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A special issue of Physics (ISSN 2624-8174). This special issue belongs to the section "High Energy Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2021) | Viewed by 20345

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Edward Sarkisyan-Grinbaum

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Guest Editor

1. Experimental Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
2. Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
Interests: high-energy physics (in particular, multihadron production, quantum chromodynamics, and physics beyond the Standard Model); astroparticle physics; gravitation; cosmology; complex systems and critical phenomena; probability and statistics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Airton Deppman

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Guest Editor

Institute of Physics, The São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
Interests: nuclear reactions; Monte Carlo method; hadron physics; high energy collisions; non-extensive statistic
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Eugenio Megias

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Guest Editor

Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear and Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
Interests: hadron physics; QCD at finite temperature; transport properties; quak–gluon plasma; AdS/CFT

Prof. Dr. Igor M. Dremin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Theory Department, Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117924 Moscow, Russia
Interests: hadron interactions; multiparticle production; cosmic-ray physics; fractals; quantum chromodynamics; phase transitions; heavy quarkonia spectroscopy; low-x physics; wavelet analysis and its applications; pattern recognition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The vast amount of data from high energy collisions has opened up an opportunity toward further understanding of fundamental aspects in high-energy physics, in particular of the nonperturbative regime of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. Many phenomenological and theoretical approaches have been formulated for accurate description of the strongly interacting matter where a complex system of excited matter is formed, in order to understand its evolution, hadronization, and freeze-out.

The hydrodynamics approach to quark–gluon plasma expansion, the saturation model of color glass condensate, and the hadron resonance gas models are some examples of successful approaches to comprehensive description of the hot and dense system formed in high energy collisions. Statistical methods have been found to be valuable in understanding those mechanisms and to help with building the nonperturbative QCD sector.

In this Special Issue, we invite research in the field to present the state-of-the-art of statistical approaches in high energy physics, in particular in the QCD at extreme conditions, hadroproduction, and hot and dense nuclear matter formation.

Prof. Dr. Edward Sarkisyan-Grinbaum
Prof. Dr. Airton Deppman
Dr. Eugenio Megias
Prof. Igor M. Dremin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

nonperturbative QCD
hadronic matter
multihadron production
quak–gluon plasma
statistical methods
complex systems

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Difference between the Radii of Gluons and Quarks

by Luis Augusto Trevisan, Carlos Mirez and Djalma Inacio da Silva

Physics 2021, 3(4), 1155-1166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics3040073 - 25 Nov 2021

Viewed by 1778

Abstract

In this paper, in the scope of a non-extensive statistical model for the nucleon’s structure function, the volume of the gluons in the nucleons and the relations among the temperature, T, the parameter “q” of Tsallis statistics, and the scattering [...] Read more.

Q^{2}

, are studied. A system of equations with the usual sum rules are solved for the valence quarks, the experimental results for the polarized structure function, and the estimated carried moments for gluons and quarks. Each state of T and q leads to a set of chemical potentials and different radii for gluons and quarks. We conclude that gluons must occupy a larger volume than the quarks to fit the fraction of the total momentum. A linear function of the temperature with

Q^{2}

is obtained as an approach. The obtained range of temperatures is different from the previous models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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25 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Scrutiny of Particle Spectra in ep Collisions

by Ritu Aggarwal and Manjit Kaur

Physics 2021, 3(3), 757-780; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics3030047 - 08 Sep 2021

Viewed by 1882

Abstract

Charged particle multiplicity distributions in positron–proton deep inelastic scattering at a centre-of-mass energy

\sqrt{s}

Charged particle multiplicity distributions in positron–proton deep inelastic scattering at a centre-of-mass energy

\sqrt{s}

= 300 GeV, measured in the hadronic centre-of-mass frames and in different pseudorapidity windows are studied in the framework of two statistical distributions, the shifted Gompertz distribution and the Weibull distribution. Normalised moments, normalised factorial moments and the H-moments of the multiplicity distributions are determined. The phenomenon of oscillatory behaviour of the counting statistics and the Koba-Nielsen-Olesen (KNO) scaling behaviour are investigated. This is the first such analysis using these data. In addition, projections of the two distributions for the expected average charged multiplicities obtainable at the proposed future ep colliders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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16 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Baseline Study of the Event-Shape and Multiplicity Dependence of Chemical Freeze-Out Parameters in Proton-Proton Collisions at \( {\sqrt{s}} \) = 13 TeV Using PYTHIA8

by Rutuparna Rath, Arvind Khuntia, Sushanta Tripathy and Raghunath Sahoo

Physics 2020, 2(4), 679-694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics2040040 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2611

Abstract

The event-shape and multiplicity dependence of the chemical freeze-out temperature (

T_{ch}

), freeze-out radius (R), and strangeness saturation factor (

γ_{s}

) are obtained by studying the particle yields from the PYTHIA8 Monte Carlo event generator in proton-proton [...] Read more.

The event-shape and multiplicity dependence of the chemical freeze-out temperature (

T_{ch}

), freeze-out radius (R), and strangeness saturation factor (

γ_{s}

) are obtained by studying the particle yields from the PYTHIA8 Monte Carlo event generator in proton-proton (pp) collisions at the centre-of-mass

\sqrt{s}

= 13 TeV. Spherocity is one of the transverse event-shape techniques to distinguish jetty and isotropic events in high-energy collisions and helps in looking into various observables in a more differential manner. In this study, spherocity classes are divided into three categories, namely (i) spherocity integrated, (ii) isotropic, and (iii) jetty. The chemical freeze-out parameters are extracted using a statistical thermal model as a function of the spherocity class and charged particle multiplicity in the canonical, strangeness canonical, and grand canonical ensembles. A clear observation of the multiplicity and spherocity class dependence of

T_{ch}

, R, and

γ_{s}

is observed. A final state multiplicity,

N_{ch} \geq

30 in the forward multiplicity acceptance of the ALICE detector appears to be a thermodynamic limit, where the freeze-out parameters become almost independent of the ensembles. This study plays an important role in understanding the particle production mechanism in high-multiplicity pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies in view of a finite hadronic phase lifetime in small systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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11 pages, 353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tsallis Statistics in High Energy Physics: Chemical and Thermal Freeze-Outs

by Jean Cleymans and Masimba Wellington Paradza

Physics 2020, 2(4), 654-664; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics2040038 - 04 Dec 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

We present an overview of a proposal in relativistic proton-proton (

p p

We present an overview of a proposal in relativistic proton-proton (

p p

) collisions emphasizing the thermal or kinetic freeze-out stage in the framework of the Tsallis distribution. In this paper we take into account the chemical potential present in the Tsallis distribution by following a two step procedure. In the first step we used the redudancy present in the variables such as the system temperature, T, volume, V, Tsallis exponent, q, chemical potential,

μ

, and performed all fits by effectively setting to zero the chemical potential. In the second step the value q is kept fixed at the value determined in the first step. This way the complete set of variables

T, q, V

and

μ

can be determined. The final results show a weak energy dependence in

p p

collisions at the centre-of-mass energy

\sqrt{s} = 20

TeV to 13 TeV. The chemical potential

μ

at kinetic freeze-out shows an increase with beam energy. This simplifies the description of the thermal freeze-out stage in

p p

collisions as the values of T and of the freeze-out radius R remain constant to a good approximation over a wide range of beam energies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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19 pages, 10325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Searching for Supersymmetry at LHC Using the Complex-Network-Based Method of the Three-Dimensional Visibility-Graph

by Susmita Bhaduri and Anirban Bhaduri

Physics 2020, 2(3), 436-454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics2030025 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2302

Abstract

For the last several decades, there has been tremendous interest in search for Supersymmetry (SUSY) in the area of high energy physics. At Large Hadron Collider (LHC), there have been continuous searches for SUSY for prompt and non-prompt, for particle R-parity conserving and R-parity violating generation and decays. The limits obtained from these experiments and analyses for detection of the signatures of supersymmetric particles (LSP), revealed greater possibilities of such experiments in the collider. However, these signatures are usually derived under the assumption of bit optimistic conditions of the decaying process of sparticles to the final states. Moreover, SUSY might have been in a disguised state at lower mass-scales as a result of difficult and challenging mass spectra and mixed modes of decays. In this investigation, a novel method of 3-dimensional (3D) Visibility-Graph Analysis is proposed. This is an extension of Visibility Graph analysis of data series to perform the scaling analysis for 3D space. The experimental data spaces analyzed are made up of the component-space (in the

X, Y

and Z coordinates) of transverse momentum (

p_{T}

) values taken out from 4-momenta of the signatures of the final state of the pair of mega-jets extracted from the multiJet primary

p p

collision data from Run B of 2010 at 7 TeV which was used for the search of SUSY using razor filter. The symmetry scaling and the inherent scaling behavior, scale-freeness of multi-particle production process is studied in terms of 3D Power-of-Scale-freeness-of-Visibility-Graph (3D-PSVG) extracted from the 3D Visibility Graphs constructed out of the experimental data spaces. The signature of SUSY may be identified by analyzing the scaling behavior and long-range correlation inherent in the 3D space made up of signatures of final state of multi-particles produced in the

p p

collision at 7 TeV, for the analysis of SUSY, which the conventional method of analyzing the spectrum of invariant mass or

p_{T}

may miss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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32 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetic Freeze-Out Properties from Transverse Momentum Spectra of Pions in High Energy Proton-Proton Collisions

by Li-Li Li and Fu-Hu Liu

Physics 2020, 2(2), 277-308; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics2020015 - 12 Jun 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3783

Abstract

Transverse momentum spectra of negative and positive pions produced at mid-(pseudo)rapidity in inelastic or non-single-diffractive proton-proton collisions over a center-of-mass energy,

\sqrt{s}

, range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV are analyzed by the blast-wave fit with Boltzmann (Tsallis) distribution. The [...] Read more.

Transverse momentum spectra of negative and positive pions produced at mid-(pseudo)rapidity in inelastic or non-single-diffractive proton-proton collisions over a center-of-mass energy,

\sqrt{s}

, range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV are analyzed by the blast-wave fit with Boltzmann (Tsallis) distribution. The blast-wave fit results are well fitting to the experimental data measured by several collaborations. In a particular superposition with Hagedorn function, both the excitation functions of kinetic freeze-out temperature (

T_{0}

) of emission source and transverse flow velocity (

β_{T}

) of produced particles obtained from a given selection in the blast-wave fit with Boltzmann distribution have a hill at

\sqrt{s} \approx 10

GeV, a drop at dozens of GeV, and then an increase from dozens of GeV to above 10 TeV. However, both the excitation functions of

T_{0}

and

β_{T}

obtained in the blast-wave fit with Tsallis distribution do not show such a complex structure, but a very low hill. In another selection for the parameters or in the superposition with the usual step function,

T_{0}

and

β_{T}

increase generally quickly from a few GeV to about 10 GeV and then slightly at above 10 GeV, there is no such the complex structure, when also studying nucleus-nucleus collisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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Review

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26 pages, 1238 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fractal Structures of Yang–Mills Fields and Non-Extensive Statistics: Applications to High Energy Physics

by Airton Deppman, Eugenio Megías and Débora P. Menezes

Physics 2020, 2(3), 455-480; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/physics2030026 - 10 Sep 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3951

Abstract

In this work, we provide an overview of the recent investigations on the non-extensive Tsallis statistics and its applications to high energy physics and astrophysics, including physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), hadron physics, and neutron stars. We review some recent investigations on the power-law distributions arising in high energy physics experiments focusing on a thermodynamic description of the system formed, which could explain the power-law behavior. The possible connections with a fractal structure of hadrons is also discussed. The main objective of the present work is to delineate the state-of-the-art of those studies and show some open issues that deserve more careful investigation. We propose several possibilities to test the theory through analyses of experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Approaches in High Energy Physics)

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