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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery
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Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 22508

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Conroy Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Radiation Medicine, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Oregon State University, 2730 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Interests: drug delivery; molecular imaging; nanomedicine; radiation therapy
Dr. Justin Rosch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Oregon State University, 2730 SW Moody Ave, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Interests: nanoparticle formulation; radiation; surface modification

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Targeted drug delivery remains a promising concept with the potential to provide significant solutions in the treatment of many diseases. Unfortunately, major challenges remain in the development of the various forms of Ehrlich’s Magic Bullet. Recent analysis and discussion in the area of nanomedicine have highlighted the limited success of the current drug delivery platforms. However, the goal of targeted drug delivery—getting therapeutic compounds only where and when they are needed, avoiding sites where they may cause unintended harm—remains closely aligned with that of the larger field of Precision Medicine. In this new paradigm, tailored therapeutic approaches based on patient-specific physiology and pathological states would benefit greatly from the development of targeted drug delivery. In parallel with these potential smart carriers, the development of molecular imaging techniques and new biomedical imaging modalities hold the promise to provide much needed information about individuals who require drug treatments. The combined use of these two technologies offers significant opportunities for the development of therapeutics and their carriers, diagnosis of diseases, and assessment of treatment responses. In this Special Issue, authors will explore targeting approaches applied to various disease states, as well as visual validation methods of targeted drug transport and efficacy. Articles may consider a whole-body approach, aimed at identifying the bulk location of a therapeutic at the organ level, down to cellular/sub-cellular levels of detection of therapeutic uptake. Specific focus on imaging modalities is encouraged, with interest in MRI, OCT, US, or radionuclide-based technologies, among others.

Dr. Conroy Sun
Dr. Justin Rosch
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Molecular imaging
  • Drug delivery
  • Nanomedicine
  • Theranostic
  • Image-guided drug delivery
  • Optical imaging
  • Photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging (US)
  • X-ray/CT imaging
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Radionuclide imaging

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4586 KiB  
Article
Formulation of Folate-Modified Raltitrexed-Loaded Nanoparticles for Colorectal Cancer Theranostics
by Justin G. Rosch, Allison N. DuRoss, Madeleine R. Landry and Conroy Sun
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(2), 133; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020133 - 05 Feb 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2332
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) that enable the imaging of drug delivery and facilitate cancer cell uptake are potentially powerful tools in tailoring oncologic treatments. Here we report the development of a layer-by-layer (LbL) formulation of folic acid (FA) and folate antimetabolites that have been [...] Read more.
Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) that enable the imaging of drug delivery and facilitate cancer cell uptake are potentially powerful tools in tailoring oncologic treatments. Here we report the development of a layer-by-layer (LbL) formulation of folic acid (FA) and folate antimetabolites that have been well-established for enhanced tumor uptake and as potent chemotherapeutics, respectively. To investigate the uptake of LbL coated NPs, we deposited raltitrexed (RTX) or combined RTX-FA on fluorescent polystyrene NPs. The performance of these NP formulations was evaluated with CT26 murine colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro and in vivo to examine both uptake and cytotoxicity against CRC. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry indicated an increased accumulation of the coated NP formulations versus bare NPs. Ex vivo near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging of major organs suggested the majority of NPs accumulated in the liver, which is typical of a majority of NP formulations. Imaging of the CRC tumors alone showed a higher average fluorescence from NPs accumulated in animals treated with the coated NPs, with the majority of RTX NP-treated animals showing the consistently-highest mean tumoral accumulation. Overall, these results contribute to the development of LbL formulations in CRC theranostic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery)
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13 pages, 2008 KiB  
Article
Practical Guide for Quantification of In Vivo Degradation Rates for Therapeutic Proteins with Single-Cell Resolution Using Fluorescence Ratio Imaging
by Ian Nessler, Cornelius Cilliers and Greg M. Thurber
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(2), 132; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020132 - 05 Feb 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3714
Abstract
Many tools for studying the pharmacokinetics of biologics lack single-cell resolution to quantify the heterogeneous tissue distribution and subsequent therapeutic degradation in vivo. This protocol describes a dual-labeling technique using two near-infrared dyes with widely differing residualization rates to efficiently quantify in vivo [...] Read more.
Many tools for studying the pharmacokinetics of biologics lack single-cell resolution to quantify the heterogeneous tissue distribution and subsequent therapeutic degradation in vivo. This protocol describes a dual-labeling technique using two near-infrared dyes with widely differing residualization rates to efficiently quantify in vivo therapeutic protein distribution and degradation rates at the single cell level (number of proteins/cell) via ex vivo flow cytometry and histology. Examples are shown for four biologics with varying rates of receptor internalization and degradation and a secondary dye pair for use in systems with lower receptor expression. Organ biodistribution, tissue-level confocal microscopy, and cellular-level flow cytometry were used to image the multi-scale distribution of these agents in tumor xenograft mouse models. The single-cell measurements reveal highly heterogeneous delivery, and degradation results show the delay between peak tumor uptake and maximum protein degradation. This approach has broad applicability in tracking the tissue and cellular distribution of protein therapeutics for drug development and dose determination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery)
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Review

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20 pages, 2153 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancements of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
by Sudip Mukherjee, Lily Liang and Omid Veiseh
Pharmaceutics 2020, 12(2), 147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020147 - 11 Feb 2020
Cited by 112 | Viewed by 6669
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials belong to a class of highly-functionalizable tools for cancer therapy owing to their intrinsic magnetic properties and multifunctional design that provides a multimodal theranostics platform for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. In this review article, we have provided an overview of [...] Read more.
Magnetic nanomaterials belong to a class of highly-functionalizable tools for cancer therapy owing to their intrinsic magnetic properties and multifunctional design that provides a multimodal theranostics platform for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the various applications of magnetic nanomaterials and recent advances in the development of these nanomaterials as cancer therapeutics. Moreover, the cancer targeting, potential toxicity, and degradability of these nanomaterials has been briefly addressed. Finally, the challenges for clinical translation and the future scope of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer therapy are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery)
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16 pages, 267 KiB  
Review
A Role for Nanoparticles in Treating Traumatic Brain Injury
by Badrul Alam Bony and Forrest M. Kievit
Pharmaceutics 2019, 11(9), 473; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics11090473 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5148
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of disability in children and young adults, as well as a significant concern for elderly individuals. Depending on the severity, TBI can have a long-term impact on the quality of life for survivors [...] Read more.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of disability in children and young adults, as well as a significant concern for elderly individuals. Depending on the severity, TBI can have a long-term impact on the quality of life for survivors of all ages. The primary brain injury can result in severe disability or fatality, and secondary brain damage can increase the complexities in cellular, inflammatory, neurochemical, and metabolic changes in the brain, which can last decades post-injury. Thus, survival from a TBI is often accompanied by lifelong disabilities. Despite the significant morbidity, mortality, and economic loss, there are still no effective treatment options demonstrating an improved outcome in a large multi-center Phase III trial, which can be partially attributed to poor target engagement of delivered therapeutics. Thus, there is a significant unmet need to develop more effective delivery strategies to overcome the biological barriers that would otherwise inhibit transport of materials into the brain to prevent the secondary long-term damage associated with TBI. The complex pathology of TBI involving the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has limited the development of effective therapeutics and diagnostics. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop novel strategies to target the BBB. The leaky BBB caused by a TBI may provide opportunities for therapeutic delivery via nanoparticles (NP). The focus of this review is to provide a survey of NP-based strategies employed in preclinical models of TBI and to provide insights for improved NP based diagnostic or treatment approaches. Both passive and active delivery of various NPs for TBI are discussed. Finally, potential therapeutic targets where improved NP-mediated delivery could increase target engagement are identified with the overall goal of providing insight into open opportunities for NP researchers to begin research in TBI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery)
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20 pages, 4782 KiB  
Review
Ocular Biodistribution Studies Using Molecular Imaging
by Ana Castro-Balado, Cristina Mondelo-García, Miguel González-Barcia, Irene Zarra-Ferro, Francisco J Otero-Espinar, Álvaro Ruibal-Morell, Pablo Aguiar and Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
Pharmaceutics 2019, 11(5), 237; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmaceutics11050237 - 16 May 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4035
Abstract
Classical methodologies used in ocular pharmacokinetics studies have difficulties to obtain information about topical and intraocular distribution and clearance of drugs and formulations. This is associated with multiple factors related to ophthalmic physiology, as well as the complexity and invasiveness intrinsic to the [...] Read more.
Classical methodologies used in ocular pharmacokinetics studies have difficulties to obtain information about topical and intraocular distribution and clearance of drugs and formulations. This is associated with multiple factors related to ophthalmic physiology, as well as the complexity and invasiveness intrinsic to the sampling. Molecular imaging is a new diagnostic discipline for in vivo imaging, which is emerging and spreading rapidly. Recent developments in molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allow obtaining reliable pharmacokinetic data, which can be translated into improving the permanence of the ophthalmic drugs in its action site, leading to dosage optimisation. They can be used to study either topical or intraocular administration. With these techniques it is possible to obtain real-time visualisation, localisation, characterisation and quantification of the compounds after their administration, all in a reliable, safe and non-invasive way. None of these novel techniques presents simultaneously high sensitivity and specificity, but it is possible to study biological procedures with the information provided when the techniques are combined. With the results obtained, it is possible to assume that molecular imaging techniques are postulated as a resource with great potential for the research and development of new drugs and ophthalmic delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Imaging in Targeted Drug Delivery)
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