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Photonics
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Radio over Fiber
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Radio over Fiber

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Communication and Network".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2021) | Viewed by 23225

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Philip Perry

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
British Telecom Ireland Innovation Centre (BTIIC), School of Computing, Ulster University, Coleraine BT37 0QB, UK
Interests: computer systems and networking; wireless sensor networks; data-center communication; cloud computing and wireless networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Colm Browning

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
Interests: optical communications; radio over fibre; microwave photonics; internet of things; network
Dr. Deepa Venkitesh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Dept. Electrical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
Interests: optical signal processing; fiber lasers; optical communication

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This special issue has a broad scope that includes both analogue and digital RoF techniques applied to communications, fronthauling, terahertz generation, radar and sensing.

Topics include:

  • Network architectures;
  • Components for RoF;
  • Resource allocation for RoF systems;
  • Performance assessment;
  • Radio signal generation;
  • Reconfigurable networks for radio signal distribution;
  • SDN for RoF networks;
  • RoF interworking with other traffic types;
  • Experimental test bed results;
  • Modelling and simulation techniques.

Dr. Philip Perry
Dr. Deepa Venkitesh
Dr. Colm Browning
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2557 KiB  
Article
Modulation Index and Phase Imbalance of Dual-Sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) in Optical Millimeter-Wave System
by Syamsuri Yaakob, Rawa Muayad Mahmood, Zuraidah Zan, Che Beson Mohd Rashidi, Azwan Mahmud and Siti Barirah Ahmad Anas
Photonics 2021, 8(5), 153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics8050153 - 04 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2996
Abstract
This paper presents a Dual-sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) technique which is used to generate an optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal in radio over fiber (RoF) systems. The proposed system employs a Dual-Electrode Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DE-MZM) and a carrier of 40 GHz mm-wave for [...] Read more.
This paper presents a Dual-sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) technique which is used to generate an optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal in radio over fiber (RoF) systems. The proposed system employs a Dual-Electrode Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DE-MZM) and a carrier of 40 GHz mm-wave for data transmission through the RoF systems. Characteristics determining the performance of the system, among which are the modulation index, phase imbalance and dispersion parameters, are included. The performance evaluations of the system show that the mm-wave signal output power follows MZM’s transfer function when the modulation index is raised. Moreover, the generated optical mm-wave signal power is affected by phase imbalance and optical splitting ratio. It is observed that the optical fiber dispersion influences the DSB-OCS system by decreasing the amplitude of the mm-wave and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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14 pages, 5322 KiB  
Article
Proposal of Highly Efficient Quantum Well Microring Resonator-Loaded Optical Phase Modulator Integrated with Antenna-Coupled Electrodes for Radio-over-Fiber
by Hiro Kamada and Taro Arakawa
Photonics 2021, 8(2), 37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics8020037 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3869
Abstract
Radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology for low-loss, high-speed millimeter-wave transmission using optical fibers has been attracting attention. We propose a highly efficient microring resonator (MRR)-loaded InGaAs/InAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) phase modulator with an antenna coupled electrode (ACE) for 60 GHz RoF systems, and its modulation characteristics [...] Read more.
Radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology for low-loss, high-speed millimeter-wave transmission using optical fibers has been attracting attention. We propose a highly efficient microring resonator (MRR)-loaded InGaAs/InAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) phase modulator with an antenna coupled electrode (ACE) for 60 GHz RoF systems, and its modulation characteristics are theoretically discussed. This modulator is able to directly convert wireless millimeter-wave (MMW) signals into optical signals without an external power supply. The MRR used in the waveguide structure increases the optical phase change obtained by the unique quantum confinement Stark effect in the MQW through phase enhancement effects, while the ACE based on a coupled microstrip resonant electrode applies a strong standing wave electric field to the waveguide. The proposed modulator is expected to provide tens of times higher phase modulation efficiency than a conventional gap-embedded planar antenna-integrated modulator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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15 pages, 3866 KiB  
Article
Neural Network DPD for Aggrandizing SM-VCSEL-SSMF-Based Radio over Fiber Link Performance
by Muhammad Usman Hadi, Muhammad Awais, Mohsin Raza, Kiran Khurshid and Hyun Jung
Photonics 2021, 8(1), 19; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics8010019 - 14 Jan 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5133
Abstract
This paper demonstrates an unprecedented novel neural network (NN)-based digital predistortion (DPD) solution to overcome the signal impairments and nonlinearities in Analog Optical fronthauls using radio over fiber (RoF) systems. DPD is realized with Volterra-based procedures that utilize indirect learning architecture (ILA) and [...] Read more.
This paper demonstrates an unprecedented novel neural network (NN)-based digital predistortion (DPD) solution to overcome the signal impairments and nonlinearities in Analog Optical fronthauls using radio over fiber (RoF) systems. DPD is realized with Volterra-based procedures that utilize indirect learning architecture (ILA) and direct learning architecture (DLA) that becomes quite complex. The proposed method using NNs evades issues associated with ILA and utilizes an NN to first model the RoF link and then trains an NN-based predistorter by backpropagating through the RoF NN model. Furthermore, the experimental evaluation is carried out for Long Term Evolution 20 MHz 256 quadraturre amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation signal using an 850 nm Single Mode VCSEL and Standard Single Mode Fiber to establish a comparison between the NN-based RoF link and Volterra-based Memory Polynomial and Generalized Memory Polynomial using ILA. The efficacy of the DPD is examined by reporting the Adjacent Channel Power Ratio and Error Vector Magnitude. The experimental findings imply that NN-DPD convincingly learns the RoF nonlinearities which may not suit a Volterra-based model, and hence may offer a favorable trade-off in terms of computational overhead and DPD performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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9 pages, 5778 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Distortion Mitigation in Multi-IF over Fiber Transmission Using Modulation-Based Adaptive Power Allocation
by Inho Ha, Hyoung-Joon Park, Soo-Min Kang and Sang-Kook Han
Photonics 2021, 8(1), 2; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics8010002 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
We propose a modulation-based adaptive power allocation (MBAPA) technique for nonlinear distortion mitigation in intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) systems. The technique allocates the spectral power of each IF band according to the required signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) of the modulation format. To [...] Read more.
We propose a modulation-based adaptive power allocation (MBAPA) technique for nonlinear distortion mitigation in intermediate frequency over fiber (IFoF) systems. The technique allocates the spectral power of each IF band according to the required signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) of the modulation format. To demonstrate the performance of the technique, transmission experiments were performed in 10 km and 20 km with 24-IF bands using OFDM signals. The feasibility of the proposed MBAPA technique was experimentally verified by reducing inter-modulation distortion (IMD) power and enhancing channel linearity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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21 pages, 6293 KiB  
Article
Asymmetric Carrier Divider with an Irregular RF Phase on DD-MZ Modulator for Eliminating Dispersion Power Fading in RoF Communication
by Gunawan Wibisono, Febrizal Ujang, Teguh Firmansyah and Purnomo S. Priambodo
Photonics 2020, 7(4), 106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics7040106 - 09 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2682
Abstract
The main problem of intensity modulation (IM) in radio-over-fiber (RoF) communication is dispersion power fading (DPF), which occurs when the signal is transmitted through a dispersive link that causes a sideband cancelation effect. The DPF level of the RoF link is determined by [...] Read more.
The main problem of intensity modulation (IM) in radio-over-fiber (RoF) communication is dispersion power fading (DPF), which occurs when the signal is transmitted through a dispersive link that causes a sideband cancelation effect. The DPF level of the RoF link is determined by the deviation factor (DF). The optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation scheme, which is generated by driving one of the dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators (DD-MZMs), is usually used to overcome DPF. The DF value of OSSB modulation at modulation index m = 0.1 increases from 0.008 to 0.930 at m = 1. It can be said that this method is only effective at reducing DF at low m. However, as well-known information of the DD-MZM system, high-efficiency optic–electric conversions can be obtained at high m values, but DF will increase. Therefore, reducing the DPF value for high m ≥ 0.1 is interesting. It is known that in wireless communication, to reduce the impact of fading, direct signals are amplified and signals with irregular phases are used. Moreover, this paper proposes the DD-MZM with an asymmetric carrier divider as a direct signal and combines it with an irregular radio frequency (RF) phase to reduce the DPF at high m. The carrier that is generated by laser diode (LD) power (PIN) is divided asymmetrically as power modulation (PDD-MZM) and carrier arm (CA) power (PCA). Furthermore, the minimum DF is obtained when the PIN is separated as 75% for PCA and 25% for PDD-MZM with an irregular RF signal of θ = 48° and a bias point value of γ = ¾. As a result, with the same power as OSSB, this proposed structure produces DF at m = 0.1 and m = 1 with values of 0.008 and 0.03, or it can reduce DF of 96.7% at m = 1. The mathematical model and simulation model have very good agreement, which validates the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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Review

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31 pages, 5713 KiB  
Review
Machine Learning Techniques in Radio-over-Fiber Systems and Networks
by Jiayuan He, Jeonghun Lee, Sithamparanathan Kandeepan and Ke Wang
Photonics 2020, 7(4), 105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics7040105 - 07 Nov 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5081
Abstract
The radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology has been widely studied during the past decades to extend the wireless communication coverage by leveraging the low-loss and broad bandwidth advantages of the optical fiber. With the increasing need for wireless communications, using millimeter-waves (mm-wave) in wireless communications [...] Read more.
The radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology has been widely studied during the past decades to extend the wireless communication coverage by leveraging the low-loss and broad bandwidth advantages of the optical fiber. With the increasing need for wireless communications, using millimeter-waves (mm-wave) in wireless communications has become the recent trend and many attempts have been made to build high-throughput and robust mm-wave RoF systems during the past a few years. Whilst the RoF technology provides many benefits, it suffers from several fundamental limitations due to the analog optical link, including the fiber chromatic dispersion and nonlinear impairments. Various approaches have been proposed to address these limitations. In particular, machine learning (ML) algorithms have attracted intensive research attention as a promising candidate for handling the complicated physical layer impairments in RoF systems, especially the nonlinearity during signal modulation, transmission and detection. In this paper, we review recent advancements in ML techniques for RoF systems, especially those which utilize ML models as physical layer signal processors to mitigate various types of impairments and to improve the system performance. In addition, ML algorithms have also been widely adopted for highly efficient RoF network management and resource allocation, such as the dynamic bandwidth allocation and network fault detection. In this paper, we also review the recent works in these research domains. Finally, several key open questions that need to be addressed in the future and possible solutions of these questions are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radio over Fiber)
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