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Polymers
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Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers
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Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2022) | Viewed by 12887

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Helena Henke

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Guest Editor
Laboratoire ingénierie des matériaux polymères (IMP), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
Interests: poly(organo)phosphazenes: synthesis, characterization, and medical application (drug delivery, tissue engineering); living polymerization techniques; polymer synthesis; polymer therapeutics; nanomedicine; metal complexes for tumor therapeutics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Phosphorus-based polymers derive their distinct and appealing properties from the chemistry of the phosphorus atom, which make them attractive for a broad range of materials, but are less notably featured compared to their carbon based counterparts. The most prominent naturally occurring phosphorus-based polymers are DNA and RNA, which are high molecular weight polyphosphonates. Synthetic phosphorus-based polymers feature phosphorus either in the pendant groups of the macromolecule, or in the main chain of the polymer, making it an integral part of the backbone. For the latter, specifically designed chemistry is required for the polymerization, unlike for organic polymers, where the polymerization techniques can be simply adapted. The most prominent synthetic phosphorus main chain polymers are polyphosphoesters and polyphosphazenes, which find a broad range of applications, such as non-halogenated alternatives for flame retardants, fuel cell membranes, and catalyst agents, be they macromolecular or as ligands. Phosphorus main chain polymers are of sizable interest for biomedical applications, such as drug and vaccine delivery, or tissue engineering, where degradable polymers are highly sought after.

I hereby invite you to join me in highlighting some of the most interesting advances in the field of phosphorus-based polymers.

Dr. Helena Henke
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • polyphosphazenes
  • polyphosphoesters
  • phosphorus-based polymers
  • degradable
  • (bio)medical applications
  • flame retardant

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 1624 KiB  
Article
Luminescent Coatings Based on (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and Europium Complex β-Diketophosphazene
by Violetta V. Maslennikova, Sergey N. Filatov, Alexey V. Orlov, Nikolay M. Surin, Evgeniya A. Svidchenko and Evgeniy M. Chistyakov
Polymers 2022, 14(4), 728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14040728 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
The reaction of β-diketophosphazene with the europium (III) salt synthesized the corresponding metal complex which was structured with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and treated with dibenzoylmethane for additional coordination of europium atoms. The polymer thus obtained exhibits luminescence with a maximum of 615 nm, which is [...] Read more.
The reaction of β-diketophosphazene with the europium (III) salt synthesized the corresponding metal complex which was structured with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and treated with dibenzoylmethane for additional coordination of europium atoms. The polymer thus obtained exhibits luminescence with a maximum of 615 nm, which is characteristic of europium. The polymer is thermally stable up to 300 °C, the coating based on it has a contact angle of 101°, and the adhesive strength of the coating to non-finished glass (according to ISO 2409: 2013) is 1 point. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers)
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19 pages, 4471 KiB  
Article
Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings
by Elisa Guazzelli, Niccolò Lusiani, Gianfranca Monni, Matteo Oliva, Chiara Pelosi, Frederik R. Wurm, Carlo Pretti and Elisa Martinelli
Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3414; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13193414 - 05 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic [...] Read more.
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers)
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14 pages, 4025 KiB  
Article
Phosphorous-Nitrogen Modification of Epoxy Grafted Poly-Acrylic Resin: Synergistic Flame Retardment Effect
by Chao Liu, Hui Qiao, Guilong Xu, Yun Liang, Jin Yang and Jian Hu
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2826; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13162826 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2589
Abstract
A novel high-efficient flame retardant epoxy grafted poly-acrylic resin modified by phosphorus and nitrogen was successfully synthesized by radical grafting polymerization and solution polymerization simultaneously. The flame retardancy of copolymer resin was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetric test (CONE), limiting oxygen [...] Read more.
A novel high-efficient flame retardant epoxy grafted poly-acrylic resin modified by phosphorus and nitrogen was successfully synthesized by radical grafting polymerization and solution polymerization simultaneously. The flame retardancy of copolymer resin was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetric test (CONE), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and so on. The micro-morphology and chemical composition of char formed after a CONE calorimetric test was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The Kissinger method was used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal decomposition on copolymer resin. The results showed that the flame retardant property of copolymer resin increased with the increase in phosphorus content. With the increase in nitrogen content, however, the flame retardant property first increased and then decreased. The flame retardant property of the resin was the best and the limiting oxygen index could reach 34.3% when the phosphorus content and nitrogen content of the copolymer resin were 6.45 wt% and 2.33 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen-containing compounds will interact with phosphorus-containing compounds to form P-N intermediates during combustion, which have stronger dehydration and carbonization and could further enhance the flame retardant performance of the resin and generate phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers)
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Review

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27 pages, 6355 KiB  
Review
Review of Phosphorus-Based Polymers for Mineral Scale and Corrosion Control in Oilfield
by Yuan Liu and Ping Zhang
Polymers 2022, 14(13), 2673; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14132673 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3437
Abstract
Production chemistry is an important field in the petroleum industry to study the physicochemical changes in the production system and associated impact on production fluid flow from reservoir to topsides facilities. Mineral scale deposition and metal corrosion are among the top three water-related [...] Read more.
Production chemistry is an important field in the petroleum industry to study the physicochemical changes in the production system and associated impact on production fluid flow from reservoir to topsides facilities. Mineral scale deposition and metal corrosion are among the top three water-related production chemistry threats in the petroleum industry, particularly for offshore deepwater and shale operations. Mineral scale deposition is mainly driven by local supersaturation due to operational condition change and/or mixing of incompatible waters. Corrosion, in contrast, is an electrochemical oxidation–reduction process with local cathodic and anodic reactions taking place on metal surfaces. Both mineral scaling and metal corrosion can lead to severe operational risk and financial loss. The most common engineering solution for oilfield scale and corrosion control is to deploy chemical inhibitors, including scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. In the past few decades, various chemical inhibitors have been prepared and applied for scaling and corrosion control. Phosphorus-based polymers are an important class of chemical inhibitors commonly adopted in oilfield operations. Due to the versatile molecular structures of these chemicals, phosphorus-based polymeric inhibitors have the advantage of a higher calcium tolerance, a higher thermal stability, and a wider pH tolerance range compared with other types of inhibitors. However, there are limited review articles to cover these polymeric chemicals for oilfield scale and corrosion control. To address this gap, this review article systematically reviews the synthesis, laboratory testing, and field applications of various phosphorus-based polymeric inhibitors in the oil and gas industry. Future research directions in terms of optimizing inhibitor design are also discussed. The objective is to keep the readers abreast of the latest development in the synthesis and application of these materials and to bridge chemistry knowledge with oilfield scale and corrosion control practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phosphorus-Based Polymers)
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