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Pathogens
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2022) | Viewed by 15183

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Giulia Franzoni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
Interests: ASFV; CSFV; porcine macrophages; porcine dendritic cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jane Edwards

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Immunology, Preventing and Controlling Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
Interests: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) immunology; viral immunology; dendritic cells; B cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The porcine innate immune system provides a first line of defense against pathogens and is critical in promoting the development of acquired immunity. Innate immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, are located at portals of pathogen entry where they respond to invading antigens. In addition to secretion of IFNs, these cells are equipped with pathogen-recognition receptors essential for detection and triggering increased uptake, processing and presentation of antigens to the adaptive immune system. NK and gd-T cells contribute to innate immunity through cytotoxic activity. Their activation/inhibition by viruses might be crucial, considering they represent 50% and 10% of the total porcine peripheral blood lymphocyte population, respectively. B and T lymphocytes (CD4−CD8ahigh, CD4+CD8alow, CD4+CD8a−) form the effector cells of the adaptive immune system and contribute to host antiviral responses through secretion of neutralising antibody and cytokines, respectively. Several viruses have developed mechanisms to outpace innate immune defenses, thereby avoiding the adaptive immune system in order to efficiently replicate in the host. This Special Issue of Pathogens is calling for research articles, review articles and short communications related to innate or adaptive immunity against porcine viruses. We look forward to your contribution.

Dr. Giulia Franzoni
Dr. Jane Edwards
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Porcine Viruses
  • Immunity
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • NK
  • γδ-T cells
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • IFN

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1222 KiB  
Article
Analyses of the Impact of Immunosuppressive Cytokines on Porcine Macrophage Responses and Susceptibility to Infection to African Swine Fever Viruses
by Giulia Franzoni, Susanna Zinellu, Tania Carta, Chiara Grazia De Ciucis, Floriana Fruscione, Antonio Anfossi, Mauro Ledda, Simon P. Graham, Silvia Dei Giudici, Elisabetta Razzuoli and Annalisa Oggiano
Pathogens 2022, 11(2), 166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11020166 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3095
Abstract
African swine fever viruses (ASFV), currently a serious threat to the global pig industry, primarily target porcine macrophages. Macrophages are characterized by their remarkable plasticity, being able to modify their phenotype and functions in response to diverse stimuli. Since IL-10 and TGF-β polarize [...] Read more.
African swine fever viruses (ASFV), currently a serious threat to the global pig industry, primarily target porcine macrophages. Macrophages are characterized by their remarkable plasticity, being able to modify their phenotype and functions in response to diverse stimuli. Since IL-10 and TGF-β polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, we analyzed their impact on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages’ (moMΦ) susceptibility to infection and their responses to two genotype I ASFV strains, virulent 26544/OG10 and attenuated NH/P68. At a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), NH/P68, but not 26544/OG10, presented a higher ability to infect moM(IL-10) compared to moMΦ and moM(TGF-β), but no differences were appreciated at a higher MOI. Both strains replicated efficiently in all moMΦ subsets, with no differences at later times post-infection. Both strains downregulated CD14 and CD16 expression on moMΦ, irrespective of the activation status. ASFV’s modulation of CD163 and MHC II DR expression and cytokine responses to NH/P68 or 26544/OG10 ASFV were not affected by either IL-10 or TGF-β pre-treatment. Our results revealed little impact of these anti-inflammatory cytokines on moMΦ interaction with ASFV, which likely reflects the ability of the virus to effectively modulate macrophage responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses)
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Review

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22 pages, 1016 KiB  
Review
Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections
by Alexander Schäfer, Giulia Franzoni, Christopher L. Netherton, Luise Hartmann, Sandra Blome and Ulrike Blohm
Pathogens 2022, 11(2), 274; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11020274 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4630
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell responses are impacted by the infection as well. The complex responses remain not well understood, and, consequently, there is no commercially available vaccine. Here, we review the current knowledge about the induction of antiviral T cell responses by cells of the myeloid lineage, as well as T cell responses in infected animals, recent efforts in vaccine research, and T cell epitopes present in ASFV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses)
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33 pages, 739 KiB  
Review
The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects
by Elisabetta Razzuoli, Federico Armando, Livia De Paolis, Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz and Massimo Amadori
Pathogens 2022, 11(2), 175; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11020175 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3096
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a [...] Read more.
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses)
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17 pages, 1238 KiB  
Review
Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward
by Massimo Amadori, Valeria Listorti and Elisabetta Razzuoli
Pathogens 2021, 10(9), 1073; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10091073 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3362
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still severely affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs [...] Read more.
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still severely affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs in veterinary virology and immunology. The clinical and economic repercussions of PRRS are based on concomitant, additive features of the virus pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and the influence of environmental, microbial, and non-microbial stressors. This makes a case for integrated, multi-disciplinary research efforts, in which the three types of contributing factors are critically evaluated toward the development of successful disease control strategies. These efforts could be significantly eased by the definition of reliable markers of disease risk and virus pathogenicity. As for the host’s susceptibility to PRRSV infection and disease onset, the roles of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are still ill-defined. In particular, the overt discrepancy between passive and active immunity and the uncertain role of adaptive immunity vis-à-vis established PRRSV infection should prompt the scientific community to develop novel research schemes, in which apparently divergent and contradictory findings could be reconciled and eventually brought into a satisfactory conceptual framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate and Adaptive Immunity against Porcine Viruses)
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