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A special issue of Pharmacy (ISSN 2226-4787). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 57354

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jon Schommer

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Guest Editor

College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Interests: Information processing and decision making related to the provision, use, and evaluation of drug products and pharmacist services
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Anthony W. Olson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
Interests: person-centeredness; community pharmacy; medication experience; pharmacy services; implementation science; community-integrated care
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In light of the positive response to our first Special Issue on Pharmacist Services published in 2019 (https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/journal/pharmacy/special_issues/Pharmacist_Services), we invite you to submit a manuscript to the “Pharmacist Services II” Special Issue in the journal Pharmacy, an open access journal with a focus on pharmacy education and practice.

If the Special Issue publishes more than 10 papers, the publisher will print a book edition. The book will then be made available, in digital format (for free) and paperback copies (ordered via Amazon) on the MDPI platform (http://books.mdpi.com).

For reference, a free download of the first book on Pharmacist Services is available at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/books/pdfview/book/1767

Pharmacy (ISSN 2226-4787) is an international scientific open access journal on pharmacy education and practice published quarterly online by MDPI. The journal has already been indexed by PubMed, ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index), and Web of Science. Furthermore, Pharmacy is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), and, accordingly, submissions are peer-reviewed rigorously to ensure that they conform to the highest standards in their field.

For the Special Issue on “Pharmacist Services II”, we seek manuscripts of all types, including: (1) reviews, (2) commentaries, (3) idea papers, (4) case studies, (5) demonstration studies, and (6) research studies.

In “Pharmacist Services I” (published in 2019), many articles provided insights regarding how pharmacist services can progress in (1) societal relevance, (2) innovative delivery, (3) integration into broader systems, (4) enhanced image to both payers and consumers, and (5) growth into new roles and markets. The articles revealed new opportunities that pharmacists can embrace such as: (1) medication optimization, (2) wellness and prevention, (3) chronic care management, (4) acute care management, (5) patient education, (6) care transitions, (7) population health, (8) emergency preparedness, (9) health informatics, and (10) patient-centered, living-in-place care.

The overall goal of this Special Issue on “Pharmacist Services II” is to build upon the ideas presented in the first book. To accomplish this goal, we seek papers that address the social, psychosocial, political, legal, historic, clinical, and economic factors that are associated with pharmacist services. Papers that translate concepts from other domains into how pharmacist services can develop into new areas will be welcome for this Special Issue.

Thank you for considering this invitation.

Prof. Dr. Jon Schommer
Dr. Anthony Olson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmacy is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Pharmacist services
Service development and implementation
Service quality
Service marketing and management
Service evaluation

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Pharmacists’ Experiences and Perception about Transitions of Care from Hospital to Home in a Midwestern Metropolis

by Rachel K. Vossen, Yifei Liu and Peggy G. Kuehl

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 193; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040193 - 27 Nov 2021

Viewed by 2312

Abstract

Objectives: (1) To describe the experiences of community pharmacists in transitions of care (TOC) from hospital to home in a Midwestern metropolis; and (2) to develop instruments to measure perceived importance of TOC activities. Methods: Survey items were developed, including a six-item instrument to capture perceived importance of TOC activities. The items were piloted to examine face validity before dissemination to 310 community pharmacists. Descriptive statistics were reported. Principal component analysis and reliability analysis for the six-item instrument were performed to assess construct validity and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Results: The response rate was 37% (n = 118). The majority of community pharmacists estimated that they learned of a patient’s discharge on less than 10% of the occasions. There were 76 cases in which the discharged patients experienced either a prescription- or medication-related problem. For the six-item measurement of perceived importance, one component was yielded and all items loaded on the component with high values, which confirmed construct validity. The Cronbach’s alpha for these six items was 0.941, indicating high reliability. Conclusions: A large communication gap existed for community pharmacists to receive patient discharge information. The six-item instrument to measure perceived importance of TOC activities was valid and reliable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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10 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Pharmacist-Driven Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Initiative in a Community Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

by Nate J. Berger, Michael E. Wright, Jonathon D. Pouliot, Montgomery W. Green and Deborah K. Armstrong

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 191; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040191 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacteremia with a 30-day mortality of 20%. This study evaluated outcomes after implementation of a pharmacist-driven Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) initiative in a community hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort analysis compared patients admitted with SAB between May 2015 and April 2018 (intervention group) to those admitted between May 2012 and April 2015 (historical control group). Pharmacists were notified of and responded to blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus by contacting provider(s) with a bundle of recommendations. Components of the SAB bundle included prompt source control, selection of appropriate intravenous antibiotics, appropriate duration of therapy, repeat blood cultures, echocardiography, and infectious diseases consult. Demographics (age, gender, and race) were collected at baseline. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Compliance with bundle components was also assessed. Results: Eighty-three patients in the control group and 110 patients in the intervention group were included in this study. Demographics were similar at baseline. In-hospital mortality was lower in the intervention group (3.6% vs. 15.7%; p = 0.0033). Bundle compliance was greater in the intervention group (69.1% vs. 39.8%; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: We observed a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality and increased treatment bundle compliance in the intervention cohort with implementation of a pharmacist-driven SAB initiative. Pharmacists’ participation in the care of SAB patients in the form of recommending adherence to treatment bundle components drastically improved clinical outcomes. Widespread adoption and implementation of similar practice models at other institutions may reduce in-hospital mortality for this relatively common and life-threatening infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medication Utilisation Program, Quality Improvement and Research Pharmacist—Implementation Strategies and Preliminary Findings

by Karen Whitfield, Ian Coombes, Charles Denaro and Peter Donovan

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 182; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040182 - 04 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

Judicious use of medicines that considers evidence-based practice, together with cost-effectiveness, is a priority for all health care organisations. We describe an initiative to lead a Medication Utilisation Program, incorporating medication quality improvement and research activities. In August 2020 an advanced pharmacist position was implemented to lead the Program. The purpose was to provide oversight and facilitate initiatives promoting medication optimisation to create sustainable change in practice. A strategic plan was developed with key performance indicators. A governance structure was implemented with relevant reporting mechanisms. Strategic planning and collaboration with medical, nursing and allied health professionals has seen the successful implementation of seven codesigned medication-use evaluations and eight quality improvement projects centred around patient safety, quality and value-based care. Several research studies have been designed with subsequent commencement of pharmacists enrolled in university Research Higher Degree programs. Cost containment initiatives have realised potential savings approximating AUD 250,000. Educational programs included protocol design, ethics approvals and report writing. Key success criteria for a Medication Utilisation Program include dedicated pharmacist resources, structured governance and reporting mechanisms. Alignment of study complexity with staff experience and interdisciplinary collaboration are also critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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9 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision of Medication Therapy Problem Identification and Classification amongst Primary Care Clinic Pharmacists

by Nicholas Cox, Bryce Ashby, Bradly Winter, Gregory Stoddard, Joanne LaFleur, G. Benjamin Berrett and Kyle Turner

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040179 - 03 Nov 2021

Viewed by 2489

Abstract

This study assesses the level of agreement on medication therapy problem (MTP) identification and classification between primary care, ambulatory care pharmacists within a health-system that recently implemented system-wide pharmacist provision of comprehensive medication management (CMM) services. Twenty standardized case vignettes were created and distributed to pharmacists who reviewed each case and identified and categorized MTPs. Outcomes include the number of MTPs identified, identification (yes/no) of specific MTPs within each case (e.g., need for a statin), and Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) category used when classifying MTPs. The level of agreement on MTP identification/categorization was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and interpreted using the Landis and Koch interpretation scale. “Moderate agreement” was observed for the number of MTPs identified by pharmacists (ICC equal to 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31 to 0.65). In approximately one-half of opportunities, the pharmacists agreed perfectly on the number of MTPs; in approximately one-third of opportunities, the number of MTPs identified varied by 1; and approximately one-tenth of the time, the number of MTPs varied by 2. In regard to the MTP identification (yes/no) and categorization, percent agreement was ≥73% across all MTPs. The results support the need for further training and education and provide the information necessary to target specific disease states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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16 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patients, Social Workers, and Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Barriers to Providing HIV Care in Community Pharmacies in the United States

by Adati Tarfa, Kristen Pecanac and Olayinka Shiyanbola

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040178 - 02 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Retaining people living with HIV (PLWH) in clinical care is a global priority to end the HIV epidemic. Community pharmacies in the United States have structural influences on the success or failure of retention in HIV care by supporting patients’ complex needs. However, to date, barriers to retention in care in the community pharmacy setting have not been examined beyond pharmacy services of medication therapy management. We utilized the patient-centered medical home model to examine the barriers to HIV care in the community pharmacy setting. We utilized semi-structured interviews to collect data from 15 participants: five PLWH, five community pharmacists, and five social workers from a midwestern state. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed using directed content analysis. Four key themes emerged regarding the barriers that impact utilization of community pharmacy services by PLWH: the perception of the role of community pharmacists in HIV care, perceptions of pharmacists’ HIV knowledge, perceptions of pharmacy operation and services, and negative experiences within the community pharmacy space. Participants’ perceptions of solutions for improving HIV care in the community pharmacy focused on improving the relationship between pharmacists and patients, ensuring that the community pharmacy is a private and safe space for patients, and having a diverse pharmacy staff that is equipped to take care of the diverse and marginalized HIV population, such as transgender people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

7 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Medicines Optimisation for Respiratory Patients: The Establishment of a New Consultant Respiratory Pharmacist Role in Northern Ireland

by Cairine Gormley, Maureen Spargo, Glenda Fleming, Brendan Moore, Michael Scott, Rose Sharkey and Anne Friel

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 177; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040177 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3065

Abstract

Medicines optimisation for those with respiratory conditions can have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and substantial efficiency gains for health care. Consultant pharmacists are experts working at the top of their specialism in four main pillars of practice, namely clinical care, leadership, education and training, and research and development. A consultant respiratory pharmacist has recently been appointed at a large Health and Social Care Trust in Northern Ireland to provide expert care and clinical leadership for the medicines optimisation agenda with regards to respiratory care in Northern Ireland. Alongside clinical practice, leadership, and service development, emphasis will be placed on monitoring and evaluating the work of the consultant respiratory pharmacist with a view to gathering the necessary evidence to support the case for further investment in such consultant pharmacist posts in the region. This short communication article outlines some of the clinical and economic factors associated with the decisions to invest in the consultant pharmacist model of care in Northern Ireland Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

13 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Investigating Community Pharmacy Take Home Naloxone Dispensing during COVID-19: The Impact of One Public Health Crisis on Another

by George Daskalakis, Ashley Cid, Kelly Grindrod and Michael A. Beazely

Pharmacy 2021, 9(3), 129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9030129 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

A recent report found that the number of opioid-related deaths in Ontario in the first 15 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic was 38.2% higher than in the 15 weeks before the pandemic. Our study sought to determine if pharmacy professionals self-reported an increase or decrease in naloxone provision due to the pandemic and to identify adjustments made by pharmacy professionals to dispense naloxone during the pandemic. A total of 231 Ontario community pharmacy professionals completed an online survey. Pharmacy professionals’ barriers, facilitators, and comfort level with dispensing naloxone before and during the pandemic were identified. The sample consisted of mostly pharmacists (99.1%). Over half (51.1%) reported no change in naloxone dispensing, while 22.9% of respondents reported an increase and 24.7% a decrease. The most common adjustments made during the pandemic were training patients how to administer naloxone over video or phone, delivering naloxone kits, and pharmacy technicians offering naloxone at prescription intake. Over half (55%) of participants said the top barrier for dispensing was that patients did not request naloxone. Naloxone distribution through pharmacies could be further optimized to address the increased incidence of overdose deaths during the pandemic. Future research should investigate the reasons for changes in naloxone dispensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

10 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Study of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Cessation Methods

by Michelle Sahr, Shelby Kelsh, Noah Blower and Minji Sohn

Pharmacy 2021, 9(1), 21; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9010021 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Currently, 7.6% of the U.S. young adults aged 18–24 years old use e-cigarettes. This study piloted three methods of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) cessation by measuring cessation rates, motivational techniques that contributed to cessation success, and participants’ changes after decreasing vape use. Participants were randomized into three study arms (nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) + behavioral support, vape-taper + behavioral support, self-guided) in a 1:1:1 ratio. All participants were invited to attend nine in-person or phone appointments over the 6-month study period. At 12 weeks, 3 of 7 (42.9%) participants in the NRT + behavioral support arm, 6 of 8 (75%) vape-taper + behavioral support arm, and 7 of 9 (77.8%) self-guided arm self-reported being vape-free and nicotine-free. At 6 months, 3 of 7 (42.9%) participants in the NRT + behavioral support arm, 6 of 8 (75%) vape-taper + behavioral support arm, and 4 of 9 (44.4%) self-guided arm self-reported being vape-free and nicotine-free. A challenge to quitting and remain quit is social pressures, but participants identified self-control and establishing new habits to be the best methods to overcome the desire to vape. Participants who received behavioral support and a vape-taper plan from pharmacists were more likely to be vape-free and nicotine-free at 6 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role Theory: A Framework to Explore Health Professional Perceptions of Expanding Rural Community Pharmacists’ Role

by Selina Taylor, Alice Cairns and Beverley Glass

Pharmacy 2020, 8(3), 161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy8030161 - 02 Sep 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6408

Abstract

Pharmaceutical care is a concept which has moved the pharmacy profession from their primary focus on the product to optimising drug therapy for the individual patient. Expanded pharmacy practice beyond pharmaceutical care will further challenge the role perceptions that other health professionals have about pharmacists. Role theory as a philosophical perspective was used to explore rural and remote health professionals’ beliefs on pharmacists expanding their clinical role by conducting twenty-three semi-structured interviews. Five role theory categories described the data, role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, role identity and role insufficiency. The health professionals interviewed were found to be uncertain about the boundaries between the traditional roles of the pharmacist compared to that of the expanded roles. A perceived lack of accountability by pharmacists was seen as a major contributor to role conflict, which in turn was found to impact the ability of pharmacists and other health professionals to work collaboratively. Perspectives of other health professionals on pharmacists adopting expanded practice models has highlighted significant concerns with role conflict and role identity. Acknowledging and developing clear strategies to address these concerns is essential to ensure that expanded pharmacy practice can be effectively integrated to improve access to health services and thus health outcomes for rural Australians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

14 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Choosing Evolution over Extinction: Integrating Direct Patient Care Services and Value-Based Payment Models into the Community-Based Pharmacy Setting

by Amanda R. Mercadante, Mai Yokota, Angela Hwang, Micah Hata and Anandi V. Law

Pharmacy 2020, 8(3), 128; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy8030128 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5002

Abstract

The American healthcare payment model introduced Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) into a position of power that currently puts into question the state of the pharmacy profession, especially in the community field. Reimbursement plans had been designed to benefit all stakeholders and save patients money but have only been shown to increase costs for these involved parties. There exist unresolved gaps in care as a result of the healthcare structure and underutilized skills of trained pharmacists who do not have the federal means to provide clinical services. Four collaborative payment models have been proposed, offering methods to quell the monetary problems that exist and are predicted to continue with the closure of community pharmacies and sustained influence of PBMs. These models may additionally allow the expansion of pharmacy career paths and improve healthcare benefits for patients. With a reflective perspective on the healthcare structure and knowledge of positive impacts with the inclusion of pharmacists, solutions to payment challenges could present a progressive approach to an outdated system. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights a dependency on pharmacists and community settings. This outlook on pharmacists may persist and an established expansion of services could prove beneficial to all healthcare stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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Review

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18 pages, 10922 KiB

Open AccessReview

COVID the Catalyst for Evolving Professional Role Identity? A Scoping Review of Global Pharmacists’ Roles and Services as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Kaitlyn E. Watson, Theresa J. Schindel, Marina E. Barsoum and Janice Y. Kung

Pharmacy 2021, 9(2), 99; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9020099 - 04 May 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9210

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic requires a range of healthcare services to meet the needs of society. The objective was to explore what is known about the roles and services performed by frontline pharmacists during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A scoping review was conducted of frontline pharmacists’ roles and services during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A medical librarian conducted comprehensive searches in five bibliographic databases—MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection for articles published between December 2019 and December 2020. The initial search retrieved 3269 articles. After removing duplicates, 1196 articles titles and abstracts were screened, 281 full texts were reviewed for eligibility, and 63 articles were included. This scoping review presents a conceptual framework model of the different layers made visible by COVID-19 of pharmacist roles in public health, information, and medication management. It is theorized that there is an invisible layer of change representing evolving professional role identity that may influence permanent role change following the pandemic. Thus, the pharmacy profession needs to build upon the lessons and experiences of this global pandemic and not let the momentum of the visible and invisible changes go to waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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Graphical abstract

Other

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7 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

An Understanding of the Drivers of Infectious Diseases in the Modern World Can Aid Early Control of Future Pandemics

by Taiwo Opeyemi Aremu, Oluwatosin Esther Oluwole and Kehinde Oluwatosin Adeyinka

Pharmacy 2021, 9(4), 181; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9040181 - 03 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2738

Abstract

Infectious diseases have been a significant challenge to health and wellbeing from ancient times, with substantial economic implications globally. Despite the advent of technology, infectious diseases continue to affect people of various social statuses and across geographical locations. Understanding some of the drivers of infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, vaccination, and vaccine hesitancy is a step towards thriving in the modern world, achieving fewer morbidities and mortalities, and adequately controlling future pandemics. Pharmacists are strategically placed as healthcare team members to promote early disease control through health education, advocacy, cross-professional and specialty collaboration, communal trust-building, research, and global unity. Not forgetting that infectious diseases in the modern world are about people and science, credible crisis communication during the early phases of disease outbreaks paves the way for well-informed guidance globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

11 pages, 1198 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Establishment of a Framework to Support Multi-Faceted Initiatives for Pharmacy-Practice Transformation: Lessons Learned

by Renee Robinson, Shanna K. O’Connor, Hayli Hruza, Elaine Nguyen, Michael A. Biddle, Jr., Angela Jaglowicz and Thomas G. Wadsworth

Pharmacy 2021, 9(3), 153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9030153 - 08 Sep 2021

Viewed by 2469

Abstract

We describe the first two years of a multifaceted, five-year program to support sustainable pharmacist-provided health services in Alaska. In 2018, the Alaska Pharmacists Association funded the Sustainable Education and Training Model under Pharmacist as Providers (SETMuPP) to train and support pharmacists to navigate the insurance medical billing process for nondispensing healthcare services. The SETMuPP employed a three-pillar implementation approach: (1) training and practice support infrastructure, (2) PharmD curriculum augmentation, and (3) advocacy and legislative support. The first two years have demonstrated the effectiveness of triad partnerships between professional associations, state policy makers, and academic centers to catalyze meaningful practice transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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9 pages, 345 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Empowering Public Health Pharmacy Practice—Moving from Collaborative Practice Agreements to Provider Status in the U.S.

by Alina Cernasev, Meghana Aruru, Suzanne Clark, Komal Patel, Natalie DiPietro Mager, Vaiyapuri Subramaniam and Hoai-An Truong

Pharmacy 2021, 9(1), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9010057 - 09 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4354

Abstract

This article describes the history and evolution of pharmacist-physician collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) in the United States with future directions to support pharmacists’ provider status as the profession continues to evolve from product-oriented to patient-centered care and population health. The pharmacy profession has a long history of dispensing and compounding, with the addition of clinical roles in the late 20th century. These clinical roles have continued to expand into diverse arenas such as communicable and non-communicable diseases, antimicrobial stewardship, emergency preparedness and response, public health education and health promotion, and critical and emergency care. Pharmacists continue to serve as integral members of interprofessional and interdisciplinary healthcare teams. In this context, CPAs allow pharmacists to expand their roles in patient care and may be considered as a step towards securing provider status. Moving beyond CPAs to a provider status would enable pharmacists to be reimbursed for cognitive services and promote integrated public health delivery models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacist Services Ⅱ)

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