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Advances in Polymer Blends and Composites: Chemistry and Technology
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Advances in Polymer Blends and Composites: Chemistry and Technology

A topical collection in Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This collection belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

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Editors

Dr. Suguna Perumal

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Interests: synthesis of polymers; preparation of polymer–graphene composites; heavy metal ion adsorption using hydrogels; nanoparticle synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Francesca Lionetto

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Interests: material characterization; ultrasonic wave propagation; polymer rheology; curing kinetics of thermosetting matrices; polymer matrix composites; polymer composite processing and joining; heat transfer modelling; polymer based nanocomposites; hybrid welding of dissimilar materials; micro and nanoplastics; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pietro Russo

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials Institute, Via Campi Flegrei 34, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
Interests: recycling of polymer-based formulations and nanocomposites; green polymer composites involving bio-based matrix and/or natural reinforcing fibers; polymer materials with improved functional properties; mechanical and damage behavior of composite laminated structures
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Dr. Andrea Zille

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Campus of Azureḿ, 4800-058 Guimares, Portugal
Interests: textile coating and fuctionalization; medical textiles; biomaterials; nanomaterials; plasma functionalization
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Prof. Dr. Ana María Díez-Pascual

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Collection Editor
Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Alcalá, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Interests: nanomaterials; polymers; nanocomposites; inorganic nanoparticles; antibacterial agents; surfactants; interphases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Topical Collection Information

Dear Colleagues,

Polymers are a kind of natural or synthetic macromolecules found in various applications. Polymers are composed of repeated units of monomers. Compared to pure polymers, blended polymers and polymers composites show excellent mechanical, thermal, electronic, and thermodynamic properties. The researcher takes advantage of tuning the properties of polymers by blending the different types of polymers or by the preparation of polymer composites.

Thus, this collection will collect the manuscripts dealing with polymer blends and polymer composites. In addition, this topic collection will attract manuscripts about the properties and applications of polymer blends and polymer composites. For this collection, works in the form of articles, reviews, and communications are accepted.

Dr. Suguna Perumal
Dr. Francesca Lionetto
Dr. Pietro Russo
Dr. Andrea Zille
Prof. Dr. Ana Maria Díez-Pascual
Collection Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the collection website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • preparation of blend polymers
  • preparation of polymer composites
  • properties of polymer blends and polymer composites
  • technology where polymer blends and polymer composites are utilized

Published Papers (15 papers)

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2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022

18 pages, 16666 KiB  
Article
The Role of Surface Treatment and Coupling Agents for Adhesion between Stainless Steel (SUS) and Polyamide (PA) of Heterojunction Bilayer Composites
by Hayeong Lee, Seung-In Song and Keon-Soo Jang
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 896; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym16070896 - 25 Mar 2024
Viewed by 500
Abstract
The growing demand for lightweight and durable materials in industries, such as the automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries, has spurred the development of heterojunction bilayer composites, combining the structural integrity of metals with the versatility of polymers. This study addresses the critical interface [...] Read more.
The growing demand for lightweight and durable materials in industries, such as the automotive, aerospace, and electronics industries, has spurred the development of heterojunction bilayer composites, combining the structural integrity of metals with the versatility of polymers. This study addresses the critical interface between stainless steel (SUS) and polyamide 66 (PA66), focusing on the pivotal role of surface treatments and various silane coupling agents in enhancing the adhesion strength of heterojunction SUS/PA66 bilayer composites. Through systematic surface modifications—highlighted by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle analyses—the study assessed the impact of increasing the surface area, roughness, and energy of SUS. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy evaluations confirmed the strategic selection of specific silane coupling agents. Although some coupling agents barely influenced the mechanics, notably, aminopropyl triethoxysilane (A1S) and 3-glycidyl oxypropyl trimethoxysilane (ES) significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the heterojunction bilayer composites, evidenced by the improved lap shear strength, elongation at break, and toughness. These advancements were attributed to the interfacial interactions at the metal–polymer interface. This research underscored the significance of targeted surface treatment and the judicious selection of coupling agents in optimizing the interfacial adhesion and overall performance of metal–polymer composites, offering valuable insights for the fabrication of materials where reduced weight and enhanced durability are paramount. Full article
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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022

16 pages, 5949 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effects of Chain Extender on Material Properties of PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG Blends: Comparative Study between Polycaprolactone and Polyethylene Glycol
by Karabo Innocent Matumba, Mpho Phillip Motloung, Vincent Ojijo, Suprakas Sinha Ray and Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2230; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15092230 - 08 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the Joncryl concentration on the properties of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) and PLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The addition of Joncryl influenced the properties of both PLA-based blends. In the blend of PLA/PCL blends, the addition of Joncryl reduced the [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effect of the Joncryl concentration on the properties of polylactide/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLA/PCL) and PLA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends. The addition of Joncryl influenced the properties of both PLA-based blends. In the blend of PLA/PCL blends, the addition of Joncryl reduced the size of PCL droplets, which implies the compatibility of the two phases, while PLA/PEG blends showed a co-continuous type of morphology at 0.1% and 0.3 wt.% of Joncryl loading. The crystallinity of PCL and PEG was studied on both PLA/PCL and PLA/PEG blend systems. In both scenarios, the crystallinity of the blends decreased upon the addition of Joncryl. Thermal stabilities were shown to depend on the addition of Joncryl. The toughness increased when 0.5 wt.% of Joncryl was added to both systems. However, the stiffness of PLA/PCL decreased, while the stiffness of PLA/PEG increased with the increasing concentration of Joncryl. This study provides new insight into the effect of chain extenders on the compatibility of PLA-based blends. Full article
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17 pages, 6747 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Composite Material Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate and Zn-Doped Brushite Cement
by Inna V. Fadeeva, Dina V. Deyneko, Alexander V. Knotko, Anatoly A. Olkhov, Pavel V. Slukin, Galina A. Davydova, Taisiia A. Trubitsyna, Ilya I. Preobrazhenskiy, Alevtina N. Gosteva, Iulian V. Antoniac and Julietta V. Rau
Polymers 2023, 15(9), 2106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15092106 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
A composite material based on electrospinning printed polyhydroxybutyrate fibers impregnated with brushite cement containing Zn substitution was developed for bone implant applications. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were applied for materials characterization. Soaking the composite in [...] Read more.
A composite material based on electrospinning printed polyhydroxybutyrate fibers impregnated with brushite cement containing Zn substitution was developed for bone implant applications. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were applied for materials characterization. Soaking the composite in Ringer’s solution led to the transformation of brushite into apatite phase, accompanied by the morphology changes of the material. The bending strength of the composite material was measured to be 3.1 ± 0.5 MPa. NCTC mouse fibroblast cells were used to demonstrate by means of the MTT test that the developed material was not cytotoxic. The behavior of the human dental pulp stem cells on the surface of the composite material investigated by the direct contact method was similar to the control. It was found that the developed Zn containing composite material possessed antibacterial properties, as testified by microbiology investigations against bacteria strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the developed composite material is promising for the treatment of damaged tissues with bacterial infection complications. Full article
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14 pages, 3431 KiB  
Article
Water Soluble PMPC-Derived Bright Fluorescent Nitrogen/Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Dots for Fluorescent Ink (Anti-Counterfeiting) and Cellular Multicolor Imaging
by Suguna Perumal, Raji Atchudan, Thomas Nesakumar Jebakumar Immanuel Edison, Sambasivam Sangaraju, Weslen Vedakumari Sathyaraj and Yong Rok Lee
Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15061352 - 08 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1755
Abstract
Here, a simple one-step hydrothermal-assisted carbonization process was adopted for the preparation of nitrogen/phosphorous-doped carbon dots from a water-soluble polymer, poly 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC). By the free-radical polymerization method, PMPC was synthesized using 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 4,4′-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid). The water-soluble polymers, [...] Read more.
Here, a simple one-step hydrothermal-assisted carbonization process was adopted for the preparation of nitrogen/phosphorous-doped carbon dots from a water-soluble polymer, poly 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (PMPC). By the free-radical polymerization method, PMPC was synthesized using 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and 4,4′-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid). The water-soluble polymers, PMPC, that have nitrogen/phosphorus moieties are used to prepare carbon dots (P-CDs). The resulting P-CDs were thoroughly characterized by various analytical techniques such as field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), high-resolution transmittance electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy to determine their structural and optical properties. The synthesized P-CDs displayed bright/durable fluorescence, were stable for long periods, and confirmed the enrichment of functionalities including oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen heteroatoms in the carbon matrix. Since the synthesized P-CDs showed bright fluorescence with excellent photostability, excitation-dependent fluorescence emission, and excellent quantum yield (23%), it has been explored as a fluorescent (security) ink for drawing and writing (anti-counterfeiting). Further, cytotoxicity study results advised for biocompatibility and thus were used for cellular multicolor imaging in nematodes. This work not only demonstrated the preparation of CDs from polymers that can be used as advanced fluorescence ink, a bioimaging agent for anti-counterfeiting, and cellular multicolor imaging candidate, but additionally prominently opened a new perspective on the bulk preparation of CDs simply and efficiently for various applications. Full article
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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023

12 pages, 1500 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Unmodified and Sawdust Derived-Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)-Modified Polyamide Membrane Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Zeta Potential Analysis
by Amos Adeniyi, Danae Gonzalez-Ortiz, Celine Pochat-Bohatier, Sandrine Mbakop and Maurice S. Onyango
Polymers 2023, 15(1), 57; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15010057 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) obtained from waste sawdust were used to modify the polyamide membrane fabricated by interfacial polymerization of m-phenylene-diamine (MPDA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The efficiency of the modification with sawdust-derived CNC was investigated using zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). [...] Read more.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) obtained from waste sawdust were used to modify the polyamide membrane fabricated by interfacial polymerization of m-phenylene-diamine (MPDA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The efficiency of the modification with sawdust-derived CNC was investigated using zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of the modification on membrane mechanical strength and stability in acidic and alkaline solutions was also investigated. Results revealed that the negative zeta potential decreased at a high pH and the isoelectric point shifted into the acidic range for both modified and unmodified membranes. However, the negative charges obtained on the surface of the modified membrane at a pH lower than 8 were higher than the pristine membrane, which is an indication of the successful membrane modification. The XPS result shows that the degree of crosslinking was lowered due to the presence of CNC. Enhanced stability in solution in all pH ranges and the increase in mechanical strength, as indicated by higher Young’s modulus, maximum load, and tensile strength, confirmed the robustness of the modified membrane. Full article
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11 pages, 16581 KiB  
Article
Composite Polymer Electrolytes Based on (PEO)4CF3COOLi and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)
by Miguel I. Delgado-Rosero, Nori M. Jurado-Meneses and Ramiro Uribe-Kaffure
Polymers 2023, 15(1), 49; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym15010049 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
The addition of nanoparticles as fillers has a significant influence in modifying the dynamic conditions and avoiding crystallization in polymer composites. In this work, (PEO)4CF3COOLi electrolyte and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used to prepare composites by a solution [...] Read more.
The addition of nanoparticles as fillers has a significant influence in modifying the dynamic conditions and avoiding crystallization in polymer composites. In this work, (PEO)4CF3COOLi electrolyte and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used to prepare composites by a solution method. The formation of the new composite was evidenced by the experimental results obtained from DSC analysis and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The impedance spectroscopy analysis shows a notable decrease in the resistance, which is attributed to an interaction between the oxygen of the polymer and the Li+ cations of the salt, and the interactions between the electrolyte and the MWNTs. Values of dc conductivity of 8.42 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature are obtained at a concentration of 2.0 wt.% MWCNT in the whole electrolyte. The results indicate that membranes can be used in technological devices such as batteries and gas or moisture sensors. Full article
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16 pages, 5433 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Europium-Doped Barium Titanate/Polystyrene Polymer Nanocomposites Using Ultrasonication-Assisted Method: Structural and Optical Properties
by Umesh Kumar, Diwakar Padalia, Prabhakar Bhandari, Pawan Kumar, Lalit Ranakoti, Tej Singh and László Lendvai
Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4664; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14214664 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
In the current work, europium-doped barium titanate particles were used as filler material and polystyrene was used as a matrix to fabricate Ba1−3x/2EuxTiO3/PS polymer nanocomposites with x = 0, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.025. A solid-state reaction [...] Read more.
In the current work, europium-doped barium titanate particles were used as filler material and polystyrene was used as a matrix to fabricate Ba1−3x/2EuxTiO3/PS polymer nanocomposites with x = 0, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.025. A solid-state reaction was used to synthesize filler particles and the solvent evaporation method was used to form polymer nanocomposites. The effects of ultrasonic treatment were also studied in the formation of nanocomposite materials. The quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) characterization techniques. The XRD data and FTIR data confirm the incorporation of filler particles in the polymer matrix. FE-SEM data confirms that the particles are in the nanophase. The optical band gap was directly affected by the filler particles and it started to reduce as Eu concentration started to increase. Full article
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17 pages, 3495 KiB  
Article
Fire Retardancy and Dielectric Strength of Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds with Schiff Base and Ester Linking Units Attached to the Electron-Withdrawing Side Arm
by Siti Nur Khalidah Usri, Zuhair Jamain and Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
Polymers 2022, 14(20), 4378; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14204378 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1499
Abstract
A series of compounds with Schiff base and ester linking units attached to the electron-withdrawing side arm (Cl, NO2, and OH) have been successfully synthesized through four schemes of the chemical route. These compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy [...] Read more.
A series of compounds with Schiff base and ester linking units attached to the electron-withdrawing side arm (Cl, NO2, and OH) have been successfully synthesized through four schemes of the chemical route. These compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The epoxy resin was used as a matrix of molding to observe the refinement of fire-retardant properties of the modified cyclotriphosphazene compounds. The fire-retardant testing was done using Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). The LOI value of pure epoxy resin was increased from 22.75% to 24.71% when incorporated with 1 wt.% of hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Interestingly, all the final compounds gave a positive increment in the LOI value and the highest LOI value was obtained from the compound containing a nitro side arm with LOI value of 26.90%. In order to understand the thermal stability of these compounds, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was carried out. The compound with the nitro group at the terminal end has the highest char residue which is 34.2% at 700 °C. This indicated that the presence of the nitro withdrawing group was able to enhance the fire retardancy of the materials. Based on SEM observation, the shape of the final compound’s char residue demonstrated the formation of a porous protective layer with a dense surface. The dielectric property was conducted according to ASTM D149 AC breakdown voltage to determine its dielectric strength. The results showed that the highest dielectric strength value belonged to the compound containing a nitro group side arm with 24.41 kV/mm−1 due to the π electron delocalization. Full article
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22 pages, 13311 KiB  
Review
Advanced Carbon-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites for Forensic Analysis
by Ana M. Díez-Pascual, Daniel Lechuga Cruz and Alba Lomas Redondo
Polymers 2022, 14(17), 3598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14173598 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2868
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a powerful tool and fast-growing research area in many novel arenas, ranging from biomedicine to engineering and energy storage. Nanotechnology has great potential to make a significant positive contribution in forensic science, which deals with the identification and investigation of crimes, [...] Read more.
Nanotechnology is a powerful tool and fast-growing research area in many novel arenas, ranging from biomedicine to engineering and energy storage. Nanotechnology has great potential to make a significant positive contribution in forensic science, which deals with the identification and investigation of crimes, finding relationships between pieces of evidence and perpetrators. Nano-forensics is related to the development of nanosensors for crime investigations and inspection of terrorist activity by analyzing the presence of illicit drugs, explosives, toxic gases, biological agents, and so forth. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials have huge potential for next-generation nanosensors due to their outstanding properties, including strength combined with flexibility, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and little noise. Moreover, their combination with polymers can provide nanocomposites with novel and enhanced performance owed to synergy between the composite components. This review concisely recapitulates up-to-date advances in the development of polymer composites incorporating carbon-based nanomaterials for forensic science. The properties of the different carbon nanomaterials, several methods used to analyze functional polymeric nanocomposites, and their applications in forensic investigation are discussed. Furthermore, present challenges and forthcoming outlooks on the design of new polymer/carbon nanomaterial composites for crime prevention are highlighted. Full article
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14 pages, 4848 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Crystallization Kinetics and Melting Behaviour of Polymer Blend Nanocomposites Based on Poly(L-Lactic Acid), Nylon 11 and TMDCs WS2
by Mohammed Naffakh and Peter S. Shuttleworth
Polymers 2022, 14(13), 2692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14132692 - 30 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1386
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the crystallization kinetics and melting behaviour of polymer blend nanocomposites based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA), nylon 11 and tungsten disulfide nanotubes (INT-WS2), which are layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), using non-isothermal differential [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to study the crystallization kinetics and melting behaviour of polymer blend nanocomposites based on poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA), nylon 11 and tungsten disulfide nanotubes (INT-WS2), which are layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), using non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Blends containing different nylon 11 contents ranging from 20 to 80 wt.% with or without INT-WS2 were prepared by melt mixing. Evaluation of their morphology with high-resolution SEM imaging proved that the incorporation of inorganic nanotubes into the immiscible PLLA/nylon 11 mixtures led to an improvement in the dispersibility of the nylon 11 phase, a reduction in its average domain size and, consequently, an increase in its interfacial area. The crystallization temperatures of these PLLA/nylon 11-INT blends were influenced by the cooling rate and composition. In particular, the DSC results appear to demonstrate that the 1D-TMDCs WS2 within the PLLA/nylon 11-INT blend nanocomposites initiated nucleation in both polymeric components, with the effect being more pronounced for PLLA. Moreover, the nucleation activity and activation energy were calculated to support these findings. The nucleation effect of INT-WS2, which influences the melting behaviour of PLLA, is highly important, particularly when evaluating polymer crystallinity. This study opens up new perspectives for the development of advanced PLA-based nanomaterials that show great potential for ecological and biomedical applications. Full article
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19 pages, 39023 KiB  
Review
A Review of Polymeric Micelles and Their Applications
by Suguna Perumal, Raji Atchudan and Wonmok Lee
Polymers 2022, 14(12), 2510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14122510 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 70 | Viewed by 10155
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic units results in micelles (polymeric nanoparticles), where polymer concentrations are above critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Recently, micelles with metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized in many bio-applications because of their excellent biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, adhesion to [...] Read more.
Self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic units results in micelles (polymeric nanoparticles), where polymer concentrations are above critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Recently, micelles with metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized in many bio-applications because of their excellent biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, adhesion to biosurfaces, targetability, and longevity. The size of the micelles is in the range of 10 to 100 nm, and different shapes of micelles have been developed for applications. Micelles have been focused recently on bio-applications because of their unique properties, size, shape, and biocompatibility, which enhance drug loading and target release in a controlled manner. This review focused on how CMC has been calculated using various techniques. Further, micelle importance is explained briefly, different types and shapes of micelles are discussed, and further extensions for the application of micelles are addressed. In the summary and outlook, points that need focus in future research on micelles are discussed. This will help researchers in the development of micelles for different applications. Full article
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17 pages, 5194 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of PALF/Kevlar-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Hybrid Composite Laminates
by Siti Nadia Mohd Bakhori, Mohamad Zaki Hassan, Noremylia Mohd Bakhori, Ahmad Rashedi, Roslina Mohammad, Mohd Yusof Md Daud, Sa’ardin Abdul Aziz, Faizir Ramlie, Anil Kumar and Naveen J
Polymers 2022, 14(12), 2468; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14122468 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2488
Abstract
Natural and synthetic fibres are in high demand due to their superior properties. Natural fibres are less expensive and lighter as compared to synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres have drawn much attention, especially for their outstanding properties, such as durability, and stability. The hybridisation [...] Read more.
Natural and synthetic fibres are in high demand due to their superior properties. Natural fibres are less expensive and lighter as compared to synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibres have drawn much attention, especially for their outstanding properties, such as durability, and stability. The hybridisation between natural and synthetic fibres composite are considered as an alternative to improve the current properties of natural and synthetic fibres. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester (UP) hybrid composites. The PALF/Kevlar hybrid composites were fabricated by using hand layup method utilising unsaturated polyester as the matrix. These composites were laid up to various laminated configurations, such as [PKP]s, [PPK]s, [KPP]s, [KKP]s, [PPP]s and [KKK]s, whereby PALF denoted as P and Kevlar denoted as K. Next, they were cut into size and dimensions according to standards. Initially, the density of PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were evaluated. The highest density result was obtained from [KKK]s, however, the density of hybrid composites was closely indistinguishable. Next, moisture absorption behaviour and its effects on the PALF/Kevlar reinforced unsaturated polyester were investigated. The water absorption studies showed that the hybridisation between all PALF and Kevlar specimens absorbed moisture drastically at the beginning of the moisture absorption test and the percentage of moisture uptake increased with the volume fraction of PALF in the samples. The tensile test indicated that all specimens exhibited nonlinear stress-strain behaviour and shown a pseudo-ductility behaviour. [KKP]s and [KPK]s hybrid composites showed the highest tensile strength and modulus. The flexural test showed that [KPK]s had the highest flexural strength of 164.0 MPa and [KKP]s had the highest flexural modulus of 12.6 GPa. In terms of the impact strength and resistance, [KKP]s outperformed the composite laminates. According to SEM scans, the hybrid composites demonstrated a stronger interfacial adhesion between the fibres and matrix than pure PALF composite. Full article
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13 pages, 6901 KiB  
Article
A Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Macca Carbon Advanced Composite Film with Functional Properties for Packaging Materials
by Jitladda Sakdapipanich, Phawasoot Rodgerd and Natdanai Sakdapipanich
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1794; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14091794 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
Macca carbon (MC) powder, a biomass derived from macadamia nut cultivation that emits far-infrared (FIR) radiation, was incorporated into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by melt-compounding and subsequent melt-extrusion operations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravitational analysis, mechanical properties, FIR emission [...] Read more.
Macca carbon (MC) powder, a biomass derived from macadamia nut cultivation that emits far-infrared (FIR) radiation, was incorporated into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by melt-compounding and subsequent melt-extrusion operations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravitational analysis, mechanical properties, FIR emission power, barrier properties, transmission properties, antimicrobial activity assays, and storage tests were used to evaluate the manufactured LDPE/MC composite viability sheets for antimicrobial packaging applications. The physical properties and antibacterial activity of composite films were significantly correlated with the amount of MC powder used. The higher the MC powder content in the LDPE/MC composite film, the better the FIR emission ability. Only the MC powder at 0.5% by weight displayed adequate fundamental film characteristics, antibacterial activity, and storage performance, allowing lettuce and strawberries to remain fresh for more than 7 and 5 days, respectively, outside the refrigerator. This study demonstrates that FIR composites made from MC powder are a distinct and potential packaging material for future application in the food industry. Full article
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18 pages, 6808 KiB  
Article
Effects of Peroxide Initiator on the Structure and Properties of Ultralow Loss Thermosetting Polyphenylene Oxide-Based Composite
by Xueyi Yu, Zeming Fang, Qianfa Liu, Dan Li, Yundong Meng, Cheng Luo, Ke Wang and Zhiyong Lin
Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1752; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14091752 - 26 Apr 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3152
Abstract
Although thermosetting polyphenylene oxide- (PPO) based composites with excellent dielectric properties have been widely accepted as superior resin matrices of high-performance copper clad laminate (CCL) for 5G network devices, there has been limited information regarding the composition–process–structure–property relationships of the systems. In this [...] Read more.
Although thermosetting polyphenylene oxide- (PPO) based composites with excellent dielectric properties have been widely accepted as superior resin matrices of high-performance copper clad laminate (CCL) for 5G network devices, there has been limited information regarding the composition–process–structure–property relationships of the systems. In this work, the effects of peroxide initiator concentration on the structure and dielectric properties of a free radical cured ultralow loss PPO/Triallyl isocyanate (TAIC) composite system were studied. As expected, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and storage modulus increased with the advancing of crosslinking, whereas the dielectric loss showed an “abnormal” rise with the increase in crosslink density. Extensive studies were carried out by varying the initiator contents and characterizing the structure with spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and positron annihilation lifetime spectrum (PALS) techniques. The results show that the competition of polarity, crosslink density, free volume, and free TAIC are the key factors determining the dielectric properties of the composites. Full article
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12 pages, 7801 KiB  
Article
Green Composites Based on Hedysarum coronarium with Outstanding FDM Printability and Mechanical Performance
by Roberto Scaffaro, Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino, Maria Clara Citarrella and Andrea Maio
Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym14061198 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2529
Abstract
The addition of natural scraps to biodegradable polymers has gained particular interest in recent years, allowing reducing environmental pollution related to traditional plastic. In this work, new composites were fabricated by adding 10% or 20% of Hedysarum coronarium (HC) flour to Poly (lactic [...] Read more.
The addition of natural scraps to biodegradable polymers has gained particular interest in recent years, allowing reducing environmental pollution related to traditional plastic. In this work, new composites were fabricated by adding 10% or 20% of Hedysarum coronarium (HC) flour to Poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The two formulations were first produced by twin screw extrusion and the obtained filaments were then employed for the fabrication of composites, either for compression molding (CM) or by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and characterized from a morphological and mechanical point of view. Through FDM it was possible to achieve dense structures with good wettability of the filler that, on the contrary, cannot be obtained by CM. The results indicate that the filler effectively acts as reinforcement, especially for FDM composites. The most remarkable enhancement was found in the flexural properties (+100% of modulus and ultimate strength), followed by tensile resistance and stiffness (+60%) and impact strength (+50%), whereas a moderate loss in tensile deformability was observed, especially at the highest loading. By adding HC to the polymeric matrix, it was possible to obtain a green, high-performance, and cost-effective composite, which could find applications for the fabrication of panels for furniture or the automotive industry. Full article
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