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Polymers
Special Issues
Sustainable Development in Recycling of Polymers and Rubbers
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Sustainable Development in Recycling of Polymers and Rubbers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Circular and Green Polymer Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 12254

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Józef Haponiuk

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
Interests: polymer chemistry and technology; manufacturing of polymer blends and composites; plastics and rubber recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The growing demand for polymers and composites has resulted in research works related to their management and new recycling technologies. This Special Issue includes a collection of original papers and reviews focused on solutions with high potential for industrial application, which allow the sustainable development of green technologies of plastic and rubber recycling.

Selected example topics include:

  • Minimization of waste in polymer technology;
  • Waste plastics and rubber management, recovery, and recycling;
  • Achievements in novel separation processes and purification of waste polymers;
  • Novel strategies of immiscible polymeric blend compatibilization;
  • Recent advances in environmentally friendly polymer technologies.

Prof. Dr. Józef Haponiuk
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • recycling
  • structure–property relationship
  • composites
  • pro-ecological materials
  • matrix–filler interactions
  • compatibilization

Published Papers (3 papers)

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22 pages, 5543 KiB  
Article
Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Elastomers via Low-Temperature Extrusion Process: Physico-Mechanical Properties and Volatile Organic Emission Assessment
by Paulina Wiśniewska, Łukasz Zedler, Mariusz Marć, Marek Klein, Józef Haponiuk and Krzysztof Formela
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14030546 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2819
Abstract
In this paper, low-temperature extrusion of ground tire rubber was performed as a pro-ecological waste tires recycling method. During this process, ground tire rubber was modified with constant content of dicumyl peroxide and a variable amount of elastomer (in the range: 2.5–15 phr). [...] Read more.
In this paper, low-temperature extrusion of ground tire rubber was performed as a pro-ecological waste tires recycling method. During this process, ground tire rubber was modified with constant content of dicumyl peroxide and a variable amount of elastomer (in the range: 2.5–15 phr). During the studies, three types of elastomers were used: styrene-butadiene rubber, styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride and ethylene-octene copolymer. Energy consumption measurements, curing characteristics, physico-mechanical properties and volatile organic compounds emitted from modified reclaimed GTR were determined. The VOCs emission profile was investigated using a passive sampling technique, miniature emission chambers system and static headspace analysis and subsequently quantitative or qualitative analysis by gas chromatography. The VOCs analysis showed that in the studied conditions the most emitted volatile compounds are dicumyl peroxide decomposition by-products, such as: α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, α-cumyl alcohol, methyl cumyl ether, while the detection level of benzothiazole (devulcanization “marker”) was very low. Moreover, it was found that the mechanical properties of the obtained materials significantly improved with a higher content of styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride while the opposite trend was observed for ethylene-octene copolymer content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Recycling of Polymers and Rubbers)
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17 pages, 4229 KiB  
Article
Polybutadiene Vitrimers with Tunable Epoxy Ratios: Preparation and Properties
by Liqian Zhu, Li Xu, Suyun Jie and Bogeng Li
Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4157; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13234157 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2966
Abstract
Traditional crosslinked diene rubber has excellent thermal–mechanical properties and solvent resistance, yet it is incapable of being recycled via universal molding or injecting. Vitrimers, a new class of covalently crosslinked polymer networks, can be topologically rearranged with the associative exchange mechanism, endowing them [...] Read more.
Traditional crosslinked diene rubber has excellent thermal–mechanical properties and solvent resistance, yet it is incapable of being recycled via universal molding or injecting. Vitrimers, a new class of covalently crosslinked polymer networks, can be topologically rearranged with the associative exchange mechanism, endowing them with thermoplasticity. Introducing the concept of vitrimers into crosslinked networks for the recycling of rubbers is currently an attractive research topic. However, designing tailored rubber vitrimers still remains a challenge. Herein, polybutadiene (PB) vitrimers with different structures were prepared via partial epoxidation of double bonds and ring-opening esterification reactions. Their mechanical and relaxation properties were investigated. It was found that the increasing crosslinking density can increase tensile strength and activation energy for altering the network topology. The influence of side-group effects on their relaxation properties shows that an increase in the number of epoxy groups on the polybutadiene chain can increase the chance of an effective exchange of disulfide units. This work provides a simple network design which can tune vitrimer properties via altering the crosslinking density and side-group effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Recycling of Polymers and Rubbers)
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13 pages, 3063 KiB  
Article
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Recycled and Virgin PET—Part I
by Yasemin Celik, Madina Shamsuyeva and Hans Josef Endres
Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14071326 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5805
Abstract
In various countries, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents one of the plastics with a very high recycling rate. Since currently there is no analytical method enabling direct distinction between recycled PET (rPET) and virgin PET (vPET), there are various attempts to differentiate these materials [...] Read more.
In various countries, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) represents one of the plastics with a very high recycling rate. Since currently there is no analytical method enabling direct distinction between recycled PET (rPET) and virgin PET (vPET), there are various attempts to differentiate these materials indirectly. One of these approaches claims that the recycling of PET leads to polymer chain degradation, which is reflected in changed thermal, mechanical and crystalline properties, and testing of these properties can therefore be used to distinguish rPET and vPET. However, there are many sources leading to changes in the molecular structure and consequently to the changes of the above-mentioned properties of the PET. The purpose of this study is to analyze the glass transition and melting temperature, degree of crystallinity as well as bending and impact properties of 20 different commercially available PET recyclates from 14 suppliers and evaluate the results with respect to the literature values for vPET. The main results of this study show that the range of vPET properties is so broad that all of the corresponding properties of the tested rPET lie within this range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Recycling of Polymers and Rubbers)
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