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Polymers
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Advances in Conductive Polymers
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Advances in Conductive Polymers

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2022) | Viewed by 25308

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ali Gooneie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
Interests: polymer physics; polymer nanocomposites; functional materials; molecular simulations; nanotechnology
Prof. Dr. Clemens Holzer

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
Interests: polymer processing; rheology; materials characterization; functional polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Conductive polymers have attracted great interest in academia as well as industries owing to their advantageous multilateral characteristics. Whether polymer systems are intrinsically electro-conductive or this property is added by means of fillers, they often demonstrate robust mechanical performance, flexible processability, low-cost device fabrication, and last but not least, controllable levels of electrical conductivity. On a molecular scale, recent advances show that new routes can be employed in order to design and control novel conductive structures in polymers, for instance by tunning length distribution of nanoparticle dispersions in nanocomposites or by tunning movements of ions in bending actuators. On a processing and fabrication level, rapid technological developments are enabled based on versatile techniques for fabrication of these materials. Such innovative approaches find promising applications in various areas, such as energy devices, thin-film electronics, sensors, and biomedicine.

In this Special Issue, we intend to focus on all relevant aspects of electrically conductive polymers, from molecular material design to fabrication and properties of respective devices. We invite novel contributions from theoretical/simulation and experimental perspectives. In particular, cross-disciplinary research that combines and relates theory and practice is encouraged for submission. We also welcome reviews from experts that can provide an overview of recent trends and activities related to conductive polymers. We hope that this Special Issue can provide fresh guidelines for research on this interesting class of polymer materials.

Dr. Ali Gooneie
Prof. Dr. Clemens Holzer 
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Intrinsically conductive polymers
  • Conductive fillers in polymers
  • Molecular design of conductive polymers
  • Simulations related to conductive polymer systems
  • Synthesis of conductive polymers
  • Semiconductive polymers
  • Polymer electronic devices
  • Conductive polymer composites and nanocomposites
  • Polymers for photovoltaic applications
  • Electroactive polymers
  • Flexible/wearable conductive polymers
  • Biomedical applications of conductive/semiconductive polymers

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 14593 KiB  
Article
Oxygen Gas Sensing Using a Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Work Safety Applications
by Francesco Decataldo, Filippo Bonafè, Federica Mariani, Martina Serafini, Marta Tessarolo, Isacco Gualandi, Erika Scavetta and Beatrice Fraboni
Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1022; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14051022 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Oxygen depletion in confined spaces represents one of the most serious and underestimated dangers for workers. Despite the existence of several commercially available and widely used gas oxygen sensors, injuries and deaths from reduced oxygen levels are still more common than for other [...] Read more.
Oxygen depletion in confined spaces represents one of the most serious and underestimated dangers for workers. Despite the existence of several commercially available and widely used gas oxygen sensors, injuries and deaths from reduced oxygen levels are still more common than for other hazardous gases. Here, we present hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) made with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as wearable and real-time oxygen gas sensors. After comparing OECT performances using liquid and hydrogel electrolytes, we identified the best PEDOT:PSS active layer and hydrogel coating (30 µm) combination for sensing oxygen in the concentration range of 13–21% (v/v), critical for work safety applications. The fast O2 solubilization in the hydrogel allowed for gaseous oxygen transduction in an electrical signal thanks to the electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS, while OECT architecture amplified the response (gain ~ 104). OECTs proved to have comparable sensitivities if fabricated on glass and thin plastic substrates, (−12.2 ± 0.6) and (−15.4 ± 0.4) µA/dec, respectively, with low power consumption (<40 µW). Sample bending does not influence the device response, demonstrating that our real-time conformable and lightweight sensor could be implemented as a wearable, noninvasive safety tool for operators working in potentially hazardous confined spaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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15 pages, 3803 KiB  
Article
Efficient Film Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-Metalloporphine Nanocomposite and Its Application as Semiconductor Material
by María Elena Sánchez-Vergara, Leon Hamui, Daniela González-Verdugo and Ismael Cosme
Polymers 2021, 13(22), 4008; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13224008 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
The use of composite films with semiconductor behavior is an alternative to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Composite films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and metalloporphines (MPs; M = Co, Cu, Pd) have been prepared by spin-coating. The PEDOT:PSS-MP films were treated with isopropanol [...] Read more.
The use of composite films with semiconductor behavior is an alternative to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Composite films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and metalloporphines (MPs; M = Co, Cu, Pd) have been prepared by spin-coating. The PEDOT:PSS-MP films were treated with isopropanol (IPA) vapor to modify the polymer structure from benzoid to quinoid. The quinoid structure promotes improvements in the optical and electrical behavior of films. The composite films’ morphology and structure were characterized using infrared and Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Composite films were analyzed for their optical behavior by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy: at λ < 450 nm, the films become transparent, indicating the capacity to be used as transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices. At λ ≥ 450 nm, the absorbance in the films increased significantly. The CoP showed an 8 times larger current density compared to the CuP. A light induced change in the J-V curves was observed, and it is larger for the CoP. The conductivity values yielded between 1.23 × 102 and 1.92 × 103 Scm−1 and were higher in forward bias. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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17 pages, 13377 KiB  
Article
Validating Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate-Based Textile Electroencephalography Electrodes by a Textile-Based Head Phantom
by Granch Berhe Tseghai, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante and Lieva Van Langenhove
Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3629; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13213629 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1996
Abstract
It is important to go through a validation process when developing new electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, but it is impossible to keep the human mind constant, making the process difficult. It is also very difficult to identify noise and signals as the input signal [...] Read more.
It is important to go through a validation process when developing new electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, but it is impossible to keep the human mind constant, making the process difficult. It is also very difficult to identify noise and signals as the input signal is unknown. In this work, we have validated textile-based EEG electrodes constructed from a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate:/polydimethylsiloxane coated cotton fabric using a textile-based head phantom. The performance of the textile-based electrode has also been compared against a commercial dry electrode. The textile electrodes collected a signal to a smaller skin-to-electrode impedance (−18.9%) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (+3.45%) than Ag/AgCl dry electrodes. From an EEGLAB, it was observed that the inter-trial coherence and event-related spectral perturbation graphs of the textile-based electrodes were identical to the Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thus, these textile-based electrodes can be a potential alternative to monitor brain activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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16 pages, 2271 KiB  
Article
Effect of Electrosynthesis Potential on Nucleation, Growth, Adhesion, and Electronic Properties of Polypyrrole Thin Films on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO)
by Jhon Puerres, Pablo Ortiz and María T. Cortés
Polymers 2021, 13(15), 2419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13152419 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2653
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most attractive conducting polymers for thin film applications due to its good electrical conductivity, stability, optical properties, and biocompatibility. Among the technologies in which PPy has gained prominence are optoelectronics and solar energy conversion, where transparent electrodes [...] Read more.
Polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most attractive conducting polymers for thin film applications due to its good electrical conductivity, stability, optical properties, and biocompatibility. Among the technologies in which PPy has gained prominence are optoelectronics and solar energy conversion, where transparent electrodes such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) are frequently used. However, FTO substrates have the notable advantage that their components are widely available in nature, unlike those of ITO. Recognizing the importance that the FTO/polypyrrole system has gained in various applications, here, we studied for the first time the nucleation and growth mechanism of electro-synthesized PPy on FTO. Additionally, the effect of the synthesis potential (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) on the homogeneity, adhesion, conductivity, and HOMO energy levels of PPy films was determined. From current–time transients and scanning electron microscopy, it was found that films synthesized at 0.9 and 1.0 V exhibit 3D growth with progressive nucleation (as well as lower homogeneity and higher adhesion to FTO). In contrast, films synthesized at 1.1 and 1.2 V follow 2D growth with instantaneous nucleation. It was also evident that increasing the polymerization potential leads to polymers with lower conductivity and more negative HOMO levels (versus vacuum). These findings are relevant to encourage the use of electro-synthesized PPy in thin film applications that require a high control of material properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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17 pages, 9640 KiB  
Article
Hydrothermally Assisted Synthesis of Porous Polyaniline@Carbon Nanotubes–Manganese Dioxide Ternary Composite for Potential Application in Supercapattery
by Javed Iqbal, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, Arshid Numan, S. Wageh, Ahmed Al-Ghamdi, Mohd Gulfam Alam, Pramod Kumar, Rashida Jafer, Shahid Bashir and A. H. Rajpar
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2918; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym12122918 - 05 Dec 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3430
Abstract
In this study, ternary composites of polyaniline (PANI) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanorods and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by employing a hydrothermal methodology and in-situ oxidative polymerization of aniline. The morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that the MnO [...] Read more.
In this study, ternary composites of polyaniline (PANI) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanorods and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared by employing a hydrothermal methodology and in-situ oxidative polymerization of aniline. The morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that the MnO2 possessed nanorod like structures in its pristine form, while in the ternary PANI@CNT/MnO2 composite, coating of PANI over CNT/MnO2, rods/tubes were evidently seen. The structural analysis by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to MnO2, PANI and CNT, which suggested efficacy of the synthesis methodology. The electrochemical performance in contrast to individual components revealed the enhanced performance of PANI@CNT/MnO2 composite due to the synergistic/additional effect of PANI, CNT and MnO2 compared to pure MnO2, PANI and PANI@CNT. The PANI@CNT/MnO2 ternary composite exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 143.26 C g−1 at a scan rate of 3 mV s−1. The cyclic stability of the supercapattery (PANI@CNT/MnO2/activated carbon)—consisting of a battery type electrode—demonstrated a gradual increase in specific capacity with continuous charge–discharge over ~1000 cycles and showed a cyclic stability of 119% compared to its initial value after 3500 cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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Review

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23 pages, 8792 KiB  
Review
Conductive Polymers and Their Nanocomposites as Adsorbents in Environmental Applications
by Mohammad Ilyas Khan, Mohammed Khaloufa Almesfer, Abubakr Elkhaleefa, Ihab Shigidi, Mohammed Zubair Shamim, Ismat H. Ali and Mohammad Rehan
Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3810; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13213810 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2741
Abstract
Proper treatment and disposal of industrial pollutants of all kinds are a global issue that presents significant techno-economical challenges. The presence of pollutants such as heavy metal ions (HMIs) and organic dyes (ODs) in wastewater is considered a significant problem owing to their [...] Read more.
Proper treatment and disposal of industrial pollutants of all kinds are a global issue that presents significant techno-economical challenges. The presence of pollutants such as heavy metal ions (HMIs) and organic dyes (ODs) in wastewater is considered a significant problem owing to their carcinogenic and toxic nature. Additionally, industrial gaseous pollutants (GPs) are considered to be harmful to human health and may cause various environmental issues such as global warming, acid rain, smog and air pollution, etc. Conductive polymer-based nanomaterials have gained significant interest in recent years, compared with ceramics and metal-based nanomaterials. The objective of this review is to provide detailed insights into different conductive polymers (CPs) and their nanocomposites that are used as adsorbents for environmental remediation applications. The dominant types of CPs that are being used as adsorbent materials include polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (Ppy), and polythiophene (PTh). The various adsorption mechanisms proposed for the removal of ODs, HMIs, and other GPs by the different CPs are presented, together with their maximum adsorption capacities, experimental conditions, adsorption, and kinetic models reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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23 pages, 5812 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances on Thermally Conductive Adhesive in Electronic Packaging: A Review
by Md. Abdul Alim, Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, R. Kamarudin and Prem Gunnasegaran
Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13193337 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7941
Abstract
The application of epoxy adhesive is widespread in electronic packaging. Epoxy adhesives can be integrated with various types of nanoparticles for enhancing thermal conductivity. The joints with thermally conductive adhesive (TCA) are preferred for research and advances in thermal management. Many studies have [...] Read more.
The application of epoxy adhesive is widespread in electronic packaging. Epoxy adhesives can be integrated with various types of nanoparticles for enhancing thermal conductivity. The joints with thermally conductive adhesive (TCA) are preferred for research and advances in thermal management. Many studies have been conducted to increase the thermal conductivity of epoxy-based TCAs by conductive fillers. This paper reviews and summarizes recent advances of these available fillers in TCAs that contribute to electronic packaging. It also covers the challenges of using the filler as a nano-composite. Moreover, the review reveals a broad scope for future research, particularly on thermal management by nanoparticles and improving bonding strength in electronic packaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Conductive Polymers)
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