Diseases of Insect Pollinators

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 January 2024) | Viewed by 10447

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The decline of pollinators is an important phenomenon, diffused worldwide, resulting in much ecological damage. The causes of this decline, continuously studied by researchers, are linked to habitat loss, climatic change, pesticides, parasites, and diseases. The spread of pathogens alone plays a key role in the decline of pollinators. The circulation of pathogens could occur by different routes: horizontally (via flowers, pollen, or direct contact) and vertically.

To date, the pathogens most commonly found in pollinators are those with honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a reservoir. Their spread, from the hives to the environment, is one of the most common threats to pollinating insects, with effects on their reproduction. In addition, the main pathogens of bumblebees (Bombus sp.) are also widespread in other pollinators. Thanks to modern testing techniques, viruses specific to certain genera (e.g., Andrena sp.) have also recently been identified, the spread of which is unknown or little known.

This Special Issue aims to explore the diseases of insect pollinators through a series of research articles, reviews, or case reports focused on different aspects of their health, including the discovery of new pathogens, the effects of pathogens on pollinator comminutes, spillover events, and the interaction with invasive species.

Dr. Giovanni Cilia
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • insect pollinators
  • wild bees
  • pathogens
  • viruses
  • spillover
  • host-pathogen interaction
  • bumblebee
  • honey bee
  • infectious disease
  • ecology

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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13 pages, 2766 KiB  
Article
The Ascosphaera apis Infection (Chalkbrood Disease) Alters the Gut Bacteriome Composition of the Honeybee
by Dae Yoon Kim, Soohyun Maeng, Sung-Jin Cho, Hui Jin Park, Kyungsu Kim, Jae Kwon Lee and Sathiyaraj Srinivasan
Pathogens 2023, 12(5), 734; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens12050734 - 19 May 2023
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Abstract
The declining honeybee populations are a significant risk to the productivity and security of agriculture worldwide. Although there are many causes of these declines, parasites are a significant one. Disease glitches in honeybees have been identified in recent years and increasing attention has [...] Read more.
The declining honeybee populations are a significant risk to the productivity and security of agriculture worldwide. Although there are many causes of these declines, parasites are a significant one. Disease glitches in honeybees have been identified in recent years and increasing attention has been paid to addressing the issue. Between 30% and 40% of all managed honeybee colonies in the USA have perished annually over the past few years. American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) have been reported as bacterial diseases, Nosema as a protozoan disease, and Chalkbrood and Stonebrood as fungal diseases. The study aims to compare the bacterial community related to the Nosema ceranae and Ascosphaera apis infection on the gut of the honeybee and compare it with the weakly active honeybees. The Nosema-infected honeybees contain the phyla Proteobacteria as the significantly dominant bacterial phyla, similar to the weakly active honeybees. In contrast, the Ascosphaera (Chalkbrood) infected honeybee contains large amounts of Firmicutes rather than Proteobacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of Insect Pollinators)
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22 pages, 8563 KiB  
Article
Antagonistic Activity of Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria against Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Pathogens
by Aleksandra Leska, Adriana Nowak, Justyna Szulc, Ilona Motyl and Karolina Henryka Czarnecka-Chrebelska
Pathogens 2022, 11(11), 1367; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11111367 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4706
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an essential part of the microbiota of the digestive tract of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Antagonistic activity of 103 LAB strains (isolates from different environments) against 21 honeybee pathogens/opportunistic pathogens (with agar slab method) was screened. The [...] Read more.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are an essential part of the microbiota of the digestive tract of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Antagonistic activity of 103 LAB strains (isolates from different environments) against 21 honeybee pathogens/opportunistic pathogens (with agar slab method) was screened. The growth of Paenibacillus genus was inhibited to the most extent. The highest antagonistic activity was demonstrated by Lacticaseibacillus casei 12AN, while the lowest by Apilactobacillus kunkeei DSM 12361, a species naturally inhabiting the honeybee gut. LAB isolated from the honeybee environment demonstrated stronger antagonism against pathogens than collection strains. The antagonistic activity of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from 24 LAB strains against 7 honeybee pathogens was additionally assessed at physiological pH with the microtitration method. The same was determined for selected CFSs at neutralized pH. CFSs with physiological pH showed significantly stronger antibacterial activity than CFSs with neutralized pH. The results confirmed that the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of LAB is acidification of the environment. The obtained results may, in the future, contribute to a better understanding of the antagonistic properties of LAB and the construction of a probiotic preparation to increase the viability of honeybee colonies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of Insect Pollinators)
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19 pages, 1796 KiB  
Systematic Review
Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Insect Pathogens: Implications for Plant Reproduction
by Wilnelia Recart, Rover Bernhard, Isabella Ng, Katherine Garcia and Arietta E. Fleming-Davies
Pathogens 2023, 12(2), 347; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens12020347 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, [...] Read more.
Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, potentially altering resource allocation to plant reproduction. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) summarize the literature on the effects of pathogens on insect pollinators and herbivores and (2) quantify the extent to which pathogens affect insect traits, with potential repercussions for plant reproduction. We found 39 articles that fit our criteria for inclusion, extracting 218 measures of insect traits for 21 different insect species exposed to 25 different pathogens. We detected a negative effect of pathogen exposure on insect traits, which varied by host function: pathogens had a significant negative effect on insects that were herbivores or carried multiple functions but not on insects that solely functioned as pollinators. Particular pathogen types were heavily studied in certain insect orders, with 7 of 11 viral pathogen studies conducted in Lepidoptera and 5 of 9 fungal pathogen studies conducted in Hymenoptera. Our results suggest that most studies have focused on a small set of host–pathogen pairs. To understand the implications for plant reproduction, future work is needed to directly measure the effects of pathogens on pollinator effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of Insect Pollinators)
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