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Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 16432

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. John A. Batsis

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Guest Editor

Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Interests: geriatrics; physical function; obesity; sarcopenia; epidemiology; clinical trials; technology; body composition

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aging population is affected by the ongoing public health epidemic of obesity, with rates exceeding 40% in developed nations. Lifestyle measures over the course of an individual’s lifespan lead to incident functional impairment, frailty, nursing home placement, and death. The loss of muscle mass, strength and function, termed sarcopenia, is a natural phenomenon associated with the aging process that is known to also lead to similar outcomes; this can also occur after hospitalization or acute illness. The coexistence of these two disorders, sarcopenic obesity, is believed to lead to synergistically worse outcomes as compared to either condition individually. While the definition of sarcopenic obesity continues to be debated, it is clear that additional epidemiological and clinical trial data are needed to better understand this important pathophysiological relationship and the importance of treating this entity. We are seeking manuscripts across the translational spectrum related to sarcopenic obesity—specifically looking at biological variables, epidemiological associations, and long-term clinical outcomes as a result of multicomponent interventions. These may be full-length manuscripts, systematic reviews, clinical reviews, and other potential manuscript-types relevant to this topic. Of special interest will be contributions focusing on the importance of diet in the development of sarcopenic obesity and the impact of diet on relevant outcomes in this population.

Prof. Dr. John A. Batsis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Sarcopenia
Obesity
Functional status
Epidemiology
Outcomes
Geriatrics

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Oral Hypofunction, and Protein Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study in Local Community-Dwelling Adults

by Keitaro Nishi, Hiroaki Kanouchi, Akihiko Tanaka, Maya Nakamura, Tomofumi Hamada, Yumiko Mishima, Yuichi Goto, Kenichi Kume, Mahiro Beppu, Hiroshi Hijioka, Hiroaki Tabata, Kazuki Mori, Yoshinori Uchino, Kouta Yamashiro, Yoshiaki Matsumura, Yutaro Higashi, Hyuma Makizako, Takuro Kubozono, Toshihiro Takenaka, Mitsuru Ohishi and Tsuyoshi Sugiura Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13124377 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3825

Abstract

Few studies have investigated the relationship between nutritional status and comprehensive assessment of oral hypofunction, especially protein intake-related sarcopenia. Thus, we explored these relationships in a large-scale cross-sectional cohort study using the seven-item evaluation for oral hypofunction and Diet History Questionnaire for nutritional assessment. We used the data from 1004 individuals who participated in the 2019 health survey of the residents of Tarumizu City, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan for analysis. We found that individuals with oral hypofunction were significantly older with a lower skeletal muscle index. Although there were few foods that had a significant difference between the groups with and without oral hypofunction, the consumption of beans and meats was significantly lower in women and men in the oral hypofunction group, respectively. According to the lower limit of the tentative dietary goal defined in Japan, comprehensive evaluation of oral hypofunction was significantly and independently associated with protein intake in both men and women (odds ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.35). In conclusion, we found that oral hypofunction was associated with targeted protein intake for sarcopenia and frailty prevention in middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults. Comprehensive evaluation of oral function with intervention in cases of hypofunction could inform clinicians to better prevent sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes)

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14 pages, 12689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Dietary Macronutrient Patterns to Predict Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Representative Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study

by Jun-Hyuk Lee, Hye-Min Park and Yong-Jae Lee

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4031; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13114031 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2252

Abstract

Older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO) are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. It has not been identified which pattern of macronutrient intake is appropriate in relation to SO. We aimed to compare the patterns of macronutrient intake for predicting SO in older adults. Data from a total of 3828 older adults who participated in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The one-day 24 h dietary recall method was used to assess macronutrient intake. SO was defined by a combination of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m² and BMI adjusted-appendicular skeletal muscle mass <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women. Weighted logistic regression analysis revealed the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for SO of total calorie intake per 100 increments and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g/kg/day) per 1 increment to be 0.95 (0.91–0.99) and 0.83 (0.74–0.94), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables in women. The predictive power for SO of CHO intake (g/kg/day) was higher compared with the other patterns of macronutrient intake both in men and women. In conclusion, total calorie intake and CHO intake (g/kg/day) are inversely related to SO in women. CHO intake (g/kg/day) could be the best index for determining SO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes)

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14 pages, 5238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sarcopenic Obesity and Its Confounders on Knee Range of Motion Outcome after Total Knee Replacement in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Study

by Chun-De Liao, Shih-Wei Huang, Yu-Yun Huang and Che-Li Lin

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3817; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113817 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and has high risk of total knee replacement (TKR). In addition, poor nutrition status may lead to sarcopenia and physical frailty in KOA and is negatively associated with surgery outcome after TKR. This study investigated the effects of sarcopenic obesity and its confounding factors on recovery in range of motion (ROM) after total knee replacement (TKR) in older adults with KOA. A total of 587 older adults, aged ≥60 years, who had a diagnosis of KOA and underwent TKR, were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Sarcopenia and obesity were defined based on cutoff values of appendicular mass index and body mass index for Asian people. Based on the sarcopenia and obesity definitions, patients were classified into three body-composition groups before TKR: sarcopenic-obese, obese, and non-obese. All patients were asked to attend postoperative outpatient follow-up admissions. Knee flexion ROM was measured before and after surgery. A ROM cutoff of 125 degrees was used to identify poor recovery post-surgery. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis was performed to measure the probability of poor ROM recovery among study groups. Cox multivariate regression models were established to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) of postoperative poor ROM recovery, using potential confounding factors including age, sex, comorbidity, risk of malnutrition, preoperative ROM, and outpatient follow-up duration as covariates. Analyses results showed that patients in the obese and sarcopenic-obese groups had a higher probability of poor ROM recovery compared to the non-obese group (all p < 0.001). Among all body-composition groups, the sarcopenic-obese group yielded the highest risk of postoperative physical difficulty (adjusted HR = 1.63, p = 0.03), independent to the potential confounding factors. Sarcopenic obesity is likely at the high risk of poor ROM outcome following TKR in older individuals with KOA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes)

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13 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Sarcopenic Obesity in German Nursing Home Residents—The Role of Body Composition and Malnutrition in the BaSAlt Cohort-Study

by Daniel Haigis, Leon Matting, Silas Wagner, Gorden Sudeck, Annika Frahsa, Ansgar Thiel, Gerhard Eschweiler and Andreas Michael Nieß

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3791; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13113791 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a phenotype, which is defined by reduced muscle strength, muscle mass, and obesity. Limited mobility leads to increased sedentary behavior and decreased physical activity. Both sarcopenia and obesity are aggravated by these factors. In combination, SO is an additional challenge for the setting nursing home (NH). Previous studies have shown a low prevalence of residents with SO in comparable settings, such as community-dwelling. We hypothesize that the BaSAlt cohort also has a small proportion of residents with SO. Methods: For the analysis, 66 residents (women: 74.2%) aged ≥ 65 years from NH, were screened for SO based on EWGSOP2 specifications and cut-off values to classify obesity. Results: Severe sarcopenia was quantified in eleven residents (16.7%). The majority of sarcopenic residents were women (n = 10) compared to men (n = 1). However, no SO could be identified by assessment of body mass index, fat mass in percentage, and fat mass index. Conclusion: As expected, the setting-specific cohort showed a low number of SO. Furthermore, no case of SO was identified in our study. Sarcopenia was associated with an increased fat-free mass in NH residents. Nevertheless, sarcopenia and obesity play important roles in the preservation of residents’ health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes)

Review

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15 pages, 2138 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multimodal Diagnostic Approaches to Advance Precision Medicine in Sarcopenia and Frailty

by David H. Lynch, Hillary B. Spangler, Jason R. Franz, Rebecca L. Krupenevich, Hoon Kim, Daniel Nissman, Janet Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Li, Susan Sumner and John A. Batsis

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu14071384 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4027

Abstract

Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function with aging, is a geriatric syndrome with important implications for patients and healthcare systems. Sarcopenia increases the risk of clinical decompensation when faced with physiological stressors and increases vulnerability, termed frailty. Sarcopenia develops due to inflammatory, hormonal, and myocellular changes in response to physiological and pathological aging, which promote progressive gains in fat mass and loss of lean mass and muscle strength. Progression of these pathophysiological changes can lead to sarcopenic obesity and physical frailty. These syndromes independently increase the risk of adverse patient outcomes including hospitalizations, long-term care placement, mortality, and decreased quality of life. This risk increases substantially when these syndromes co-exist. While there is evidence suggesting that the progression of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and frailty can be slowed or reversed, the adoption of broad-based screening or interventions has been slow to implement. Factors contributing to slow implementation include the lack of cost-effective, timely bedside diagnostics and interventions that target fundamental biological processes. This paper describes how clinical, radiographic, and biological data can be used to evaluate older adults with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and to further the understanding of the mechanisms leading to declines in physical function and frailty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sarcopenic Obesity: Impact on Diet on Clinical and Biological Outcomes)

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