Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Cell Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 12921

Special Issue Editor

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
Interests: somatic embryogenesis; cryopreservation; in vitro culture; zygotic embryo development and germination
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful in vitro technique, which can be used with different purposes, including basic investigation, germplasm conservation, commercial plant production, and genetic improvement. Especially interesting is its utilization as a regeneration method, which makes possible the application of biotechnological tools in which plant improvement is achieved through manipulations at the cellular level, such as genetic transformation, somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, haploid production, or in vitro mutagenesis.

The olive is, economically, a very important crop species, and extensive investigation has been carried out on somatic embryogenesis in this species.

This Special Issue intends to contribute to our knowledge on somatic embryogenesis in the olive, considering for publication articles focused on optimization of somatic embryogenesis protocols, conservation of embryogenic cultures, and utilization of this technology for application of biotechnological tools. Investigations on the molecular and physiological regulation of this developmental process are also welcome.

Dr. Carolina Sánchez-Romero
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 240 KiB  
Editorial
Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive
by Carolina Sánchez-Romero
Plants 2021, 10(3), 433; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants10030433 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
The olive is a fruit tree species economically very important in countries of the Mediterranean basin. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful in vitro technique with multiple uses in different fields, including breeding programs performed by both classical and innovative procedures. Thus, somatic embryogenesis [...] Read more.
The olive is a fruit tree species economically very important in countries of the Mediterranean basin. Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful in vitro technique with multiple uses in different fields, including breeding programs performed by both classical and innovative procedures. Thus, somatic embryogenesis enables the application of biotechnological methods such as genetic transformation, somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization, germplasm cryopreservation, in vitro mutagenesis or in vitro selection. This editorial paper presents a special issue focused on “Somatic embryogenesis in olive”. In this manuscript, the conceptual framework of the special issue is established and the contributions are summarized and put into context. Finally, the main bottlenecks limiting the practical applicability of somatic embryogenesis in this species are identified and the future research prospects are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive)

Research

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12 pages, 3267 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cryopreservation on the Ex Vitro Establishment of Olive Plants Regenerated via Somatic Embryogenesis
by Fatiha Bradaï and Carolina Sánchez-Romero
Plants 2021, 10(2), 396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants10020396 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
Cryopreservation is considered the best technique for the safe, long-term conservation of embryogenic cultures. However, before integrating it into a somatic embryogenesis system, the influence of cryopreservation on the final production of plants should be investigated. The objective of this investigation was to [...] Read more.
Cryopreservation is considered the best technique for the safe, long-term conservation of embryogenic cultures. However, before integrating it into a somatic embryogenesis system, the influence of cryopreservation on the final production of plants should be investigated. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on the regeneration performance of olive embryogenic cultures as well as on the quality of the plants obtained and their response to ex vitro establishment. In order to analyze the influence of the genotype, all the investigations were carried out in two genetically distinct embryogenic lines. The results obtained revealed no variation in the regeneration potential or the quality of the regenerated plants due to cryopreservation. The subsequent multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization steps were not influenced by cryopreservation either, although a significant genotype × cryopreservation interaction was found for shoot length during the multiplication step. The genotype played an important role, determining the quality of the regenerated plants and some aspects of the multiplication and rooting phases. This investigation revealed that the droplet-vitrification procedure optimized for the cryopreservation of olive somatic embryos can be efficiently used for the long-term conservation of olive embryogenic lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive)
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13 pages, 3102 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cryopreservation on Olive (Olea europaea L.) Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis
by Fatiha Bradaï and Carolina Sánchez-Romero
Plants 2021, 10(1), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants10010034 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2039
Abstract
Olive somatic embryos have been successfully cryopreserved using the droplet-vitrification method on aluminum foil strips. Although acceptable recovery rates have been obtained after rewarming, the influence of this cryopreservation protocol on the somatic embryogenesis process is unknown. To evaluate the effect of cryopreservation [...] Read more.
Olive somatic embryos have been successfully cryopreserved using the droplet-vitrification method on aluminum foil strips. Although acceptable recovery rates have been obtained after rewarming, the influence of this cryopreservation protocol on the somatic embryogenesis process is unknown. To evaluate the effect of cryopreservation on olive somatic embryogenesis, the behavior of cultures established from cryopreserved somatic embryos was compared with that of control, non-cryopreserved cultures in the different phases of the somatic embryogenesis process. In order to analyze the influence of the genotype, this investigation was carried out in two independent lines. During the proliferation step, only the line T1 was affected by cryopreservation, with higher fresh weight increases. Although similar total embryos were produced per culture, freezing in liquid nitrogen significantly improved the maturation pattern in the line P5. Better germination results were also found in this embryogenic line. The genotype plays a key role, largely determining the effect of cryopreservation on olive somatic embryogenesis. A specific genotype-dependent response was found depending on the culture step. Variations observed could not be associated to differences in the embryogenic lines’ instability to maintain their morphogenic competence after cryopreservation. Embryogenic cultures established after rewarming retained their regeneration capacity, with no evident negative effects affecting their regeneration capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive)
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14 pages, 1924 KiB  
Article
Maturation and Conversion of Somatic Embryos Derived from Seeds of Olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. Dahbia: Occurrence of Secondary Embryogenesis and Adventitious Bud Formation
by Mouaad Amine Mazri, Rachida Naciri and Ilham Belkoura
Plants 2020, 9(11), 1489; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9111489 - 04 Nov 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2735
Abstract
Maturation and conversion of somatic embryos are two crucial steps that hamper the development of efficient somatic embryogenesis systems in olive. Herein, a simple and efficient protocol for the maturation and conversion of olive somatic embryos is reported. Globular somatic embryos derived from [...] Read more.
Maturation and conversion of somatic embryos are two crucial steps that hamper the development of efficient somatic embryogenesis systems in olive. Herein, a simple and efficient protocol for the maturation and conversion of olive somatic embryos is reported. Globular somatic embryos derived from seeds of cv. Dahbia were cultured on either half-strength olive (OM) or olive cyclic embryogenesis (ECO) media, with and without plant growth regulators (PGRs). The embryos reached the cotyledonary stage in 9 weeks, but those cultured on ECO medium containing 0.1 mg·L−1 6-(dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP), 0.1 mg·L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.05 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) exhibited the largest sizes, with an average of 4.7 mm. Somatic embryo conversion into plantlets was evaluated using different culture media (half-strength OM or one-third strength Murashige and Skoog (MS)), light conditions (light or dark) and desiccation pretreatments. The highest rate of somatic embryo conversion (45%) was observed under a 16 h photoperiod on half strength OM medium containing 0.1 mg·L−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.1 mg·L−1 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The embryos that failed to germinate showed either necrosis, cotyledon greening with no further conversion, adventitious bud formation or secondary embryogenesis. The findings of this study will be beneficial for biotechnological applications in olive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive)
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15 pages, 4607 KiB  
Article
Somatic Embryogenesis from Mature Embryos of Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Galega Vulgar’ and Long-Term Management of Calli Morphogenic Capacity
by Rita Pires, Hélia Cardoso, Augusto Ribeiro, Augusto Peixe and António Cordeiro
Plants 2020, 9(6), 758; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants9060758 - 17 Jun 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3506
Abstract
Several olive cultivars, characterized by high-quality olive oil show agronomical issues such as excessive vigor, high susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, and low propagation ability. They are strong candidates for breeding based on new technologies to improve their performance in a short [...] Read more.
Several olive cultivars, characterized by high-quality olive oil show agronomical issues such as excessive vigor, high susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, and low propagation ability. They are strong candidates for breeding based on new technologies to improve their performance in a short period of time. For this reason, the first step is developing efficient somatic embryogenesis (SE) protocols. Somatic embryogenesis in olive is highly genotype-dependent for both adult tissues and mature embryos as initial explants, requiring the development of specific protocols for each genotype. Trials using cotyledons and radicles as initial explants, isolated from ripe seeds from the Portuguese olive cv. ‘Galega vulgar’, gave more than 95% calli development. Radicles proved to be the most responsive tissue for SE induction, with an average of 2 embryos per callus after callus transfer to expression medium, and 14 embryos per callus after subculture on the olive cyclic embryogenesis medium (ECO). Embryogenic competence could be recovered after several subcultures on ECO medium that maintained cyclic embryogenesis for an indeterminate period of time. Embryo conversion and plant acclimatization were also attained with high success rates. Media management for cyclic embryogenesis maintenance is of general importance for SE protocols in any olive genotype. Somatic embryogenesis was thus attained for the first time in embryo-derived explants of cv. ‘Galega vulgar’. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis in Olive)
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