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Pathogens
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Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity
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Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2014) | Viewed by 60097

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Moriya Tsuji

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Interests: malaria; protozoa; HIV; vaccine; cell-mediated immunity; adjuvant
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent efforts to study immunity against viruses using suitable animal models have greatly contributed to advancements in the field of viral immunity. These efforts have endeavored to identify or generate animal models with an immune system which resembles that of humans. In this special issue dedicated to “Animal models to study viral immunity”, we are extending an open invitation for submission of primary research papers and review manuscripts relating to the use of animal models that provide insight into the nature of immunity to viruses in humans. We hope that your critical contributions to this special issue will ultimately lead to an improved understanding of viral immunity in humans.

Prof. Dr. Moriya Tsuji
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • virus
  • immunity
  • animal model
  • human immune system
  • viral vaccine
  • protection

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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8085 KiB  
Article
Small Animal Models for Human Metapneumovirus: Cotton Rat is More Permissive than Hamster and Mouse
by Yu Zhang, Stefan Niewiesk and Jianrong Li
Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 633-655; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens3030633 - 24 Jul 2014
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7497
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second most prevalent causative agent of pediatric respiratory infections worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs against this virus. One of the major hurdles in hMPV research is the difficulty to identify a robust small animal [...] Read more.
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second most prevalent causative agent of pediatric respiratory infections worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs against this virus. One of the major hurdles in hMPV research is the difficulty to identify a robust small animal model to accurately evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaccines and therapeutics. In this study, we compared the replication and pathogenesis of hMPV in BALB/c mice, Syrian golden hamsters, and cotton rats. It was found that BALB/c mice are not permissive for hMPV infection despite the use of a high dose (6.5 log10 PFU) of virus for intranasal inoculation. In hamsters, hMPV replicated efficiently in nasal turbinates but demonstrated only limited replication in lungs. In cotton rats, hMPV replicated efficiently in both nasal turbinate and lung when intranasally administered with three different doses (4, 5, and 6 log10 PFU) of hMPV. Lungs of cotton rats infected by hMPV developed interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cells infiltrates and increased lumen exudation. By immunohistochemistry, viral antigens were detected at the luminal surfaces of the bronchial epithelial cells in lungs. Vaccination of cotton rats with hMPV completely protected upper and lower respiratory tract from wildtype challenge. The immunization also elicited elevated serum neutralizing antibody. Collectively, these results demonstrated that cotton rat is a robust small animal model for hMPV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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Review

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427 KiB  
Review
Immune Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection: What We Have Learned from the Mouse Model
by Nagarjuna R. Cheemarla and Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
Pathogens 2015, 4(3), 682-696; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens4030682 - 18 Sep 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7861
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading respiratory viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The development of a potential vaccine against hMPV requires detailed understanding of the host immune system, which plays a [...] Read more.
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading respiratory viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The development of a potential vaccine against hMPV requires detailed understanding of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in hMPV pathogenesis, susceptibility and vaccine efficacy. As a result, animal models have been developed to better understand the mechanisms by which hMPV causes disease. Several animal models have been evaluated and established so far to study the host immune responses and pathophysiology of hMPV infection. However, inbred laboratory mouse strains have been one of the most used animal species for experimental modeling and therefore used for the studies of immunity and immunopathogenesis to hMPV. This review summarizes the contributions of the mouse model to our understanding of the immune response against hMPV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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754 KiB  
Review
Animal Models of Chronic Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection Host–Virus Immunologic Interactions
by Rafael Aldabe, Lester Suárez-Amarán, Carla Usai and Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
Pathogens 2015, 4(1), 46-65; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens4010046 - 12 Feb 2015
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9758
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that has an absolute requirement for a virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family like hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication and formation of new virions. HDV infection is usually associated with a worsening [...] Read more.
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that has an absolute requirement for a virus belonging to the hepadnaviridae family like hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication and formation of new virions. HDV infection is usually associated with a worsening of HBV-induced liver pathogenesis, which leads to more frequent cirrhosis, increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and fulminant hepatitis. Importantly, no selective therapies are available for HDV infection. The mainstay of treatment for HDV infection is pegylated interferon alpha; however, response rates to this therapy are poor. A better knowledge of HDV–host cell interaction will help with the identification of novel therapeutic targets, which are urgently needed. Animal models like hepadnavirus-infected chimpanzees or the eastern woodchuck have been of great value for the characterization of HDV chronic infection. Recently, more practical animal models in which to perform a deeper study of host virus interactions and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies have been developed. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to discuss the current knowledge about HDV host interactions obtained from cell culture and animal models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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395 KiB  
Review
Animal Models for Influenza Viruses: Implications for Universal Vaccine Development
by Irina Margine and Florian Krammer
Pathogens 2014, 3(4), 845-874; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens3040845 - 21 Oct 2014
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 10368
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from [...] Read more.
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
342 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Therapeutic Potentials of iNKT Cells for Anti-HBV Treatment
by Agnieszka Lawrenczyk, Seil Kim, Xiangshu Wen, Ran Xiong and Weiming Yuan
Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 563-576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens3030563 - 03 Jul 2014
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7163
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a group of innate-like regulatory T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Both mouse modeling experiments and human clinical studies have suggested a key role for iNKT cells in anti-HBV immunity and these potent T cells can be [...] Read more.
CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a group of innate-like regulatory T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Both mouse modeling experiments and human clinical studies have suggested a key role for iNKT cells in anti-HBV immunity and these potent T cells can be explored as a novel therapeutic target for anti-HBV treatment. We aim to humanize mice in the CD1d/iNKT cell lipid presentation system and provide new research tools for identifying novel anti-HBV agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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920 KiB  
Review
Host Pathogen Relations: Exploring Animal Models for Fungal Pathogens
by Catherine G. Harwood and Reeta P. Rao
Pathogens 2014, 3(3), 549-562; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens3030549 - 30 Jun 2014
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7172
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi cause superficial infections but pose a significant public health risk when infections spread to deeper tissues, such as the lung. Within the last three decades, fungi have been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infections making them the focus of [...] Read more.
Pathogenic fungi cause superficial infections but pose a significant public health risk when infections spread to deeper tissues, such as the lung. Within the last three decades, fungi have been identified as the leading cause of nosocomial infections making them the focus of research. This review outlines the model systems such as the mouse, zebrafish larvae, flies, and nematodes, as well as ex vivo and in vitro systems available to study common fungal pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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543 KiB  
Review
Mouse Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection Comprising Host-Virus Immunologic Interactions
by Tadashi Inuzuka, Ken Takahashi, Tsutomu Chiba and Hiroyuki Marusawa
Pathogens 2014, 3(2), 377-389; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens3020377 - 23 Apr 2014
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9445
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases associated with various human liver diseases, including acute, fulminant and chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral therapies, [...] Read more.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases associated with various human liver diseases, including acute, fulminant and chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral therapies, there are still more than 350 million chronically infected people worldwide, approximately 5% of the world population. To understand the virus biology and pathogenesis in HBV-infected patients, several animal models have been developed to mimic hepatic HBV infection and the immune response against HBV, but the narrow host range of HBV infection and lack of a full immune response spectrum in animal models remain significant limitations. Accumulating evidence obtained from studies using a variety of mouse models that recapitulate hepatic HBV infection provides several clues for understanding host-virus immunologic interactions during HBV infection, whereas the determinants of the immune response required for HBV clearance are poorly defined. Therefore, adequate mouse models are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanism of HBV elimination and identify novel targets for antiviral therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Model to Study Viral Immunity)
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