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Polymers
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Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation
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Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2022) | Viewed by 38179

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sombel Diaham

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
LAPLACE Research Institute, Université Paul Sabatier, France
Interests: nanocomposites; electrical insulation; high voltage; electrical engineering; power modules; field grading

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the 2000’s, polymer composite materials comprising both micro- and/or nanocomposite systems designed with inorganic particles have been the focus of researchers and engineers worldwide in the field of electrical insulation for electronics, power electronics, and high voltage engineering.

Indeed, this novel technological approach for the design and the structuration of electrical insulation materials enables us to open new paths in material science to considerably enhance the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of conventional polymers. Consequently, advanced polymer composites have recently shown superior electrical insulation performances (e.g., higher dielectric strength and resistivity, partial discharge and treeing resistance, field grading original concepts, etc.) as well as enhanced thermal performances (e.g., higher thermal conduction, higher working temperature, and thermal stability in extreme conditions).

As the main positive industrial consequence, advanced polymer composites have enabled significant improvements in the operating performances of a wide range of electrical systems and devices by pushing up some inherent limits of using standard polymers. For instance, future generations of electrical systems could operate at higher voltage and/or higher temperature, or could be more integrated with a significant downsizing of all the components. Moreover, their reliability has been greatly increased, allowing exploitation cost reduction at long term during the entire service lifetime.

Looking back over the last two decades, a lot of groundbreaking research programs (both fundamental and applicative) have emerged all around the world reporting the main progress of advanced polymer composites for electrical insulation. Not only the material physical properties but also the various manufacturing routes enable the processing of new material concepts into real systems and industrial products were reported in various studies.

This Special Issue on ‘Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation’ has a twofold motivation of gathering original papers on the emerging and future challenges in this field, as well as reviews on recent major developments and achievements. The aim is to highlight the progresses of polymer micro-scale or nano-scale composites in terms of processability, new design and tailored structuration concepts, main electrical and thermal properties, physical and numerical modelling, impact on electrical system performances, and impact on aging and lifetime, etc.

Prof. Dr. Sombel Diaham
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Polymer composites
  • Microcomposites
  • Nanocomposites
  • Nanodielectrics
  • Electrical insulation
  • Power systems
  • High voltage
  • High temperature
  • Energy storage
  • Field grading
  • Dielectric properties
  • Thermal conduction
  • High electric field
  • Space charge
  • Partial discharge
  • Treeing
  • Breakdown
  • Aging
  • Lifetime

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4066 KiB  
Article
A Universal Study on the Effect Thermal Imidization Has on the Physico-Chemical, Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Polyimide for Integrated Electronics Applications
by Imadeddine Benfridja, Sombel Diaham, Fathima Laffir, Grace Brennan, Ning Liu and Tadhg Kennedy
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1713; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14091713 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3264
Abstract
Polyimides (PI) are a class of dielectric polymer used in a wide range of electronics and electrical engineering applications from low-voltage microelectronics to high voltage isolation. They are well appreciated because of their excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, each of which need [...] Read more.
Polyimides (PI) are a class of dielectric polymer used in a wide range of electronics and electrical engineering applications from low-voltage microelectronics to high voltage isolation. They are well appreciated because of their excellent thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, each of which need to be optimized uniquely depending on the end application. For example, for high-voltage applications, the final polymer breakdown field and dielectric properties must be optimized, both of which are dependent on the curing process and the final physico-chemical properties of PI. The majority of studies to date have focused on a limited set of properties of the polymer and have analyzed the effect of curing from a physicochemical-, mechanical- or electrical-centric viewpoint. This paper seeks to overcome this, unifying all of these characterizations in the same study to accurately describe the universal effect of the cure temperature on the properties of PI and at an industrial processing scale. This paper reports the widest-ranging study of its kind on the effect that cure temperature has on the physico-chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of polyimide, specifically poly (pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4, 4′-oxydianiline) (PMDA/ODA). The optimization of the cure temperature is accurately studied not only regarding the degree of imidization (DOI), but also considering the entire physical properties. Particularly, the analysis elucidates the key role of the charge–transfer complex (CTC) on these properties. The results show that while the thermal and mechanical properties improve with both DOI and CTC formation, the electrical properties, particularly at high field conditions, show an antagonistic behavior enhancing with increasing DOI while degrading at higher temperatures as the CTC formation increases. The electrical characterization at low field presents an enhancement of the final PI properties likely due to the DOI. On the contrary, at high electric field, the conductivity results show an improvement at an intermediate temperature emphasizing an ideal compromise between a high DOI and PI chain packing when the thermal imidization process is performed over this equilibrium. This balance enables maximum performance to be obtained for the PI film with optimized electrical properties and, overall, optimal thermal and mechanical properties are achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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17 pages, 40134 KiB  
Article
Polymeric Insulator Conditions Estimation by Using Leakage Current Characteristics Based on Simulation and Experimental Investigation
by Ali Ahmed Salem, Kwan Yiew Lau, Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek, Nabil Mohammed, Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan, Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a and Hassan M. H. Farh
Polymers 2022, 14(4), 737; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14040737 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2843
Abstract
The current work contributes an estimate of the time-frequency characteristics of a leakage current in assessing the health condition of a polluted polymeric insulator. A 33 kV polymer insulator string was subjected to a series of laboratory tests under a range of environmental [...] Read more.
The current work contributes an estimate of the time-frequency characteristics of a leakage current in assessing the health condition of a polluted polymeric insulator. A 33 kV polymer insulator string was subjected to a series of laboratory tests under a range of environmental conditions, including pollution, wetting rate (WR), non-soluble deposit density (NSDD), and non-uniform distribution pollution (FT/B). The temporal and frequency features of the leakage current were then extracted and used as assessment indicators for insulator conditions based on laboratory test findings. Two indices were generated from the leakage current waveform in the time domain: the curve slope index (F1), which is determined by measuring the inclination of the curve between two successive time peaks of the leakage current, and the crest factor indicator (F2). The frequency domain of the leakage current signal was used to calculate the other two indices. These are the odd harmonic indicators derived from the odd frequency harmonics of the leakage current up to the 9th component (F3) and the 5th to 3rd harmonics ratio (F4). The findings showed that the suggested indicators were capable of evaluating insulator conditions. Finally, the confusion matrix for the experimental and prediction results obtained with the proposed indices was used to assess which indicator performed the best. Therefore, the analysis suggests an alternative and effective method for estimating the health condition of a polluted insulator through leakage current characteristics obtained in the time and frequency domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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17 pages, 5896 KiB  
Article
Field-Dependent Pollution Model under Polluted Environments for Outdoor Polymeric Insulators
by Rizwan Ahmed, Rahisham Abd Rahman, Arshad Jamal, Ali Ahmed Salem, Bander Saman, Kwan Yiew Lau and Sherif S. M. Ghoneim
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 516; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14030516 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2347
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the pollution problems such as dry bands and the polymeric aging process requires better determination of electric field strength and its distribution over the polymeric surface. To determine the electric field distribution over the insulator surface, this research proposes utilizing [...] Read more.
In-depth understanding of the pollution problems such as dry bands and the polymeric aging process requires better determination of electric field strength and its distribution over the polymeric surface. To determine the electric field distribution over the insulator surface, this research proposes utilizing a novel approach model based on nonlinear electrical characteristics derived from experimental results for polluted polymer insulators. A case study was carried out for a typical 11 kV polymeric insulator to underline the merits of this new modeling approach. The developments of the proposed pollution model and the subsequent computational works are described in detail. The study is divided into two main stages; laboratory measurements and computer simulations. In the first stage, layer conductance tests were carried out to develop nonlinear field-dependent conductivity for the pollution modeling. In the second part, equipotential and electric field distributions along the leakage were computed using the finite element method (FEM). Comparative field studies showed that the simulation using the proposed dynamic pollution model results in more detailed and realistic field profiles around insulators. This may be useful to predict the formation of dry bands and the initiation of electrical discharges on the polymeric surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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15 pages, 5635 KiB  
Article
Charge Carriers Relaxation Behavior of Cellulose Polymer Insulation Used in Oil Immersed Bushing
by Yu Shang, Qiang Liu, Chen Mao, Sen Wang, Fan Wang, Zheng Jian, Shilin Shi and Jian Hao
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 336; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14020336 - 15 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1315 | Correction
Abstract
Cellulose insulation polymer material is widely used in oil immersed bushing. Moisture is one of the important reasons for the deterioration of cellulose polymer insulation, which seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of bushing. It is significant to study the polarization and [...] Read more.
Cellulose insulation polymer material is widely used in oil immersed bushing. Moisture is one of the important reasons for the deterioration of cellulose polymer insulation, which seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of bushing. It is significant to study the polarization and depolarization behavior of oil-immersed cellulose polymer insulation with different moisture condition under higher voltage. Based on polarization/depolarization current method and charge difference method, the polarization/depolarization current, interfacial polarization current and electrical conductivity of cellulose polymer under different DC voltages and humidity were obtained. Based on molecular-dynamics simulation, the effect of moisture on cellulose polymer insulation was analyzed. The results show that the polarization and depolarization currents become larger with the increase in DC voltage and moisture. The higher applied voltage will accelerate the charge carrier motion. The ionization of water molecules will produce more charge carriers. Thus, high DC voltage and moisture content will increase the interface polarization current. Increased moisture content results in more charge carriers ionized by water molecules. In addition, the invasion of moisture will reduce the band width of cellulose polymer and enhance its electrostatic potential, so as to improve its overall electrical conductivity. This paper provides a reference for analyzing the polarization characteristics of charge carriers in cellulose polymer insulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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14 pages, 8495 KiB  
Article
Understanding Variations in the Tracking and Erosion Performance of HTV-SR-Based Composites due to AC-Stressed Aging
by Rahmat Ullah, Muhammad Akbar, Nasim Ullah, Sattam Al Otaibi and Ahmed Althobaiti
Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3634; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13213634 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2052
Abstract
Among the polymeric family, high-temperature-vulcanized silicone rubber (HTV-SR) is the most deployed material for high voltage insulation applications. However, in an outdoor environment, due to contamination and wetting-induced dry band arcing, consequently SR experiences surface tracking and erosion. From a practical standpoint, the [...] Read more.
Among the polymeric family, high-temperature-vulcanized silicone rubber (HTV-SR) is the most deployed material for high voltage insulation applications. However, in an outdoor environment, due to contamination and wetting-induced dry band arcing, consequently SR experiences surface tracking and erosion. From a practical standpoint, the tracking and erosion performance under multi-stress aging is required to be known. It is in that context that the present study was undertaken to measure and analyze the effect of multi-stress aging on tracking and erosion performance. Composite samples of SR having different filler concentrations of silica and alumina trihydroxide (ATH) were aged in a multi-stress chamber for a period of 5000 h, and after that their electrical tracking performance was studied. Simultaneously, unaged samples were also exposed to tracking test for comparison. To conduct this test, the inclined plane testing technique was used in accordance with IEC-60587. All samples exposed to tracking test were analyzed using different diagnostic and measuring techniques involving surface leakage current measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal stability and hydrophobicity classification. Experimental results shown that the tracking lifetime increased through incorporation of silica and ATH fillers in the SR. Amongst all test samples, two samples designated as filled with 2% nano silica and 20% micro silica/ATH exhibited greater resistance to tracking. This was attributed to the optimum loading as well as better dispersion of the fillers in the polymer matrix. The presence of nano-silica enhanced time-to-tracking failure, owing to both improved thermal stability and enhanced shielding effect on the surface of nanocomposite insulators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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20 pages, 6140 KiB  
Article
Effect of Terminal Groups on Thermomechanical and Dielectric Properties of Silica–Epoxy Composite Modified by Hyperbranched Polyester
by Jianwen Zhang, Dongwei Wang, Lujia Wang, Wanwan Zuo, Lijun Zhou, Xue Hu and Dingyu Bao
Polymers 2021, 13(15), 2451; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13152451 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2060
Abstract
To study the effect of hyperbranched polyester with different kinds of terminal groups on the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of silica–epoxy resin composite, a molecular dynamics simulation method was utilized. Pure epoxy resin and four groups of silica–epoxy resin composites were established, where [...] Read more.
To study the effect of hyperbranched polyester with different kinds of terminal groups on the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of silica–epoxy resin composite, a molecular dynamics simulation method was utilized. Pure epoxy resin and four groups of silica–epoxy resin composites were established, where the silica surface was hydrogenated, grafted with silane coupling agents, and grafted with hyperbranched polyester with terminal carboxyl and terminal hydroxyl, respectively. Then the thermal conductivity, glass transition temperature, elastic modulus, dielectric constant, free volume fraction, mean square displacement, hydrogen bonds, and binding energy of the five models were calculated. The results showed that the hyperbranched polyester significantly improved the thermomechanical and dielectric properties of the silica–epoxy composites compared with other surface treatments, and the terminal groups had an obvious effect on the enhancement effect. Among them, epoxy composite modified by the hyperbranched polyester with terminal carboxy exhibited the best thermomechanical properties and lowest dielectric constant. Our analysis of the microstructure found that the two systems grafted with hyperbranched polyester had a smaller free volume fraction (FFV) and mean square displacement (MSD), and the larger number of hydrogen bonds and greater binding energy, indicating that weaker strength of molecular segments motion and stronger interfacial bonding between silica and epoxy resin matrix were the reasons for the enhancement of the thermomechanical and dielectric properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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13 pages, 2540 KiB  
Article
Temperature Influence on PI/Si3N4 Nanocomposite Dielectric Properties: A Multiscale Approach
by Mohammed Houssat, Christina Villeneuve-Faure, Nadine Lahoud Dignat, Marie-Laure Locatelli and Jean-Pascal Cambronne
Polymers 2021, 13(12), 1936; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13121936 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1800
Abstract
The interphase area appears to have a great impact on nanocomposite (NC) dielectric properties. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, mainly because the interphase properties remain unknown. This is even more true if the temperature increases. In this study, a multiscale [...] Read more.
The interphase area appears to have a great impact on nanocomposite (NC) dielectric properties. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, mainly because the interphase properties remain unknown. This is even more true if the temperature increases. In this study, a multiscale characterization of polyimide/silicon nitride (PI/Si3N4) NC dielectric properties is performed at various temperatures. Using a nanomechanical characterization approach, the interphase width was estimated to be 30 ± 2 nm and 42 ± 3 nm for untreated and silane-treated nanoparticles, respectively. At room temperature, the interphase dielectric permittivity is lower than that of the matrix. It increases with the temperature, and at 150 °C, the interphase and matrix permittivities reach the same value. At the macroscale, an improvement of the dielectric breakdown is observed at high temperature (by a factor of 2 at 300 °C) for NC compared to neat PI. The comparison between nano- and macro-scale measurements leads to the understanding of a strong correlation between interphase properties and NC ones. Indeed, the NC macroscopic dielectric permittivity is well reproduced from nanoscale permittivity results using mixing laws. Finally, a strong correlation between the interphase dielectric permittivity and NC breakdown strength is observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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15 pages, 3607 KiB  
Article
Volume Resistivity of Viton Polymer under Thermal Aging
by Alireza Abdihamzehkolaei, Md Tanvir Ahad and Zahed Siddique
Polymers 2021, 13(5), 773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13050773 - 03 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
This study examines the influence of various electrical parameters on the volume resistivity of the Viton fluoroelastomer. The transient current, the temperature dependence of volume resistivity, the voltage dependence of resistivity, and the surface morphology of Viton insulators are investigated for new and [...] Read more.
This study examines the influence of various electrical parameters on the volume resistivity of the Viton fluoroelastomer. The transient current, the temperature dependence of volume resistivity, the voltage dependence of resistivity, and the surface morphology of Viton insulators are investigated for new and aged specimens. An accelerated aging process has been employed in order to simulate the natural aging of insulators in service. A detailed comparison between the new and aged samples is presented. The transient effect, which is a challenge to the resistivity measurement of insulators, has been investigated. The first 60 s of the resistivity measurement test showed a significant influence from the transient effect and should be excluded from the data. The volume resistivity of both new and aged samples decreased when the temperature increased. However, the resistivity of the aged sample was lower than the new one at all tested temperatures. When the temperature increased from 35 to 190 °C, resistivity decreased from 4.77 × 1010 to 6.99 × 108 Ω-cm for the new sample and from 2.6 × 1010 to 6.68 × 108 Ω-cm for the aged sample under 500 V. Additionally, the results from this study showed that the volume resistivity is inversely proportional to the applied voltage. Finally, scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs/images allowed us to closely examine the surface morphology of new and aged Viton samples. The surface of aged samples has been recognized with higher surface roughness and more significant surface cracks leading to poor performance under high voltage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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15 pages, 3145 KiB  
Article
Steady-State Conduction Current Performance for Multilayer Polyimide/SiO2 Films
by Muhammad Shoaib Bhutta, Shakeel Akram, Pengfei Meng, Jerome Castellon, Serge Agnel, Hui Li, Yecai Guo, Ghulam Rasool, Shahid Hussain and Muhammad Tariq Nazir
Polymers 2021, 13(4), 640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13040640 - 21 Feb 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3224
Abstract
The steady-state electrical conduction current for single and multilayer polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films was observed at the low and high electric field for different temperatures. Experimental data were fitted to conduction models to investigate the dominant conduction mechanism in these films. In most [...] Read more.
The steady-state electrical conduction current for single and multilayer polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films was observed at the low and high electric field for different temperatures. Experimental data were fitted to conduction models to investigate the dominant conduction mechanism in these films. In most films, space charge limited current (SCLC) and Poole–Frenkel current displayed dominant conduction. At a high electric field, the ohmic conduction was replaced by current–voltage dependency. Higher conduction current was observed for nanocomposite films at a lower temperature, but it declined at a higher temperature. PI nanocomposite multilayer films showed a huge reduction in the conduction current at higher electric fields and temperatures. The conclusions derived in this study would provide the empirical basis and early breakdown phenomenon explanation when performing dielectric strength and partial discharge measurements of PI-based nanocomposite insulation systems of electric motors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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Review

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17 pages, 297 KiB  
Review
Review of the Performance of High-Voltage Composite Insulators
by Muhammad Zaheer Saleem and Mohammad Akbar
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 431; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14030431 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5752
Abstract
In the present literature survey, we focused on the performance of polymeric materials encompassing silicone rubber (SiR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and epoxy resins loaded with micro, nano, and micro/nano hybrid fillers. These insulators are termed as composite insulators. The scope of [...] Read more.
In the present literature survey, we focused on the performance of polymeric materials encompassing silicone rubber (SiR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and epoxy resins loaded with micro, nano, and micro/nano hybrid fillers. These insulators are termed as composite insulators. The scope of the added fillers/additives was limited to the synthetic inorganic family. Special attention was directed to understanding the effect of fillers on the improvement of the thermal conductivity, dielectric strength, mechanical strength, corona discharge resistance, and tracking and erosion resistance performance of polymeric materials for use as high-voltage transmission line insulators. The survey showed that synthetic inorganic fillers, which include silica (SiO2) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), are potential fillers to improve insulation performance of high-voltage insulators. Furthermore, nano and micro/nano filled composites performed better due to the better interaction between the filler and polymer matrix as compared to their only micro- or nano filled counterparts. Finally, some aspects requiring future work to further exploit fillers are identified and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
58 pages, 23239 KiB  
Review
Nonlinear Electrical Conduction in Polymer Composites for Field Grading in High-Voltage Applications: A Review
by Alejandro Can-Ortiz, Lionel Laudebat, Zarel Valdez-Nava and Sombel Diaham
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1370; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13091370 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5482
Abstract
Applications of polymeric materials in electrical engineering increasingly require improvements in operating voltages, performance, reliability, and size reduction. However, the resulting increase on the electric field in electrical systems can prevent achieving these goals. Polymer composites, functionalized with conductive or semiconductive particles, can [...] Read more.
Applications of polymeric materials in electrical engineering increasingly require improvements in operating voltages, performance, reliability, and size reduction. However, the resulting increase on the electric field in electrical systems can prevent achieving these goals. Polymer composites, functionalized with conductive or semiconductive particles, can allow us to reduce the electric field, thus grading the field within the system. In this paper, a comprehensive review of field-grading materials, their properties, and recent developments and applications is provided to realize high-performance high-voltage engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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19 pages, 12127 KiB  
Review
Influence of Gamma Irradiation and Water Aging on the Space Charge Characteristics of Epoxy Micro-Nano Composites
by Myneni Sukesh Babu, Ramanujam Sarathi, Takahiro Imai and Toshikatsu Tanaka
Polymers 2021, 13(6), 964; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13060964 - 22 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2223
Abstract
Epoxy micro-nano composites are well-known to exhibit enhanced electrical, mechanical as well as thermal properties compared to base epoxy resin. Yet, a clear understanding need to be achieved on the long-term aging performance of the epoxy micro-nano composites. The present review article is [...] Read more.
Epoxy micro-nano composites are well-known to exhibit enhanced electrical, mechanical as well as thermal properties compared to base epoxy resin. Yet, a clear understanding need to be achieved on the long-term aging performance of the epoxy micro-nano composites. The present review article is a comprehensive study on the impact of gamma irradiation and water aging on the space charge characteristics of epoxy micro-nano composites that are applicable as insulant in high-voltage power apparatus. Ion-trapping nanoparticles, which possess good oxidation resistance and high ion trapping ability, are being chosen as nanofillers along with silica micro fillers in epoxy micro-nano composite material for improving the reliability of electrical insulation structures. The epoxy micro-nano composite specimens were subjected to gamma irradiation (4 kGy and 8 kGy) and water aging (under room temperature and at 90 °C), to analyze the effect of aging on space charge accumulation and charge decay characteristics. The mean magnitude of accumulated space charge density of epoxy micro-nano composites tends to increase with an increase in gamma irradiation dose as well as an increment in water diffusion coefficient. The mean lifetime of the space charge decay during depoling has significantly reduced after gamma irradiation and is converse with water aged specimen. Voltage polarity reversal studies have indicated that a part of homo-charge injected from electrodes remained as hetero-charge just after polarity reversal and could result in the distortion of electric field thereby increasing the electric field enhancement factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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Other

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2 pages, 595 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Shang et al. Charge Carriers Relaxation Behavior of Cellulose Polymer Insulation Used in Oil Immersed Bushing. Polymers 2022, 14, 336
by Yu Shang, Qiang Liu, Chen Mao, Sen Wang, Fan Wang, Zheng Jian, Shilin Shi and Jian Hao
Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1206; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14061206 - 17 Mar 2022
Viewed by 780
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper: [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites for Electrical Insulation)
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