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Polymers
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Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion
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Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 34846

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jung-Chang Wang

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Guest Editor
Department of Marine Engineering (DME), College of Maritime Science and Management, National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU), Jhongjheng District 202301 No. 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung City, Taiwan
Interests: green energy; two-Phase flow; thermal module; surface heat treatment for fins; thermo-electric nanofluids; CFD numerical method; LED lighting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymer-based material applications in sensors, actuators and energy conversion have played a key role in the recently developing areas of smart matter and electronic devices. They cover the synthesis, structures, and properties of polymers and composites, including energy harvesting devices and energy storage devices for electro-mechanical (electrical to mechanical energy conversion) and magneto-mechanical (magnetic to mechanical energy conversion), light-emitting devices, and electrical-powered driving sensors. Therefore, modulation of the polymer-based materials and devices for controlling the detection, actuation, and energy of functionalized relative devices is achieved.

Prof. Dr. Jung-Chang Wang
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Polymer blend nano-electrolytes
  • Hybrid polymer–inorganic composites
  • Synthesis of polymer composites for energy applications
  • Polymer membranes for energy applications
  • Polymers for energy storage capacitor applications
  • Polymer-based organic batteries.

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4226 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Electrochemical Supercapacitor Based on Polypyrrole/Gum Arabic Composites
by Rizwan Ullah, Nadia Khan, Rozina Khattak, Mehtab Khan, Muhammad Sufaid Khan and Omar M. Ali
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14020242 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
The current research focused on the super capacitive behavior of organic conducting polymer, i.e., polypyrrole (PPy) and its composites with gum arabic (GA) prepared via inverse emulsion polymerization. The synthesized composites material was analyzed by different analytical techniques, such as UV-visible, FTIR, TGA, [...] Read more.
The current research focused on the super capacitive behavior of organic conducting polymer, i.e., polypyrrole (PPy) and its composites with gum arabic (GA) prepared via inverse emulsion polymerization. The synthesized composites material was analyzed by different analytical techniques, such as UV-visible, FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy clearly show the successful insertion of GA into PPy matrix. The TGA analysis shows high thermal stability for composites than pure PPy. The XRD and SEM analysis show the crystalline and amorphous structures and overall morphology of the composites is more compact and mesoporous as compared to the pure PPy. The electrochemical properties of modified solid state supercapacitors established on pure polypyrrole (PPy), polypyrrole/gum arabic (PPy/GA) based composites were investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). The specific capacitance of the PPy modified gold electrode is impressive (~168 F/g). The specific capacitance of PPy/GA 1 electrode has been increased to 368 F/g with a high energy density and power density (~73 Wh/kg), and (~599 W/kg) respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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10 pages, 6711 KiB  
Article
NOA61-Polymer Fiber Fizeau Interferometer with a Flexible NOA65-Polymer Taper for Simultaneous Measurement of Tilt Angle and Temperature
by Cheng-Ling Lee, Chi-Shiang Chen, Chun-Ren Yang and Rui-Cheng Zeng
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2798; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13162798 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1935
Abstract
This study proposes and experimentally demonstrates a NOA61-polymer fiber Fizeau interferometer (PFFI) connected to a flexible NOA65-polymer taper (PT) for simultaneous measurement of tilt angle and temperature (T). The PT/PFFI fiber sensor consists of a taper-shaped flexible NOA65 polymer and single-mode fiber with [...] Read more.
This study proposes and experimentally demonstrates a NOA61-polymer fiber Fizeau interferometer (PFFI) connected to a flexible NOA65-polymer taper (PT) for simultaneous measurement of tilt angle and temperature (T). The PT/PFFI fiber sensor consists of a taper-shaped flexible NOA65 polymer and single-mode fiber with an endface that is attached to a NOA61-polymer. The NOA61-polymer of PFFI is highly sensitive to variations of T with high repeatability and enables the simultaneous measurement of tilt angle by connecting with the highly flexible NOA65-PT. the interference fringe visibility of optical spectra in the PFFI can be highly controlled by the tilt angle of the PT and is thus capable of measuring tilt angles with high sensitivity. On the other hand, wavelength shifts of the spectra in the PFFI only occur when T varies. The proposed PT/PFFI can simultaneously detect the tilt state and the variation of surrounding T by measuring the optical spectral responses and eliminating cross sensitivity. Experimental results demonstrate the PT/PFFI can simultaneously measure tilt angles and T with good sensitivities and obtain averages of 0.4 dB/° and 0.17 nm/°C, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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17 pages, 4247 KiB  
Article
PMMA Application in Piezo Actuation Jet for Dissipating Heat of Electronic Devices
by Yu-Teng Chang, Rong-Tsu Wang and Jung-Chang Wang
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2596; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13162596 - 05 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
The present study utilizes an acrylic (PMMA) plate with circular piezoelectric ceramics (PC) as an actuator to design and investigate five different types of piezo actuation jets (PAJs) with operating conditions. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient of a device of [...] Read more.
The present study utilizes an acrylic (PMMA) plate with circular piezoelectric ceramics (PC) as an actuator to design and investigate five different types of piezo actuation jets (PAJs) with operating conditions. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient of a device of PAJ is 200% greater than that of a traditional rotary fan when PAJ is placed at the proper distance of 10 to 20 mm from the heat source, avoiding the suck back of surrounding fluids. The cooling effect of these five PAJs was calculated by employing the thermal analysis method and the convection thermal resistance of the optimal PAJ can be reduced by about 36%, while the voltage frequency, wind speed, and noise were all positively correlated. When the supplied piezoelectric frequency is 300 Hz, the decibel level of the noise is similar to that of a commercial rotary fan. The piezoelectric sheets had one of two diameters of 31 mm or 41 mm depending on the size of the tested PAJs. The power consumption of a single PAJ was less than 10% of that of a rotary fan. Among the five types of PAJ, the optimal one has the characteristics that the diameter of the piezoelectric sheet is 41 mm, the piezoelectric spacing is 2 mm, and the length of the opening is 4 mm. Furthermore, the optimal operating conditions are a voltage frequency of 300 Hz and a placement distance of 20 mm in the present study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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15 pages, 26750 KiB  
Article
Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films—From EQCM to Actuation
by Rudolf Kiefer, Daniel Georg Weis, Bharath Kumar Velmurugan, Tarmo Tamm and Gerald Urban
Polymers 2021, 13(15), 2448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13152448 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2193
Abstract
Conductive polymer actuators and sensors rely on controlled ion transport coupled to a potential/charge change. In order to understand and control such devices, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that determine ion flux at various conditions, including the synthesis potential. [...] Read more.
Conductive polymer actuators and sensors rely on controlled ion transport coupled to a potential/charge change. In order to understand and control such devices, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that determine ion flux at various conditions, including the synthesis potential. In this work, the ion transport in thinner poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films during charge/discharge driven by cyclic voltammetry is studied by consideration of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and the results are compared to the actuation responses of thicker films that have been synthesized with the same conditions in the bending and linear expansion modes. The effects of polymerization potentials of 1.0 V, 1.2 V, and 1.5 V are studied to elucidate how polymerization potential contributes to actuation, as well the involvement of the EQCM. In this work, it is revealed that there is a shift from anion-dominated to mixed to cation-dominated activity with increased synthesis potential. Scanning electron microscopy shows a decrease in porosity for the PEDOT structure with increasing synthesis potential. EQCM analysis of processes taking place at various potentials allows the determination of appropriate potential windows for increased control over devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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12 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
Natural Rubber-TiO2 Nanocomposite Film for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Application
by Weeraya Bunriw, Viyada Harnchana, Chalathorn Chanthad and Van Ngoc Huynh
Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132213 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 5120
Abstract
In this research, natural rubber (NR)-TiO2 nanocomposites were developed for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) application to harvest mechanical energy into electrical energy. Rutile TiO2 nanoparticles were used as fillers in NR material to improve dielectric properties so as to enhance the energy [...] Read more.
In this research, natural rubber (NR)-TiO2 nanocomposites were developed for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) application to harvest mechanical energy into electrical energy. Rutile TiO2 nanoparticles were used as fillers in NR material to improve dielectric properties so as to enhance the energy conversion performance of the NR composite TENG. The effect of filler concentration on TENG performance of the NR-TiO2 composites was investigated. In addition, ball-milling method was employed to reduce the agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles in order to improve their dispersion in the NR film. It was found that the TENG performance was significantly enhanced due to the increased dielectric constant of the NR-TiO2 composite films fabricated from the ball-milled TiO2. The TENG, fabricated from the NR-TiO2 composite using 24 h ball-milled TiO2 at 0.5%wt, delivered the highest power density of 237 mW/m2, which was almost four times higher than that of pristine NR TENG. Furthermore, the applications of the fabricated NR-TiO2 TENG as a power source to operate portable electronics devices were also demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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12 pages, 1620 KiB  
Article
Design of Dopant and Lead-Free Novel Perovskite Solar Cell for 16.85% Efficiency
by Syed Abdul Moiz and Ahmed N. M. Alahmadi
Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132110 - 27 Jun 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3947
Abstract
Halide based perovskite offers numerous advantages such as high-efficiency, low-cost, and simple fabrication for flexible solar cells. However, long-term stability as well as environmentally green lead-free applications are the real challenges for their commercialization. Generally, the best reported perovskite solar cells are composed [...] Read more.
Halide based perovskite offers numerous advantages such as high-efficiency, low-cost, and simple fabrication for flexible solar cells. However, long-term stability as well as environmentally green lead-free applications are the real challenges for their commercialization. Generally, the best reported perovskite solar cells are composed of toxic lead (Pb) and unstable polymer as the absorber and electron/hole-transport layer, respectively. Therefore, in this study, we proposed and simulated the photovoltaic responses of lead-free absorber such as cesium titanium (IV) bromide, Cs2TiBr6 with dopant free electron phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and dopant free hole transport layer N,N′-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) for the Ag/BCP/PCBM/Cs2TiBr6/NPB/ITO based perovskite solar cell. After comprehensive optimization of each layer through vigorous simulations with the help of software SCAPS 1D, it is observed that the proposed solar cell can yield maximum power-conversion efficiency up to 16.85%. This efficiency is slightly better than the previously reported power-conversion efficiency of a similar type of perovskite solar cell. We believe that the outcome of this study will not only improve our knowledge, but also triggers further investigation for the dopant and lead-free perovskite solar cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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14 pages, 4649 KiB  
Article
Gold-Nanoparticle-Deposited TiO2 Nanorod/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Composites with Enhanced Dielectric Performance
by Pornsawan Kum-onsa, Narong Chanlek, Jedsada Manyam, Prasit Thongbai, Viyada Harnchana, Nutthakritta Phromviyo and Prinya Chindaprasirt
Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2064; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132064 - 23 Jun 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1692
Abstract
Flexible dielectric polymer composites have been of great interest as embedded capacitor materials in the electronic industry. However, a polymer composite has a low relative dielectric permittivity (ε′ < 100), while its dielectric loss tangent is generally large (tanδ > 0.1). In this [...] Read more.
Flexible dielectric polymer composites have been of great interest as embedded capacitor materials in the electronic industry. However, a polymer composite has a low relative dielectric permittivity (ε′ < 100), while its dielectric loss tangent is generally large (tanδ > 0.1). In this study, we fabricate a novel, high-permittivity polymer nanocomposite system with a low tanδ. The nanocomposite system comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) co-filled with Au nanoparticles and semiconducting TiO2 nanorods (TNRs) that contain Ti3+ ions. To homogeneously disperse the conductive Au phase, the TNR surface was decorated with Au-NPs ~10–20 nm in size (Au-TNRs) using a modified Turkevich method. The polar β-PVDF phase was enhanced by the incorporation of the Au nanoparticles, partially contributing to the enhanced ε′ value. The introduction of the Au-TNRs in the PVDF matrix provided three-phase Au-TNR/PVDF nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties (i.e., high ε′ ≈ 157 and low tanδ ≈ 0.05 at 1.8 vol% of Au and 47.4 vol% of TNRs). The ε′ of the three-phase Au-TNR/PVDF composite is ~2.4-times higher than that of the two-phase TNR/PVDF composite, clearly highlighting the primary contribution of the Au nanoparticles at similar filler loadings. The volume fraction dependence of ε′ is in close agreement with the effective medium percolation theory model. The significant enhancement in ε′ was primarily caused by interfacial polarization at the PVDF–conducting Au nanoparticle and PVDF–semiconducting TNR interfaces, as well as by the induced β-PVDF phase. A low tanδ was achieved due to the inhibited conducting pathway formed by direct Au nanoparticle contact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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17 pages, 3091 KiB  
Article
Estimations on Properties of Redox Reactions to Electrical Energy and Storage Device of Thermoelectric Pipe (TEP) Using Polymeric Nanofluids
by Qin Gang, Rong-Tsu Wang and Jung-Chang Wang
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1812; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13111812 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
A thermoelectric pipe (TEP) is constructed by tubular graphite electrodes, Teflon material, and stainless-steel tube containing polymeric nanofluids as electrolytes in this study. Heat dissipation and power generation (generating capacity) are both fulfilled with temperature difference via the thermal-electrochemistry and redox reaction effects [...] Read more.
A thermoelectric pipe (TEP) is constructed by tubular graphite electrodes, Teflon material, and stainless-steel tube containing polymeric nanofluids as electrolytes in this study. Heat dissipation and power generation (generating capacity) are both fulfilled with temperature difference via the thermal-electrochemistry and redox reaction effects of polymeric nanofluids. The notion of TEP is to recover the dissipative heat from the heat capacity generated by the relevant machine systems. The thermal conductivity and power density empirical formulas of the novel TEP were derived through the intelligent dimensional analysis with thermoelectric experiments and evaluated at temperatures between 25 and 100 °C and vacuum pressures between 400 and 760 torr. The results revealed that the polymeric nanofluids composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with 0.2 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of the novel TEP have the best thermoelectric performance among these electrolytes, including TiO2 nanofluid, TiO2 nanofluid with 0.2 wt.% NaOH, deionized water, and seawater. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity and power density of the novel TEP are 203.1 W/(m·K) and 21.16 W/m3, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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13 pages, 5836 KiB  
Article
TD-DFT Simulation and Experimental Studies of a Mirrorless Lasing of Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-diphenylene-vinylene-2-methoxy-5-{2-ethylhexyloxy}-benzene)]
by Mamduh J. Aljaafreh, Saradh Prasad, Mohamad S. AlSalhi, Raya H. Alhandel and Reem A. Alsaigh
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1430; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13091430 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the TD-DFT simulation, optical, and mirrorless laser properties of conjugated polymer (CP) Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-diphenylene-vinylene-2-methoxy-5-{2-ethylhexyloxy}-benzene)], also known as (PFO-co-PPV-MEHB) or ADS125GE. TD-DFT calculations were performed for three monomer units with truncated tails using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The [...] Read more.
In this work, we investigate the TD-DFT simulation, optical, and mirrorless laser properties of conjugated polymer (CP) Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-diphenylene-vinylene-2-methoxy-5-{2-ethylhexyloxy}-benzene)], also known as (PFO-co-PPV-MEHB) or ADS125GE. TD-DFT calculations were performed for three monomer units with truncated tails using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The calculations showed a highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) structure and a very high oscillator strength of 6.434 for the singlet-singlet transition at 374.43 nm. Experimentally, the absorption and fluorescence spectra were examined at various concentrations in verity of solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and hexane. The experimental results obtained in hexane were comparable with theoretical UV-VIS spectra calculated under vacuum. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) spectra peaked at approximately 509 nm for CO PFO-co-PPV-MEHB in solution and were obtained at suitable concentrations and pump energies. Additionally, the photochemical stability of this CP and coumarin (C510) were compared. Time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) studies with a sub-nanosecond resolution were performed for the CO under various pump energies. These results showed the excited state dynamics and single-pass optical gain of CO PFO-co-PPV-MEHB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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0 pages, 3627 KiB  
Article
New Polyporphyrin Arrays with Controlled Fluorescence Obtained by Diaxial Sn(IV)-Porphyrin Phenolates Chelation with Cu2+ Cation
by Galina M. Mamardashvili, Dmitriy A. Lazovskiy, Ilya A. Khodov, Artem E. Efimov and Nugzar Z. Mamardashvili
Polymers 2021, 13(5), 829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13050829 - 08 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2299 | Correction
Abstract
New coordination oligomers and polymers of Sn(IV)-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin have been constructed by the chelation reaction of its diaxialphenolates with Cu2+. The structure and properties of the synthesized polyporphyrin arrays were investigated by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Infra [...] Read more.
New coordination oligomers and polymers of Sn(IV)-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin have been constructed by the chelation reaction of its diaxialphenolates with Cu2+. The structure and properties of the synthesized polyporphyrin arrays were investigated by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Infra Red (IR), Ultra Violet - Visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, Powder X-Rays Diffraction (PXRD), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), thermal gravimetric, elemental analysis, and quantum chemical calculations. The results show that the diaxial coordination of bidentate organic ligands (L-tyrazine and diaminohydroquinone) leads to the quenching of the tetrapyrrole chromophore fluorescence, while the chelation of the porphyrinate diaxial complexes with Cu2+ is accompanied by an increase in the fluorescence in the organo-inorganic hybrid polymers formed. The obtained results are of particular interest to those involved in creating new ‘chemo-responsive’ (i.e., selectively interacting with other chemical species as receptors, sensors, or photocatalysts) materials, the optoelectronic properties of which can be controlled by varying the number and connection type of monomeric fragments in the polyporphyrin arrays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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Review

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22 pages, 5668 KiB  
Review
An Overview on the Novel Core-Shell Electrodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Using Polymeric Methodology
by Rong-Tsu Wang, Horng-Yi Chang and Jung-Chang Wang
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2774; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13162774 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3112
Abstract
Lowering the interface charge transfer, ohmic and diffusion impedances are the main considerations to achieve an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (ITSOFC). Those are determined by the electrode materials selection and manipulating the microstructures of electrodes. The composite electrodes are utilized by [...] Read more.
Lowering the interface charge transfer, ohmic and diffusion impedances are the main considerations to achieve an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (ITSOFC). Those are determined by the electrode materials selection and manipulating the microstructures of electrodes. The composite electrodes are utilized by a variety of mixed and impregnation or infiltration methods to develop an efficient electrocatalytic anode and cathode. The progress of our proposed core-shell structure pre-formed during the preparation of electrode particles compared with functional layer and repeated impregnation by capillary action. The core-shell process possibly prevented the electrocatalysis decrease, hindering and even blocking the fuel gas path through the porous electrode structure due to the serious agglomeration of impregnated particles. A small amount of shell nanoparticles can form a continuous charge transport pathway and increase the electronic and ionic conductivity of the electrode. The triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) area and electrode electrocatalytic activity are then improved. The core-shell anode SLTN-LSBC and cathode BSF-LC configuration of the present report effectively improve the thermal stability by avoiding further sintering and thermomechanical stress due to the thermal expansion coefficient matching with the electrolyte. Only the half-cell consisting of 2.75 μm thickness thin electrolyte iLSBC with pseudo-core-shell anode LST could provide a peak power of 325 mW/cm2 at 700 °C, which is comparable to other reference full cells’ performance at 650 °C. Then, the core-shell electrodes preparation by simple chelating solution and cost-effective one process has a potential enhancement of full cell electrochemical performance. Additionally, it is expected to apply for double ions (H+ and O2−) conducting cells at low temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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22 pages, 18661 KiB  
Review
A Review on Impedimetric and Voltammetric Analysis Based on Polypyrrole Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
by Nurul Akmaliah Dzulkurnain, Marliyana Mokhtar, Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid, Victor Feizal Knight, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus, Keat Khim Ong, Noor Azilah Mohd Kasim and Siti Aminah Mohd Noor
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13162728 - 15 Aug 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3887
Abstract
Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal’s analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this [...] Read more.
Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal’s analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the theoretical background of the two main types of electrochemical detection: impedimetric and voltammetric analysis. It also reviews the application and results obtained from these two electrochemical detections when utilizing PPy as a based sensing material in electrochemical sensor. Finally, related aspects in electrochemical sensor construction using PPy will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will provide researchers, especially those without an electrochemical analysis background, with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in electrochemical sensor research, particularly those interested in utilizing PPy as a based sensing material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Materials in Sensors, Actuators and Energy Conversion)
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