Dear Colleagues,

Tissues and organs of the body have both structure and function, therefore in tissue engineering any proposed approach must be able to mimic the morphology and characteristics of the original tissue or be able to stimulate the regeneration of the original tissue. In regenerative medicine, it is important to consider many aspects such as the material used, the structure of the scaffold, the growth factors, and the cell populations, in particular stem cells.

For example, with more than 2 million bone grafts performed annually worldwide, bone reconstruction is a primary task of regenerative medicine, which may rely on a growing variety of sources of stem cells suitable for autologous transplants. Notwithstanding the remarkable advancements in bone regeneration techniques and the great potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the treatment of critical-sized defects with tissue engineering has yet to be achieved. Human mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to be particularly suitable for auto-transplant procedures. Apart from bone marrow, MSCs can be obtained from the umbilical cord, adipose tissue, the placenta, the human synovial membrane, and the dental pulp of deciduous teeth. Independently of the type of grafting, the challenge in bone tissue engineering is represented by critical-sized bone defect, i.e., larger bone defects, and osseous injuries unable to heal spontaneously.

Only through an integrated approach will multidisciplinary teams succeed in fabricating complex scaffolds, including live cell populations endowed with the most sophisticated features of biomimicry. Indeed, tissue formation requires different cell populations to cooperate to set up a complex 3D tissue under the guidance of bio-mechanical cues.

This Special Issue on bone and tissue regeneration aims to highlight the new approach of treatment based on the comprehension of the physiology and the interplay between different cell types. Topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Use of MSCs in regenerative medicine;
• Control of angiogenesis in tissue regeneration;
• New approaches of MSC isolation from different sources;
• Bioactive bone substitution.

Dr. Tullio Genova
Prof. Federico Mussano
Guest Editors

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• tissue regenerations
• mesenchymal stem cells
• adipose-derived stem cells
• bone differentiation
• angiogenesis
• tissue vascularization
• bioreactor
• 3D culture
• bone scaffold
• bone graft