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Pathogens
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Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections
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Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitic Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 14603

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giusto Trevisan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy
Interests: Lyme borreliosis; tick-borne infections; Adamantiades–Behçet disease; dermatomyositis; melanoma
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maurizio Ruscio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), 34127 Trieste, Italy
Interests: lyme borreliosis; cocid-19
Dr. Patrizia Forgione

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Federico II University of Napoli, Naples, Italy
Interests: lyme borreliosis; lepra

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Borreliae Lyme Group are usually organotropic, however there is a spirochaetemic variant (Borrelia mayonii), and it is of interest on how to classify the Brazilian variant (Baggio Yoshinari Syndrome).

Laboratory diagnostics currently have limitations, linked to the high number of Lyme Borreliae species, and its epitopes (especially in Europe), and to the ability of these tests to identify cases with symptoms, in which Borrelia is still present or not. New tests are currently being developed, which probably are / will be able to improve these diagnostic aspects: in particular the Chimeric proteins, the Gamma-Interferon of Borrelia and the identification of specific Peptides, and of Multitest, which allow to test Borrelia at the same time and the Coinfections.

Another important aspect is Lyme in pregnancy and the role of some Co-infections. In the literature, there are some reports on the role of co-infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia sp. and TBE in pregnancy.

Prof. Dr. Giusto Trevisan
Prof. Dr. Maurizio Ruscio
Dr. Patrizia Forgione
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lyme disease
  • borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato
  • chimeric proteins
  • Gamma-Interferon
  • pathogen specific peptides
  • anaplasma phagocytophilum
  • Babesia sp.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 538 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Telemedicine in the Diagnosis of Erythema Migrans during the COVID Pandemic: A Comparison with In-Person Diagnosis in the Pre-COVID Era
by Giusto Trevisan, Katiuscia Nan, Nicola di Meo and Serena Bonin
Pathogens 2022, 11(10), 1122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11101122 - 29 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5083
Abstract
Background: Erythema migrans (EM) is the hallmark manifestation of the Lyme borreliosis (LB), and therefore its presence and recognition are sufficient to make a diagnosis and to start proper antibiotic treatment to attempt to eradicate the infection. Methods: In this study we compared [...] Read more.
Background: Erythema migrans (EM) is the hallmark manifestation of the Lyme borreliosis (LB), and therefore its presence and recognition are sufficient to make a diagnosis and to start proper antibiotic treatment to attempt to eradicate the infection. Methods: In this study we compared the clinical data of 439 patients who presented an EM either according to the diagnostic modality through physical assessment or through telemedicine. Conclusions: Our data clearly show that telemedicine for EM diagnosis is useful as it enables prompt administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy, which is critical to avoid complications, especially for neurologic and articular entities. Therefore, telemedicine is a tool that could be adopted for the diagnosis of Lyme disease both by specialized centers but also by general practitioners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections)
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11 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
Molecular Prevalence of Selected Tick-Borne Pathogens in Dermacentor reticulatus Collected in a Natural Park in Italy
by Luca Villa, Sergio Aurelio Zanzani, Michele Mortarino, Alessia Libera Gazzonis, Emanuela Olivieri and Maria Teresa Manfredi
Pathogens 2022, 11(8), 887; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11080887 - 08 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1535
Abstract
Dermacentor reticulatus is one of the most important vectors of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in Europe causing diseases in animals and humans. A longitudinal study was planned, aimed to detect the molecular prevalence of tick-borne pathogens, i.e., Babesia spp. and the spotted fever group [...] Read more.
Dermacentor reticulatus is one of the most important vectors of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in Europe causing diseases in animals and humans. A longitudinal study was planned, aimed to detect the molecular prevalence of tick-borne pathogens, i.e., Babesia spp. and the spotted fever group Rickettsiae, and its seasonal variation in D. reticulatus questing ticks to define the temporal infection risk. Ticks were collected monthly over a period of 15 months in a peri-urban park in Lombardy, Italy. DNA extraction and molecular analyses were performed. Statistical analysis was carried out. Out of 488, 53 (P = 10.9%) adult questing ticks were positive for Babesia DNA. A higher prevalence was revealed in male (32/241, P = 13.3%) than in female (21/247, P = 8.5%) ticks. Positive ticks were mostly collected in winter months (P = 13.3%) compared to early (P = 7.9) and late (P = 12.8) spring months. A similar percentage of positive ticks was evidenced in transects 1 and 3 (5.8% and 6.5%, respectively); instead, a significant higher prevalence was recorded in transect 2 (P = 16.0%). Obtained sequences confirmed a homology of 100% with B. canis sequences deposited in GenBank. No ticks tested positive for Rickettsia spp. DNA (0/488, P = 0%). The conspicuous circulation of B. canis infection in D. reticulatus adult questing ticks confirms their role in the epidemiology of canine babesiosis and requires preventive measures for dogs in this recreational area. Even if no tick was positive for the spotted fever group Rickettsia, its capacity as a vector of zoonotic pathogens should not be neglected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections)

Review

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31 pages, 7844 KiB  
Review
The Current State of Knowledge on Baggio–Yoshinari Syndrome (Brazilian Lyme Disease-like Illness): Chronological Presentation of Historical and Scientific Events Observed over the Last 30 Years
by Natalino Hajime Yoshinari, Virginia Lucia Nazario Bonoldi, Serena Bonin, Erica Falkingham and Giusto Trevisan
Pathogens 2022, 11(8), 889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11080889 - 09 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2842
Abstract
Baggio–Yoshinari Syndrome (BYS) is an emerging Brazilian tick-borne infectious disease that clinically mimics Lyme Disease (LD) present in the Northern Hemisphere. LD is caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and transmitted by Ixodid ticks of complex Ixodes rticinus [...] Read more.
Baggio–Yoshinari Syndrome (BYS) is an emerging Brazilian tick-borne infectious disease that clinically mimics Lyme Disease (LD) present in the Northern Hemisphere. LD is caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and transmitted by Ixodid ticks of complex Ixodes rticinus. On the contrary, BYS is transmitted by hard Ixodid ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor. In 1992, the first cases of BYS were described in patients that developed EM rash, flu-like symptoms and arthritis after tick bite episodes. Since these findings, research in BYS has been developing for more than 30 years and shows that its epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial features are different from LD. Borrelia burgdorferi was never isolated in Brazil. In addition, specific serologic tests have shown little positivity. Furthermore, peripheral blood analysis of patients using electron microscopy exhibited structures resembling spirochete-like microorganisms or the latent forms of spirochetes (L form or cell wall deficient bacteria). For these reasons, Brazilian zoonosis was defined as an exotic and emerging Brazilian infectious disease, transmitted by ticks not belonging to the Ixodes ricinus complex, caused by latent spirochetes belonging to the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex with atypical morphology. The Brazilian ecosystem, combined with its ticks and reservoir biodiversity, possibly contributed to the origin of this new zoonosis, which emerged as a result of the passage of B. burgdorferi through exotic vectors and reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections)
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15 pages, 902 KiB  
Review
Lyme Carditis: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management
by Cinzia Radesich, Eva Del Mestre, Kristen Medo, Giancarlo Vitrella, Paolo Manca, Mario Chiatto, Matteo Castrichini and Gianfranco Sinagra
Pathogens 2022, 11(5), 582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11050582 - 15 May 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2785
Abstract
Cardiac involvement is a rare but relevant manifestation of Lyme disease that frequently presents as atrioventricular block (AVB). Immune-mediated injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Lyme carditis due to possible cross-reaction between Borrelia burgdorferi antigens and cardiac epitopes. The degree of [...] Read more.
Cardiac involvement is a rare but relevant manifestation of Lyme disease that frequently presents as atrioventricular block (AVB). Immune-mediated injury has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Lyme carditis due to possible cross-reaction between Borrelia burgdorferi antigens and cardiac epitopes. The degree of the AVB can fluctuate rapidly, with two-thirds of patients progressing to complete AVB. Thus, continuous heart rhythm monitoring is essential, and a temporary pacemaker may be necessary. Routinely permanent pacemaker implantation, however, is contraindicated because of the frequent transient nature of the condition. Antibiotic therapy should be initiated as soon as the clinical suspicion of Lyme carditis arises to reduce the duration of the disease and minimize the risk of complications. Diagnosis is challenging and is based on geographical epidemiology, clinical history, signs and symptoms, serological testing, ECG and echocardiographic findings, and exclusion of other pathologies. This paper aims to explain the pathophysiological basis of Lyme carditis, describe its clinical features, and delineate the treatment principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections)
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Other

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6 pages, 789 KiB  
Case Report
First Human Case of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Non-Endemic Region in Italy: A Case Report
by Nicole Barp, Cinzia Cappi, Marianna Meschiari, Marzia Battistel, Maria Vittoria Libbra, Maria Alice Ferri, Stefano Ballestri, Altea Gallerani, Filippo Ferrari, Marisa Meacci, Mario Sarti, Mariano Capitelli, Cristina Mussini and Erica Franceschini
Pathogens 2022, 11(8), 854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens11080854 - 29 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a human viral infectious disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is emerging in Italy, especially in the north-eastern area. No human cases of autochthonous TBE have been reported in Italy’s central regions (such as Emilia-Romagna, Italy). However, here [...] Read more.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a human viral infectious disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is emerging in Italy, especially in the north-eastern area. No human cases of autochthonous TBE have been reported in Italy’s central regions (such as Emilia-Romagna, Italy). However, here we describe the first human case of TBEV infection in this region, pointing to endemic transmission of TBEV, supporting the concept of circulation of TBEV and of the presence of a possible hot spot in the Serramazzoni region in the Emilian Apennines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lyme Borreliosis and tick-borne infections)
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