Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental and Green Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 42684

Special Issue Editors

Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
Interests: corrosion; renewable energy; material degradation; failure analysis
BAM—Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
Interests: corrosion; renewable energy; materials
Institute for Energy technology, Pb. 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
Interests: corrosion; material degradation; failure analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is widely recognized that global warming is occurring due to increasing emission of “greenhouse gas”, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), along with high demand for energy. Methods of capturing CO2 from major industrial sources, such as fossil fuel-burning power plants or cement and steel factories, are being developed. Depending on the purity, CO2 extracted from exhaust gases can be either injected into subsurface geological formations (CCS) or utilized/reused in industrial processes. One option is the production of value-added chemicals/fuels (CCU). The captured high-concentration CO2 stream can be reused and isolated permanently via enhanced oil recovery (EOR); enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM); enhanced geothermal system (EGS) processes; and impermanently in urea fertilizer, polymers, renewable methanol, and formic acid production. On the other hand, the dilute CO2 flue gas can be utilized in concrete curing, mineral carbonation, ECBM, and algae cultivation. Although significant advances have been made, safety issues and issues of cost effectiveness currently hinder the future of CCS. For CCU, drawbacks such as extensive energy consumption for CO2 desorption, low capture efficiency, and slow sorption kinetics still need to be addressed.

This Special Issue on “Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technology” seeks high-quality works focusing on the latest technical developments and scientific understanding dealing with current hurdles in CCUS technology. Topics include but are not limited to the following:

  1. Studies in carbon dioxide capture, transport (both by pipelines and ships), and geological sequestration;
  2. The development of technically, environmentally, and economically viable ways of utilizing CO2: as a feedstock for industrial production; in concrete curing, and mineralization; in enhanced GS, OR, or ECBM; and to produce chemicals and fuels;
  3. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) for CCUS technology.

Dr. Le Quynh Hoa
Dr. Ralph Bäßler
Dr. Arne Dugstad
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • CCUS
  • geological sequestration
  • CO2 transportation
  • corrosion
  • carbonation
  • CO2 conversion
  • LCA

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6011 KiB  
Article
Optimisation of an Integrated System: Combined Heat and Power Plant with CO2 Capture and Solar Thermal Energy
by Agustín Moisés Alcaraz Calderón, Oscar Alfredo Jaramillo Salgado, Nicolas Velazquez Limón, Miguel Robles Perez, Jorge Ovidio Aguilar Aguilar, Maria Ortencia González Díaz and Abigail González Díaz
Processes 2023, 11(1), 155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11010155 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1913
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate different design configurations of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with post-combustion CO2 capture. Three cases are involved in this study: case 1 consists of three trains and each train has a configuration of one gas [...] Read more.
This paper aims to evaluate different design configurations of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with post-combustion CO2 capture. Three cases are involved in this study: case 1 consists of three trains and each train has a configuration of one gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG); case 2 consists of three trains and one steam turbine; and case 3 consists of only two trains. The third case presented the highest CHP efficiency of 72.86% with 511.8 MW net power generation. After selecting the optimum configuration, a parabolic-trough collector (PTC) was incorporated to generate additional saturated steam at 3.5 bar for the capture plant, adding greater flexibility to the CHP because more steam was available. In addition, the efficiency of the cycle increased from 72.86% to 80.18%. Although case 2 presented lower efficiency than case 3, it has a steam turbine which brings the possibility of increasing the amount of electricity instead of steam production. When the PTC was incorporated in case 2, the power generated in the steam turbine increased from 23.22 MW to 52.6 MW, and the net efficiency of the cycle from 65.4% to 68.21%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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23 pages, 25018 KiB  
Article
Strategic Planning for Carbon Capture and Storage Implementation in the Electricity Sector of Greece: A TIMES Based Analysis
by Christos S. Ioakimidis, Hana Gerbelova, Ali Bagheri, Sesil Koutra and Nikolaos Koukouzas
Processes 2021, 9(11), 1913; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9111913 - 27 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1993
Abstract
This paper presents a roadmap performed in 2010 as part of a European project for the modelling of carbon capture and storage technology, and various scenarios with different taxations and permit prices for the CO2 emissions considering the Greek national plans, then [...] Read more.
This paper presents a roadmap performed in 2010 as part of a European project for the modelling of carbon capture and storage technology, and various scenarios with different taxations and permit prices for the CO2 emissions considering the Greek national plans, then the gradual decommissioning of various lignite or other units of electricity power plants. In addition, this study presents a first check, 10 years after its writing, of the current situation of the Greek energy system, regarding the correspondence of the roadmap designed in 2010 to what has been finally executed during this period, including the possibility of other energy sources complimenting or substituting the national strategic energy plans. For this purpose, the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) was employed to model the Greek energy system and evaluate its development over time, until 2040, by analyzing three different scenarios with respect to taxation and permit prices for carbon emissions. The results obtained show that, if this study had been considered and executed by the different stakeholders during that period, then the implementation of CCS in the new licensed power plants from 2010 and onwards could reduce the use of lignite and imported hard coal power production in a much smoother and beneficial way in the next years, and until the present, without compromising any major power plants. This implementation would also make the transition to a lignite free economy in Greece much faster and better, while complimenting the EU regulations and also enhancing the possible greater use of alternative energy sources in the green energy mixture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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12 pages, 3003 KiB  
Article
The Challenge of Monitoring Impurity Content of CO2 Streams
by Bjørn H. Morland, Gaute Svenningsen and Arne Dugstad
Processes 2021, 9(4), 570; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9040570 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2674
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage has gained increased attention during the last decade, and several full-scale projects are currently being planned. From economic and public acceptance point of view it is important to ensure that the transportation system is operated in a safe manner, [...] Read more.
Carbon capture and storage has gained increased attention during the last decade, and several full-scale projects are currently being planned. From economic and public acceptance point of view it is important to ensure that the transportation system is operated in a safe manner, avoiding threats such as corrosion or formation of solid matters. Thus, routine chemical analyses are required to ensure that the CO2 stream complies with the required specifications. The CO2 will usually be transported in the liquid or supercritical state (high pressure), which makes the practicalities around chemical analyses difficult. Phase transition from liquid or supercritical state to gaseous state may also introduce several physiochemical effects that may affect the analyses. This paper discusses technical and practical challenges with CO2 stream analyses experienced in a joint industry project that studied corrosion and chemical reactions in a simulated CO2 transport system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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15 pages, 88512 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process
by Le Quynh Hoa, Ralph Bäßler, Dirk Bettge, Enrico Buggisch, Bernadette Nicole Schiller and Matthias Beck
Processes 2021, 9(1), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9010115 - 07 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2365
Abstract
For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of [...] Read more.
For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their cross-sections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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13 pages, 2615 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer in the Desorption Process of CO2 Gas in a Packed-Bed Stripper
by Pao Chi Chen, Ming-Wei Yang and Yan-Lin Lai
Processes 2021, 9(1), 46; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9010046 - 28 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
A lab-scale packed-bed stripper containing Dixon rings was used to explore the effects of the process variables on the hydrodynamics and mass-transfer in a stripper using a mixed solvent loaded CO2. The variables are the liquid flow rate, reboiler temperature, and [...] Read more.
A lab-scale packed-bed stripper containing Dixon rings was used to explore the effects of the process variables on the hydrodynamics and mass-transfer in a stripper using a mixed solvent loaded CO2. The variables are the liquid flow rate, reboiler temperature, and amine concentration, and the hydrodynamic and mass-transfer data can be determined using different models. In the case of hydrodynamics, the dimensionless pressure drop at the flooding point and the total pressure drop were explored first. In the case of mass-transfer, the correlation of the mass-transfer coefficient and the parameter importance were also observed. In addition, the number of plates per meter can be compared with the Dixon rings manufacturer. Finally, the performances of a mixed solvent and monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent were also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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22 pages, 9563 KiB  
Article
Potential Dynamics of CO2 Stream Composition and Mass Flow Rates in CCS Clusters
by Sven-Lasse Kahlke, Martin Pumpa, Stefan Schütz, Alfons Kather and Heike Rütters
Processes 2020, 8(9), 1188; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8091188 - 18 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2701
Abstract
Temporal variations in CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates may occur in a CO2 transport network, as well as further downstream when CO2 streams of different compositions and temporally variable mass flow rates are fed in. To assess the [...] Read more.
Temporal variations in CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates may occur in a CO2 transport network, as well as further downstream when CO2 streams of different compositions and temporally variable mass flow rates are fed in. To assess the potential impacts of such variations on CO2 transport, injection, and storage, their characteristics must be known. We investigated variation characteristics in a scenario of a regional CO2 emitter cluster of seven fossil-fired power plants and four industrial plants that feed captured CO2 streams into a pipeline network. Variations of CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates in the pipelines were simulated using a network analysis tool. In addition, the potential effects of changes in the energy mix on resulting mass flow rates and CO2 stream compositions were investigated for two energy mix scenarios that consider higher shares of renewable energy sources or a replacement of lignite by hard coal and natural gas. While resulting maximum mass flow rates in the trunk line were similar in all considered scenarios, minimum flow rates and pipeline capacity utilisation differed substantially between them. Variations in CO2 stream composition followed the power plants’ operational load patterns resulting e.g., in stronger composition variations in case of higher renewable energy production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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16 pages, 4234 KiB  
Article
A Workflow Incorporating an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Subsurface Porosity for CO2 Storage Geological Site Characterization
by George Koperna, Hunter Jonsson, Richie Ness, Shawna Cyphers and JohnRyan MacGregor
Processes 2020, 8(7), 813; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8070813 - 10 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2204
Abstract
The large scale and complexity of Carbon, Capture, Storage (CCS) projects necessitates time and cost saving strategies to strengthen investment and widespread deployment of this technology. Here, we successfully demonstrate a novel geologic site characterization workflow using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) at [...] Read more.
The large scale and complexity of Carbon, Capture, Storage (CCS) projects necessitates time and cost saving strategies to strengthen investment and widespread deployment of this technology. Here, we successfully demonstrate a novel geologic site characterization workflow using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) at the Southeast Regional Carbon Anthropogenic Test in Citronelle, Alabama. The Anthropogenic Test Site occurs within the Citronelle oilfield which contains hundreds of wells with electrical logs that lack critical porosity measurements. Three new test wells were drilled at the injection site and each well was paired with a nearby legacy well containing vintage electrical logs. The test wells were logged for measurements of density porosity and cored over the storage reservoir. An Artificial Neural Network was developed, trained, and validated using patterns recognized between the between vintage electrical logs and modern density porosity measurements at each well pair. The trained neural network was applied to 36 oil wells across the Citronelle Field and used to generate synthetic porosities of the storage reservoir and overlying stratigraphy. Ultimately, permeability of the storage reservoir was estimated using a combination of synthetic porosity and an empirically derived relationship between porosity and permeability determined from core. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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31 pages, 3347 KiB  
Article
Business Models for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technologies in the Steel Sector: A Qualitative Multi-Method Study
by Hasan Muslemani, Xi Liang, Katharina Kaesehage and Jeffrey Wilson
Processes 2020, 8(5), 576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8050576 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 13792
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a combination of technologies capable of achieving large-scale reductions in carbon dioxide emissions across a variety of industries. Its application to date has however been mostly limited to the power sector, despite emissions from other industrial [...] Read more.
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a combination of technologies capable of achieving large-scale reductions in carbon dioxide emissions across a variety of industries. Its application to date has however been mostly limited to the power sector, despite emissions from other industrial sectors accounting for around 30% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This paper explores the challenges of and requirements for implementing CCUS in non-power industrial sectors in general, and in the steel sector in particular, to identify drivers for the technology’s commercialization. To do so we first conducted a comprehensive literature review of business models of existing large-scale CCUS projects. We then collected primary qualitative data through a survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with global CCUS experts from industry, academia, government, and consultancies. Our results reveal that the revenue model is the most critical element to building successful CCUS business models, around which the following elements are structured: funding sources, capital & ownership structure, and risk management/allocation. One promising mechanism to subsidize the additional costs associated with the introduction of CCUS to industry is the creation of a ‘low-carbon product market’, while the creation of clear risk-allocation systems along the full CCUS chain is particularly highlighted. The application of CCUS as an enabling emission reduction technology is further shown to be a factor of consumer and shareholder pressures, pressing environmental standards, ethical resourcing, resource efficiency, and first-mover advantages in an emerging market. This paper addresses the knowledge gap which exists in identifying viable CCUS business models in the industrial sector which, with the exception of a few industry reports, remains poorly explored in the academic literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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19 pages, 8953 KiB  
Article
Early Stage of Corrosion Formation on Pipeline Steel X70 Under Oxyfuel Atmosphere at Low Temperature
by Andreas Kratzig, Le Quynh Hoa, Dirk Bettge, Martina Menneken and Ralph Bäßler
Processes 2020, 8(4), 421; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr8040421 - 02 Apr 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 [...] Read more.
The early stage of corrosion formation on X70 pipeline steel under oxyfuel atmosphere was investigated by applying a simulated gas mixture (CO2 containing 6700 ppmv O2, 100 ppmv NO2, 70 ppmv SO2 and 50 ppmv H2O) for 15 h at 278 K and ambient pressure. Short-term tests (6 h) revealed that the corrosion starts as local spots related to grinding marks progressing by time and moisture until a closed layer was formed. Acid droplets (pH 1.5), generated in the gas atmosphere, containing a mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3, were identified as corrosion starters. After 15 h of exposure, corrosion products were mainly X-ray amorphous and only partially crystalline. In-situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) results showed that the crystalline fractions consist primarily of water-bearing iron sulfates. Applying Raman spectroscopy, water-bearing iron nitrates were detected as subordinated phases. Supplementary long-term tests exhibited a significant increase in the crystalline fraction and formation of additional water-bearing iron sulfates. All phases of the corrosion layer were intergrown in a nanocrystalline network. In addition, numerous globular structures have been detected above the corrosion layer, which were identified as hydrated iron sulphate and hematite. As a type of corrosion, shallow pit formation was identified, and the corrosion rate was about 0.1 mma−1. In addition to in-situ EDXRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and interferometry were used to chemically and microstructurally analyze the corrosion products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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Review

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21 pages, 1023 KiB  
Review
Progress in Electrodeposited Copper Catalysts for CO2 Conversion to Valuable Products
by Kranthi Kumar Maniam, Madhuri Maniam, Luis A. Diaz, Hari K. Kukreja, Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, Vikas Kumar, Panos Seferlis and Shiladitya Paul
Processes 2023, 11(4), 1148; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11041148 - 08 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is a key area of research for CO2 abatement. To that end, CO2 capture, transport and storage has accrued several decades of development. However, for successful implementation of CCUS, utilisation or conversion of CO2 [...] Read more.
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is a key area of research for CO2 abatement. To that end, CO2 capture, transport and storage has accrued several decades of development. However, for successful implementation of CCUS, utilisation or conversion of CO2 to valuable products is important. Electrochemical conversion of the captured CO2 to desired products provides one such route. This technique requires a cathode “electrocatalyst” that could favour the desired product selectivity. Copper (Cu) is unique, the only metal “electrocatalyst” demonstrated to produce C2 products including ethylene. In order to achieve high-purity Cu deposits, electrodeposition is widely acknowledged as a straightforward, scalable and relatively inexpensive method. In this review, we discuss in detail the progress in the developments of electrodeposited copper, oxide/halide-derived copper, copper-alloy catalysts for conversion of CO2 to valuable products along with the future challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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32 pages, 21918 KiB  
Review
ZIF for CO2 Capture: Structure, Mechanism, Optimization, and Modeling
by Kishor Kalauni, Ajitanshu Vedrtnam, Magdalena Wdowin and Shashikant Chaturvedi
Processes 2022, 10(12), 2689; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10122689 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
The requirement to counter carbon emissions is becoming urgent. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) have been extensively investigated recently for storing and separating gases, especially carbon dioxide. The present review aims to summarise the state of the art of ZIFs for carbon dioxide capture [...] Read more.
The requirement to counter carbon emissions is becoming urgent. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) have been extensively investigated recently for storing and separating gases, especially carbon dioxide. The present review aims to summarise the state of the art of ZIFs for carbon dioxide capture focusing on the structure, mechanism, optimisation, and modelling. The methods utilised for carbon capture are briefly summarized. The morphology of ZIFs with different topologies, N2-CO2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction patterns, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) results are discussed to give insights into the textural properties, structure-activity relationship and structural-thermal stability of ZIFs. Finally, the experimental optimisation techniques, modelling and simulation studies for improving CO2 capture by ZIFs are discussed. This review should provide a comprehensive and quick understanding of this research area. It is timely to summarize and review ongoing developments in this growing field to accelerate the research in the right direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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33 pages, 10543 KiB  
Review
Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue of Steels in Downhole CCS Environment—A Summary
by Anja Pfennig, Marcus Wolf and Axel Kranzmann
Processes 2021, 9(4), 594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9040594 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3296
Abstract
Static immersion tests of potential injection pipe steels 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4, and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 at T = 60 °C and ambient pressure, as well as p = 100 bar were performed for 700–8000 h in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar [...] Read more.
Static immersion tests of potential injection pipe steels 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4, and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 at T = 60 °C and ambient pressure, as well as p = 100 bar were performed for 700–8000 h in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to CCS sites in the Northern German Basin (NGB). Corrosion rates at 100 bar are generally lower than at ambient pressure. The main corrosion products are FeCO3 and FeOOH with surface and local corrosion phenomena directly related to the alloy composition and microstructure. The appropriate heat treatment enhances corrosion resistance. The lifetime reduction of X46Cr13, X5CrNiCuNb16-4, and duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in a CCS environment is demonstrated in the in situ corrosion fatigue CF experiments (axial push-pull and rotation bending load, 60 °C, brine: Stuttgart Aquifer and NGB, flowing CO2: 30 L/h, +/− applied potential). Insulating the test setup is necessary to gain reliable data. S-N plots, micrographic-, phase-, fractographic-, and surface analysis prove that the life expectancy of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 in the axial cyclic load to failure is clearly related to the surface finish, applied stress amplitude, and stress mode. The horizontal grain attack within corrosion pit cavities, multiple fatigue cracks, and preferable deterioration of austenitic phase mainly cause fatigue failure. The CF life range increases significantly when a protective potential is applied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technology)
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