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Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior

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A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 36182

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Prof. Dr. Mariana Doina Banea

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Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro (CEFET/RJ), Rio de Janeiro 20000-000, Brazil
Interests: composite materials; natural fibres; adhesive bonding

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, natural fiber composites are seen as realistic alternatives to replace synthetic (i.e., glass) reinforced composites in many applications. Natural fibers such as sisal, jute, banana, ramie, hemp, curaua, etc. have attracted the attention of researchers for application in several industries, such as automotive, construction and furniture, sports, and music instruments, among others. The lower weight and relatively lower cost of natural fibers are the main aspects referred to as the reasons for the use of natural fiber composites in these applications. However, natural fiber composites vary greatly in their mechanical properties. Mechanical properties (e.g., tensile, flexural, and impact) are highly dependent on different factors such as fiber and matrix type, interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix, fiber dispersion and orientation, and processing, among others. By increasing their mechanical performance, the capabilities and applications of natural fiber-reinforced composites will be extended.

This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for sharing the latest scientific and technical advances in optimization of the mechanical properties, durability, processing, and applications of natural fiber-reinforced composites. The effect of various fibers on the mechanical properties of natural fiber-reinforced composites will be discussed. Potential applications, challenges, and future directions of these composites will be also addressed.

Prof. Dr. Mariana Doina Banea
Guest Editor

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Keywords

natural fiber composites
mechanical properties
polymer matrix
treatment of fibers
environmental conditions
thermal properties
tensile
impact and flexural strength
novel sustainable materials

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behaviour

by Mariana Doina Banea

Polymers 2023, 15(5), 1185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15051185 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1739

Abstract

At present, natural-fibre-reinforced-composites (NFRCs) are seen as realistic alternatives to synthetic- (e [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

Research

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19 pages, 6656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Elastic Constants of Microfibril Reinforced Poly Vinyl Chloride Composites Using Impulsive Excitation of Vibration

by Sampath Aravindh and Gopalan Venkatachalam

Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5083; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14235083 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1175

Abstract

The creation of tenable green composites is in high demand, due to ecologically available resources paving the way for applications to thrive in the manufacturing, aerospace, structural, and maritime industries. Hence, it is vital to understand the performance characteristics of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The elastic constants of coir fiber powder-reinforced plasticized polyvinyl chloride composite are determined using impulsive excitation vibration in this study. The optimization study on the elastic constants was carried out using Box–Behnken experimental design, based on response surface methodology, having three factors of fiber content (wt.%), fiber size (μm) and chemical treatments. The results were evaluated using analysis of variance and regression analysis. Additionally, experimental and optimized results were compared, leading to error analysis. Young’s modulus of 18.2 MPa and shear modulus of 6.6 MPa were obtained for a combination of fiber content (2 wt%), fiber size (225 μm), and triethoxy (ethyl) silane treatment, which is suitable for various electrical, automotive, etc., applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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10 pages, 2986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Change in Density with the Diameter and Thermal Analysis of the Seven-Islands-Sedge Fiber

by Lucas de Mendonça Neuba, Raí Felipe Pereira Junio, Andressa Teixeira Souza, Matheus Pereira Ribeiro, Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira, Thuane Teixeira da Silva, Artur Camposo Pereira and Sergio Neves Monteiro

Polymers 2022, 14(17), 3687; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14173687 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1694

Abstract

Basic properties of sedge fibers from the seven-islands-sedge plant (Cyperus malaccensis) were investigated with possible application in reinforcing composite materials. A dimensional distribution and the effect of fiber diameter on density were investigated using gas pycnometry. The Weibull method, used to statistically analyze the acquired data from the diameter intervals, indicated an inverse dependence, where the thinnest fibers had the highest density values. The morphology of the fibers was obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in which a lower presence of defects was revealed in the thinner fibers, corroborating the inverse density dependence. In addition, the sedge fiber was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, which indicate an initial thermal degradation at around 241 °C. These results revealed for the first time that thinner sedge fibers might be promising reinforcement for polymer composites with a limit in temperature application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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14 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Ballistic Performance of Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

by Thuane Teixeira da Silva, Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira, André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo, Sérgio Neves Monteiro, Matheus Pereira Ribeiro, Lucas de Mendonça Neuba, Noan Tonini Simonassi, Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho and Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento

Polymers 2022, 14(17), 3629; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14173629 - 02 Sep 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

Several industry sectors have sought to develop materials that combine lightness, strength and cost-effectiveness. Natural lignocellulosic natural fibers have demonstrated to be efficient in replacing synthetic fibers, owing to several advantages such as costs 50% lower than that of synthetic fibers and promising mechanical specific properties. Polymeric matrix composites that use kenaf fibers as reinforcement have shown strength increases of over 600%. This work aims to evaluate the performance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with kenaf fibers, by means of dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) and ballistic test. Through DMA, it was possible to obtain the curves of storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″) and damping factor, Tan

δ

, of the composites. The variation of E′ displayed an increase from 1540 MPa for the plain epoxy to 6550 MPa for the 30 vol.% kenaf fiber composites, which evidences the increase in viscoelastic stiffness of the composite. The increase in kenaf fiber content induced greater internal friction, resulting in superior E″. The Tan

δ

was considerably reduced with increasing reinforcement fraction, indicating better interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. Ballistic tests against 0.22 caliber ammunition revealed similar performance in terms of both residual and limit velocities for plain epoxy and 30 vol.% kenaf fiber composites. These results confirm the use of kenaf fiber as a promising reinforcement of polymer composites for automotive parts and encourage its possible application as a ballistic armor component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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13 pages, 4112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ballistic Properties and Izod Impact Resistance of Novel Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Caranan Fiber (Mauritiella armata)

by Andressa Teixeira Souza, Lucas de Mendonça Neuba, Raí Felipe Pereira Junio, Magno Torres Carvalho, Verônica Scarpini Candido, André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo, Sergio Neves Monteiro, Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento and Alisson Clay Rios da Silva

Polymers 2022, 14(16), 3348; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14163348 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1759

Abstract

Natural lignocellulosic fibers (NFLs) possess several economic, technical, environmental and social advantages, making them an ideal alternative to synthetic fibers in composite materials. Caranan fiber is an NFL extract from the leafstalk of the Mauritiella armata palm tree, endemic to South America. The present work investigates the addition of 10, 20 and 30 vol% caranan fiber in epoxy resin, regarding the properties associated with Izod notch tough and ballistic performance. Following ASTM D256 standards, ten impact specimens for each fiber reinforcement condition (vol%) were investigated. For the ballistic test, a composite plate with 30 vol%, which has the best result, was tested with ten shots, using 0.22 ammunition to verify the energy absorption. The results showed that when compared to the average values obtained for the epoxy resin, the effect of incorporating 30 vol% caranan fibers as reinforcement in composites was evident in the Izod impact test, producing an increase of around 640% in absorption energy. Absorbed ballistic energy and velocity limit results provided values similar to those already reported in the literature: around 56 J and 186 J, respectively. All results obtained were ANOVA statistically analyzed based on a confidence level of 95%. Tukey’s test revealed, as expected, that the best performance among the studied impact resistance was 30 vol%, reaching the highest values of energy absorption. For ballistic performance, the Weibull analysis showed a high R² correlation value above 0.9, confirming the reliability of the tested samples. These results illustrate the possibilities of caranan fiber to be used as a reinforcement for epoxy composites and its promising application in ballistic armor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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17 pages, 17652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic and Ballistic Performance of Uni- and Bidirectional Pineapple Leaf Fibers (PALF)-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Functionalized with Graphene Oxide

by Pamela Pinto Neves, Ulisses Oliveira Costa, Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra, André Ben-Hur da Silva Figueiredo, Sergio Neves Monteiro and Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento

Polymers 2022, 14(16), 3249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14163249 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1565

Abstract

Replacing synthetic fibers with natural ones as reinforcement in polymeric composites is an alternative to contribute to sustainability. Pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) have specific mechanical properties that allow their use as reinforcement. Further, graphene oxide (GO) has aroused interest due to its distinctive properties that allow the improvement of fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the ballistic performance and energy absorption properties of PALF-reinforced composites, presenting different conditions (i.e., GO-functionalization, and variation of fibers volume fraction and arrangement) through residual velocity and Izod impact tests. ANOVA was used to verify the variability and reliability of the results. SEM was employed to visualize the failure mechanisms. The Izod impact results revealed a significant increase in the absorbed energy with the increment of fiber volume fraction for the unidirectional configuration. The ballistic results indicated that the bidirectional arrangement was responsible for better physical integrity after the projectile impact. Furthermore, bidirectional samples containing 30 vol.% of GO non-functionalized fibers in a GO-reinforced matrix showed the best results, indicating its possible application as a second layer in multilayered armor systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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22 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Wood Plastic Composites from Biobased Polyethylene and Short Natural Fibers Processed by Injection Moulding

by Celia Dolza, Eduardo Fages, Eloi Gonga, Jaume Gomez-Caturla, Rafael Balart and Luis Quiles-Carrillo

Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13111692 - 22 May 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

Environmentally friendly wood plastic composites (WPC) with biobased high density polyethylene (BioHDPE) as the polymer matrix and hemp, flax and jute short fibers as natural reinforcements, were melt-compounded using twin-screw extrusion and shaped into pieces by injection molding. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was added at two parts per hundred resin to the WPC during the extrusion process in order to reduce the lack in compatibility between the lignocellulosic fibers and the non-polar polymer matrix. The results revealed a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties with the combination of natural fibers, along with PE-g-MA, highly improved stiffness and mechanical properties of neat BioHDPE. Particularly, hemp fiber drastically increased the Young’s modulus and impact strength of BioHDPE. Thermal analysis revealed a slight improvement in thermal stability with the addition of the three lignocellulosic fibers, increasing both melting and degradation temperatures. The incorporation of the fibers also increased water absorption due to their lignocellulosic nature, which drastically improved the polarity of the composite. Finally, fire behavior properties were also improved in terms of flame duration, thanks to the ability of the fibers to form char protective barriers that isolate the material from oxygen and volatiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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14 pages, 17627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Performance of Cement Mortar Reinforced by Modified Bamboo Fibers

by Yang Ban, Wei Zhi, Mingen Fei, Wendi Liu, Demei Yu, Tengfei Fu and Renhui Qiu

Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2650; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12112650 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3459

Abstract

This study aims to prepare bamboo-fiber-reinforced cement composites and provide a solution to the issue of poor interfacial adhesion between bamboo fibers and cement matrix. The original bamboo fibers were modified by three moderately low-cost and easy-to-handle treatments including glycerol, aluminate ester, and silane treatments. The performance of the modified bamboo-fiber-reinforced cement composites was evaluated by a series of mechanical and durability tests, including flexural and compressive strength, water absorption, chloride ion penetration, drying shrinkage, freeze–thaw resistance, and carbonization. In addition, the microstructures of composites were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the composites reinforced with glycerol-modified bamboo fibers had 14% increased flexural strength and comparable compressive strength. From durability perspectives, all treatments showed similar performance in drying shrinkage, whereas aluminate ester treatment was the most effective in terms of impermeability, chloride resistance, freeze–thaw resistance, and carbonization. The results could provide insights to efficient and effective natural fiber treatment to enable better performance of natural-fiber-reinforced cement-based materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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13 pages, 4483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite

by Harmaen Ahmad Saffian, Mohd Aizam Talib, Seng Hua Lee, Paridah Md Tahir, Ching Hao Lee, Hidayah Ariffin and Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari

Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12081833 - 15 Aug 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical breakdown of polypropylene/lignin/kenaf core fiber (PP/L/KCF) composite were studied. PP/L, PP/KCF and PP/L/KCF composites with different fiber and lignin loading was prepared using a compounding process. Pure PP was served as control. The results revealed that tensile and flexural properties of the PP/L/KCF was retained after addition of lignin and kenaf core fibers. Thermal stability of the PP composites improved compared to pure PP polymer. As for thermal conductivity, no significant difference was observed between PP composites and pure PP. However, PP/L/KCF composite has higher thermal diffusivity. All the PP composites produced are good insulating materials that are suitable for building. All PP composites passed withstand voltage test in air and oil state as stipulated in IEC 60641-3 except PP/L in oil state. SEM micrograph showed that better interaction and adhesion between polymer matrix, lignin and kenaf core fibers was observed and reflected on the better tensile strength recorded in PP/L/KCF composite. This study has successfully filled the gap of knowledge on using lignin and kenaf fibers as PP insulator composite materials. Therefore, it can be concluded that PP/Lignin/KCF has high potential as an insulating material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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20 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials with a Dammar-Based Hybrid Matrix and Two Types of Flax Fabric Reinforcement

by Dumitru Bolcu and Marius Marinel Stănescu

Polymers 2020, 12(8), 1649; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12081649 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2609

Abstract

The need to protect the environment has generated, in the past decade, a competition at the producers’ level to use, as much as possible, natural materials, which are biodegradable and compostable. This trend and the composite materials have undergone a spectacular development of the natural components. Starting from these tendencies we have made and studied from the point of view of mechanical and chemical properties composite materials with three types of hybrid matrix based on the Dammar natural hybrid resin and two types of reinforcers made of flax fabric. We have researched the mechanical properties of these composite materials based on their tensile strength and vibration behavior, respectively. We have determined the characteristic curves, elasticity modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, specific frequency and damping factor. Using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis we have obtained images of the breaking area for each sample that underwent a tensile test and, by applying FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analyzes, we have determined the spectrum bands and the chemical composition diagram of the samples taken from the hybrid resins used as a matrix for the composite materials under study. Based on the results, we have suggested that these composite materials could be used in different fields of activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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17 pages, 2150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of Bleached Hemp Fibers Reinforced Polyamide 6 Composites: A Competitive Alternative to Commodity Composites

by Francisco J. Alonso-Montemayor, Quim Tarrés, Helena Oliver-Ortega, F. Xavier Espinach, Rosa Idalia Narro-Céspedes, Adali O. Castañeda-Facio and Marc Delgado-Aguilar

Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1041; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12051041 - 02 May 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3616

Abstract

Automotive and industrial design companies have profusely used commodity materials like glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene. These materials show advantageous ratios between cost and mechanical properties, but poor environmental yields. Natural fibers have been tested as replacements of glass fibers, obtaining noticeable tensile strengths, but being unable to reach the strength of glass fiber-reinforced composites. In this paper, polyamide 6 is proposed as a matrix for cellulosic fiber-based composites. A variety of fibers were tensile tested, in order to evaluate the creation of a strong interphase. The results show that, with a bleached hardwood fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composite, it is possible to obtain tensile strengths higher than glass-fiber-reinforced polyolefin. The obtained composites show the existence of a strong interphase, allowing us to take advantage of the strengthening capabilities of such cellulosic reinforcements. These materials show advantageous mechanical properties, while being recyclable and partially renewable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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16 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Natural Intralaminar Hybrid Composites Based on Sisal

by Alexandre L. Pereira, Mariana D. Banea, Jorge S.S. Neto and Daniel K.K. Cavalcanti

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 866; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12040866 - 09 Apr 2020

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybridization on the mechanical and thermal properties of intralaminar natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites based on sisal. Ramie, sisal and curauá fibers were selected as natural fiber reinforcements for the epoxy matrix based composites, which were produced by the hand lay-up technique. Tensile, flexural and impact tests were carried out according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards to characterize the hybrid composites, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the thermal properties. It was found that the mechanical properties are improved by hybridization of sisal based composites. The thermal analysis showed that the hybridization did not significantly affect the thermal stability of the composites. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fracture surface of the tested specimens. The SEM images showed a brittle fracture of the matrix and fiber breakage near the matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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Review

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27 pages, 3937 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Thermal Characterisation of Natural and Hybrid Fiber Composites

by Jorge S. S. Neto, Henrique F. M. de Queiroz, Ricardo A. A. Aguiar and Mariana D. Banea

Polymers 2021, 13(24), 4425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13244425 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 4986

Abstract

The thermal stability of natural fiber composites is a relevant aspect to be considered since the processing temperature plays a critical role in the manufacturing process of composites. At higher temperatures, the natural fiber components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) start to degrade and their major properties (mechanical and thermal) change. Different methods are used in the literature to determine the thermal properties of natural fiber composites as well as to help to understand and determine their suitability for a certain applications (e.g., Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and differential mechanical thermal analysis (DMA)). Weight loss percentage, the degradation temperature, glass transition temperature (T_g), and viscoelastic properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, and the damping factor) are the most common thermal properties determined by these methods. This paper provides an overview of the recent advances made regarding the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites in thermoset and thermoplastic polymeric matrices. First, the main factors that affect the thermal properties of natural and hybrid fiber composites (fiber and matrix type, the presence of fillers, fiber content and orientation, the treatment of the fibers, and manufacturing process) are briefly presented. Further, the methods used to determine the thermal properties of natural and hybrid composites are discussed. It is concluded that thermal analysis can provide useful information for the development of new materials and the optimization of the selection process of these materials for new applications. It is crucial to ensure that the natural fibers used in the composites can withstand the heat required during the fabrication process and retain their characteristics in service. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fibre Composites and Their Mechanical Behavior)

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