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113255 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4006
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified the various fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genetic variants associated with obesity and its metabolic consequences; however, the impact of dietary factors on these associations remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have identified the various fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genetic variants associated with obesity and its metabolic consequences; however, the impact of dietary factors on these associations remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), daily macronutrient intake, and obesity and its metabolic consequences. From 1549 Caucasian subjects of Polish origin, genotyped for the FTO SNPs (rs3751812, rs8044769, rs8050136, and rs9939609), 819 subjects were selected for gene–diet interaction analysis. Anthropometric measurements were performed and total body fat content and distribution, blood glucose and insulin concentration during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and lipid profile were determined. Macronutrient intake was analyzed based on three-day food records, and daily physical activity levels were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long Form (IPAQ-LF). Our study shows that carriers of the GG genotype of rs3751812 presented lower body weight, body mass index (BMI), total body fat content, and hip and waist circumference and presented lower obesity-related markers if more than 48% of daily energy intake was derived from carbohydrates and lower subcutaneous and visceral fat content when energy intake derived from dietary fat did not exceed 30%. Similar results were observed for rs8050136 CC genotype carriers. We did not notice any significant differences in obesity markers between genotypes of rs8044769, but we did observe a significant impact of diet-gene associations. Body weight and BMI were significantly higher in TT and CT genotype carriers if daily energy intake derived from carbohydrates was less than 48%. Moreover, in TT genotype carriers, we observed higher blood glucose concentration while fasting and during the OGTT test if more than 18% of total energy intake was derived from proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that daily macronutrient intake may modulate the impact of FTO genetic SNPs on obesity and obesity-related metabolic consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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20 pages, 2084 KiB  
Article
Increased Risk of High Body Fat and Altered Lipid Metabolism Associated to Suboptimal Consumption of Vitamin A Is Modulated by Genetic Variants rs5888 (SCARB1), rs1800629 (UCP1) and rs659366 (UCP2)
by Sebastià Galmés, Andreu Palou and Francisca Serra
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092588 - 26 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3572
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an excessive body fat percentage (BF%). Animal and cell studies have shown benefits of vitamin A (VA) on BF% and lipid metabolism, but it is still controversial in humans. Furthermore, although some genetic variants may explain heterogeneity in VA [...] Read more.
Obesity is characterized by an excessive body fat percentage (BF%). Animal and cell studies have shown benefits of vitamin A (VA) on BF% and lipid metabolism, but it is still controversial in humans. Furthermore, although some genetic variants may explain heterogeneity in VA plasma levels, their role in VA metabolic response is still scarcely characterized. This study was designed as a combination of an observational study involving 158 male subjects followed by a study with a well-balanced genotype–phenotype protocol, including in the design an ex vivo intervention study performed on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the 41 former males. This is a strategy to accurately identify the delivery of Precision Nutrition recommendations to targeted subjects. The study assesses the influence of rs5888 (SCARB1), rs659366 (UCP2), and rs1800629 (UCP1) variants on higher BF% associated with suboptimal VA consumption and underlines the cellular mechanisms involved by analyzing basal and retinoic acid (RA) response on PBMC gene expression. Data show that male carriers with the major allele combinations and following suboptimal-VA diet show higher BF% (adjusted ANOVA test p-value = 0.006). Genotype–BF% interaction is observed on oxidative/inflammatory gene expression and also influences lipid related gene expression in response to RA. Data indicate that under suboptimal consumption of VA, carriers of VA responsive variants and with high-BF% show a gene expression profile consistent with an impaired basal metabolic state. The results show the relevance of consuming VA within the required amounts, its impact on metabolism and energy balance, and consequently, on men’s adiposity with a clear influence of genetic variants SCARB1, UCP2 and UCP1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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14 pages, 869 KiB  
Article
Identification of Genetic Factors Underlying the Association between Sodium Intake Habits and Hypertension Risk
by Yu-Jin Kwon, Jung Oh Kim, Jae-Min Park, Ja-Eun Choi, Da-Hyun Park, Youhyun Song, Seong-Jin Kim, Ji-Won Lee and Kyung-Won Hong
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2580; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092580 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3343
Abstract
The role of sodium in hypertension remains unresolved. Although genetic factors have a significant impact on high blood pressure, studies comparing genetic susceptibility between people with low and high sodium diets are lacking. We aimed to investigate the genetic variations related to hypertension [...] Read more.
The role of sodium in hypertension remains unresolved. Although genetic factors have a significant impact on high blood pressure, studies comparing genetic susceptibility between people with low and high sodium diets are lacking. We aimed to investigate the genetic variations related to hypertension according to sodium intake habits in a large Korean population-based study. Data for a total of 57,363 participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Health Examination were analyzed. Sodium intake was measured by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We classified participants according to sodium intake being less than or greater than 2 g/day. We used logistic regression to test single-marker variants for genetic association with a diagnosis of hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, exercise, alcohol, smoking, potassium intake, principal components 1, and principal components 2. Significant associations were defined as p < 5 × 10−8. In participants whose sodium intake was greater than 2 g/day, chromosome 6 open reading frame 10 (C6orf10)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 rs6913309, ring finger protein (RNF)213 rs112735431, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored molecule-like (GML)- cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1(CYP11B1) rs3819496, myosin light chain 2 (MYL2)-cut like homeobox 2 (CUX2) rs12229654, and jagged1 (JAG1) rs1887320 were significantly associated with hypertension. In participants whose intake was less than 2 g/day, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 6(EML6) rs67617923 was significantly associated with hypertension. Genetic susceptibility associated with hypertension differed according to sodium intake. Identifying gene variants that contribute to the dependence of hypertension on sodium intake status could make possible more individualized nutritional recommendations for preventing cardiovascular diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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14 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Polymorphism of CLOCK Gene rs3749474 as a Modulator of the Circadian Evening Carbohydrate Intake Impact on Nutritional Status in an Adult Sample
by Marina Camblor Murube, Elena Borregon-Rivilla, Gonzalo Colmenarejo, Elena Aguilar-Aguilar, J. Alfredo Martínez, Ana Ramírez De Molina, Guillermo Reglero and Viviana Loria-Kohen
Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1142; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12041142 - 19 Apr 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3549
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of energy intake and macronutrients consumption throughout the day, and how its effect on nutritional status can be modulated by the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene in the Cantoblanco [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of energy intake and macronutrients consumption throughout the day, and how its effect on nutritional status can be modulated by the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene in the Cantoblanco Platform for Nutritional Genomics (“GENYAL Platform”). This cross-sectional study was carried out on 898 volunteers between 18 and 69 years old (65.5% women). Anthropometric measurements, social issues and health, dietary, biochemical, genetic, and physical activity data were collected. Subsequently, 21 statistical interaction models were designed to predict the body mass index (BMI) considering seven dietary variables analyzed by three genetic models (adjusted by age, sex, and physical activity). The average BMI was 26.9 ± 4.65 kg/m2, 62.14% presented an excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). A significant interaction was observed between the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism and the evening carbohydrate intake (% of the total daily energy intake [%TEI]) (adjusted p = 0.046), when predicting the BMI. Participants carrying TT/CT genotype showed a positive association between the evening carbohydrate intake (%TEI) and BMI (β = 0.3379, 95% CI = (0.1689,0.5080)) and (β = 0.1529, 95% CI = (−0.0164,0.3227)), respectively, whereas the wild type allele (CC) showed a negative association (β = −0.0321, 95% CI = (−0.1505,0.0862)). No significant interaction with the remaining model variables was identified. New dietary strategies may be implemented to schedule the circadian distribution of macronutrients according to the genotype. Clinical Trial number: NCT04067921. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 603 KiB  
Review
Innovations in Infant Feeding: Future Challenges and Opportunities in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease
by Julio Alvarez-Pitti, Ana de Blas and Empar Lurbe
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113508 - 14 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
The field of nutrition in early life, as an effective tool to prevent and treat chronic diseases, has attracted a large amount of interest over recent years. The vital roles of food products and nutrients on the body’s molecular mechanisms have been demonstrated. [...] Read more.
The field of nutrition in early life, as an effective tool to prevent and treat chronic diseases, has attracted a large amount of interest over recent years. The vital roles of food products and nutrients on the body’s molecular mechanisms have been demonstrated. The knowledge of the mechanisms and the possibility of controlling them via what we eat has opened up the field of precision nutrition, which aims to set dietary strategies in order to improve health with the greatest effectiveness. However, this objective is achieved only if the genetic profile of individuals and their living conditions are also considered. The relevance of this topic is strengthened considering the importance of nutrition during childhood and the impact on the development of obesity. In fact, the prevalence of global childhood obesity has increased substantially from 1990 and has now reached epidemic proportions. The current narrative review presents recent research on precision nutrition and its role on the prevention and treatment of obesity during pediatric years, a novel and promising area of research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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20 pages, 307 KiB  
Review
Insulin Resistance in Obese Children: What Can Metabolomics and Adipokine Modelling Contribute?
by Francisco J. Rupérez, Gabriel Á. Martos-Moreno, David Chamoso-Sánchez, Coral Barbas and Jesús Argente
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3310; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12113310 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2702
Abstract
The evolution of obesity and its resulting comorbidities differs depending upon the age of the subject. The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has resulted in specific needs in defining obesity-associated entities with this disease. Indeed, even the definition of obesity differs for pediatric [...] Read more.
The evolution of obesity and its resulting comorbidities differs depending upon the age of the subject. The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has resulted in specific needs in defining obesity-associated entities with this disease. Indeed, even the definition of obesity differs for pediatric patients from that employed in adults. Regardless of age, one of the earliest metabolic complications observed in obesity involves perturbations in glucose metabolism that can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. In children, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is infrequent compared to that observed in adults, even with the same degree of obesity. In contrast, insulin resistance is reported to be frequently observed in children and adolescents with obesity. As this condition can be prerequisite to further metabolic complications, identification of biological markers as predictive risk factors would be of tremendous clinical utility. Analysis of obesity-induced modifications of the adipokine profile has been one classic approach in the identification of biomarkers. Recent studies emphasize the utility of metabolomics in the analysis of metabolic characteristics in children with obesity with or without insulin resistance. These studies have been performed with targeted or untargeted approaches, employing different methodologies. This review summarizes some of the advances in this field while emphasizing the importance of the different techniques employed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
28 pages, 1182 KiB  
Review
Associations between Genotype–Diet Interactions and Weight Loss—A Systematic Review
by Sandra Bayer, Vincent Winkler, Hans Hauner and Christina Holzapfel
Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2891; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu12092891 - 22 Sep 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6057
Abstract
Studies on the interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and macronutrient consumption on weight loss are rare and heterogeneous. This review aimed to conduct a systematic literature search to investigate genotype–diet interactions on weight loss. Four databases were searched with keywords on genetics, [...] Read more.
Studies on the interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and macronutrient consumption on weight loss are rare and heterogeneous. This review aimed to conduct a systematic literature search to investigate genotype–diet interactions on weight loss. Four databases were searched with keywords on genetics, nutrition, and weight loss (PROSPERO: CRD42019139571). Articles in languages other than English and trials investigating special groups (e.g., pregnant women, people with severe diseases) were excluded. In total, 20,542 articles were identified, and, after removal of duplicates and further screening steps, 27 articles were included. Eligible articles were based on eight trials with 91 SNPs in 63 genetic loci. All articles examined the interaction between genotype and macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein) on the extent of weight loss. However, in most cases, the interaction results were not significant and represented single findings that lack replication. The publications most frequently analyzed genotype–fat intake interaction on weight loss. Since the majority of interactions were not significant and not replicated, a final evaluation of the genotype–diet interactions on weight loss was not possible. In conclusion, no evidence was found that genotype–diet interaction is a main determinant of obesity treatment success, but this needs to be addressed in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition)
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