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Pathogens
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Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses
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Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 11304

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Masashi OKAMURA

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Section of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Interests: salmonellosis; campylobacteriosis; pathogenesis; virulence; on-farm interventions; public health risks

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Production and consumption of poultry and related food products, including table eggs, have been increasing, because poultry offers high-efficiency feed conversion, intensive farming, and no religious restrictions on consumption. Poultry now serves as the primary source of animal-derived protein for humans worldwide. The egg of the chicken is known as a completely balanced food, since it can grow an embryo inside its shell without any exogenous nutrition. At the same time, poultry meat and eggs have been the vectors for food-borne zoonoses such as human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, for decades. Countermeasures against these food-borne zoonoses should be taken to encompass the whole food chain, including on-farm control. It seems that Salmonella egg contamination and the related human salmonellosis have been decreasing successfully due to the vaccination of layer flocks and the hygiene control of farms. This Special Issue will discuss the extent and routes of the contamination of poultry flocks/carcasses/products, the infection/colonization machanisms in poultry, and the intervention strategies.

We also cover the well-known zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, and the potential hazards for avian and food-borne pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Listeria, in this Issue. Research on the potential risks to public health posed by use of antibiotics in farms is also of interest, and we welcome such reviews/research articles.

Dr. Masashi OKAMURA
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • salmonella
  • campylobacter
  • staphylococcus
  • listeria
  • food chain
  • pathogenesis/colonization in poultry/humans
  • meat and eggs
  • drug resistance
  • intervention strategy

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1626 KiB  
Article
Salmonella enterica Serovar Minnesota Biofilms, Susceptibility to Biocides, and Molecular Characterization
by Roberta Torres de Melo, Taciano dos Reis Cardoso, Phelipe Augusto Borba Martins Peres, Raquelline Figueiredo Braz, Guilherme Paz Monteiro and Daise Aparecida Rossi
Pathogens 2021, 10(5), 581; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10050581 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
The presence of virulence genes, phylogenetic relationships, biofilm formation index (BFI), and ultrastructure in S. Minnesota at different temperatures (4, 25, and 36 °C) were analyzed. In addition, the ability of biocidal agents (chlorhexidine1%, sodium hypochlorite 1%, and peracetic acid 0.8%) to inhibit [...] Read more.
The presence of virulence genes, phylogenetic relationships, biofilm formation index (BFI), and ultrastructure in S. Minnesota at different temperatures (4, 25, and 36 °C) were analyzed. In addition, the ability of biocidal agents (chlorhexidine1%, sodium hypochlorite 1%, and peracetic acid 0.8%) to inhibit biofilms formed by 20 strains isolated from broiler slaughter plants from two Brazilian companies in 2009, 2010, and 2014 was determined. The presence of specific genes was evaluated by PCR and phylogeny between strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The BFI was determined using tryptone soy broth with 5% of chicken juice, and its structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of specific genes indicated that S. Minnesota has the potential to cause disease in humans, adapting to adverse conditions. Temperatures of 25 and 36 °C favored biofilm formation, although at 4 °C, there was still biomass that could contaminate the final product. Tolerance to all biocides was identified in 12/20 (60%), representing a real risk of adaptation mechanisms development, especially regarding to resistance to sodium hypochlorite. Phylogenetic analysis indicated cross-contamination and spread among companies, which was probably related to biofilms formation. Results show the necessity of attention to this serovar considering its resistance to sodium hypochlorite, including the need for rigorous control, adopting low temperatures to prevent biofilms formation in the poultry industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses)
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15 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates on Chickens Processed and Retailed at Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa
by Thelma M. Mokgophi, Nomakorinte Gcebe, Folorunso Fasina and Abiodun A. Adesiyun
Pathogens 2021, 10(3), 273; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10030273 - 01 Mar 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2733
Abstract
The study determined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella on chickens processed and retailed at outlets of the informal markets in Gauteng province, South Africa. The study also investigated the relationship of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella to the source and type of samples and [...] Read more.
The study determined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella on chickens processed and retailed at outlets of the informal markets in Gauteng province, South Africa. The study also investigated the relationship of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella to the source and type of samples and their serotypes. Carcass swabs, cloacal swabs and carcass drips were randomly collected from each of 151 slaughtered chickens from six townships. Isolation and identification were performed using standard and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the resistance of Salmonella isolates to 16 antimicrobial agents and PCR to determine their serovars. Ninety-eight (64.9%) of the 151 chickens were contaminated with Salmonella of which 94.9% (93/98) were resistant serovars. The frequency of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates was high to erythromycin (94.9%) and spectinomycin (82.7%) but was low to ciprofloxacin (1.0%) and norfloxacin (1.0%) (p < 0.05). All 170 isolates of Salmonella tested exhibited resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents and the frequency varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the townships, the type of samples and the serovars. The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella was 81.8% (139/170). Our findings pose zoonotic, food safety and therapeutic risks to workers and consumers of undercooked, contaminated chickens from these outlets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses)
14 pages, 3640 KiB  
Article
First Report of Genetic Variability of Erysipelothrix sp. Strain 2 in Turkeys Associated to Vero Cells Morphometric Alteration
by Thais Fernanda Martins dos Reis, Patrícia Giovana Hoepers, Phelipe Augusto Borba Martins Peres, Eliane Pereira Mendonça, Paula Fernanda de Sousa Braga, Marcelo Emilio Beletti, Daise Aparecida Rossi, Ana Laura Grazziotin, Luiz Ricardo Goulart and Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 141; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10020141 - 01 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2375
Abstract
Erysipelas is a disease caused by the Erysipelothrix genus, whose main species is the E. rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. We isolated Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2 (ES2) from turkey’s organs during an outbreak in Brazilian commercial and [...] Read more.
Erysipelas is a disease caused by the Erysipelothrix genus, whose main species is the E. rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of animal erysipelas and human erysipeloid. We isolated Erysipelothrix sp. strain 2 (ES2) from turkey’s organs during an outbreak in Brazilian commercial and breeder flocks with sepsis and high mortality levels. We studied 18 flocks, accounting for 182 samples, being eight flocks (84 samples) as ES2 positive with individuals demonstrating clinical symptoms and high mortality. We obtained the genetic variability of 19 samples with PFGE and found two clones, both from the same flock but different samples, and two clusters. Interestingly, we found 15 strains with high genetic variability among and within flocks. We have found a positive association between the proximity of ES2 positive turkey flocks and commercial swine sites through epidemiological analysis. We infected Vero cells with two different isolates and three distinct concentrations of ES2. After performing the morphometry, we recorded enlargement of the nucleus and nucleolus. Moreover, we performed fluorescence assays that resulted in apoptotic and necrotic cells. We demonstrated that ES2 could multiply in the extracellular medium and invade and survive inside Vero cells. For the first time, our finds show that ES2 may have similar behavior as E. rhusiopathiae as a facultative intracellular microorganism, which may represent a hazard for humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses)
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15 pages, 2795 KiB  
Article
Application of a Novel Lytic Podoviridae Phage Pu20 for Biological Control of Drug-Resistant Salmonella in Liquid Eggs
by Yu Zhang, Yifeng Ding, Wanning Li, Wenjuan Zhu, Jia Wang and Xiaohong Wang
Pathogens 2021, 10(1), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens10010034 - 04 Jan 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3114
Abstract
Salmonella is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen. Among them, S. pullorum is a host-specific pathogen that seriously affects the development of the poultry breeding industry in China. It mainly infects chickens and can cause white scabs, and the mortality rate after infection is [...] Read more.
Salmonella is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen. Among them, S. pullorum is a host-specific pathogen that seriously affects the development of the poultry breeding industry in China. It mainly infects chickens and can cause white scabs, and the mortality rate after infection is almost 100%. As antibiotics are widely used in animal feed and other production processes, Salmonella resistance has gradually increased. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop new technologies to control multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens and confirm their actual effectiveness in the target food matrix. Bacteriophage can efficiently and specifically lyse bacteria, and will be a potential bactericide to replace antibiotics. In this study, 34 strains of Salmonella bacteriophages were isolated from environmental resources. Therein, phage Pu20 with the widest host spectrum had the strongest ability to lyse tested Salmonella strains. Further studies showed that Pu20 had high pH tolerance and heat resistance, short incubation period. Pu20 can effectively inhibit the growth of two strains of MDR Salmonella in liquid egg white and yolk at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. According to morphological and phylogenetic analysis, Pu20 belongs to the Podoviridae family. Genomic analysis of Pu20 indicates a linear 59435 bp dsDNA sequence with no homology to virulence or antibiotic resistance-related genes. Together, these results sheds light on the potential biocontrol application value of Pu20 in food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian and Food-Borne Zoonoses)
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