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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Process Control and Monitoring".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2023) | Viewed by 19080

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yong Zhu

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Guest Editor

National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212003, China
Interests: fluid transmission; intelligent control; signal processing; fault diagnosis; intelligent maintenance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Qiang Gao

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Guest Editor

National Research Center of Pumps, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: fluid transmission; digital hydraulic; intelligent control; fuel metering valve; smart material

Dr. Xiaoming Yuan

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Guest Editor

Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Heavy Machinery Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Interests: fluid transmission; optimized design; dynamics analysis; reliability assessment; intelligent control
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Prof. Dr. Chuan Wang

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Guest Editor

College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Interests: fluid machinery; optimization design of pumps; internal flow theory of pumps; interference mechanism of jet and rotating fluid
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Dr. Bo Hu

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Guest Editor

Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: fluid machinery; flow and heat transfer; flow–structure coupling; multiphase flow
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fluid components and systems have been widely used in various fields, such as hydraulic machinery, engineering machinery, robots, underwater manipulators, aircraft, etc. Nowadays, the rapid development of mechanical equipment has put forward higher demands for the accuracy, efficiency, reliability, and intelligence of the fluid components and systems.

Thus, how to achieve and maintain the high performance of the fluid components and systems during the whole service life is an unending pursuit. Considering the current development, intelligent control and maintenance are reliable technical solutions.

This Special Issue on “Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System” seeks high-quality works focusing on the latest novel advances regarding the modeling, simulation, optimization, controlling, application, and maintenance of all kinds of fluid components and systems. The topics within the scope of the issue are mainly in the following, but not limited to this:

Modeling and identification of fluid components and systems (e.g., robots, underwater manipulators, aero-engines, etc.);
Smart fluid components and systems (e.g., fluid components driven by smart material, digital fluids, microfluidics, etc.);
Design and optimization of fluid components and systems (e.g., pump, valve, hydraulic cylinder, motor, nozzle, turbine, system, etc.);
Advanced control of fluid components and systems (e.g., sliding mode control, adaptive control, robust control, neural network, deep learning, etc.);
Fault diagnosis and life prediction of fluid components and systems;
Intelligent maintenance of fluid components and systems;
Applications of fluid components and systems.

Dr. Yong Zhu
Dr. Qiang Gao
Dr. Xiaoming Yuan
Prof. Dr. Chuan Wang
Dr. Bo Hu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

fluid component and system
optimization design
numerical simulation
advanced control
fault diagnosis
life prediction
reliability assessment
intelligent maintenance

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 178 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System

by Yong Zhu, Tao Zhou, Qiang Gao, Xiaoming Yuan, Chuan Wang and Bo Hu

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1763; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11061763 - 09 Jun 2023

Viewed by 681

Abstract

Fluid components and systems are major components of modern mechanical equipment and have been widely used in various fields such as engineering machinery, rotating machinery, and hydraulic machinery [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

Research

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17 pages, 20818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Cavitation of Port Plate of Seawater Desalination Pump with Energy Recovery Function

by Wenlei Li, Rui Guo, Guogang Wang, Jingyi Zhao, Qian Zhang, Lin Yu and Qisheng Zhang

Processes 2023, 11(3), 743; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11030743 - 02 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1158

Abstract

To address the problem of low integration and efficiency of reverse osmosis desalination system, an energy-recovery type incurve multiple acting pump is developed with integrated functions of a high-pressure pump, energy recovery device and booster pump. In order to determine its flow range and suppress cavitation generation, a mathematical model of the port plate is established, combining the realizable k-ɛ turbulence model and the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model to obtain the internal flow field characteristics of the port plate. The effects of different rotational speeds and inlet pressures on cavitation were analyzed to obtain the gas volume fraction distribution rules. The design is based on the pressure and mass flow monitoring test device to verify the numerical calculation results. The results show that the experimental and simulation data match accurately, and with the increase in speed and the decrease in inlet pressure, the cavitation phenomenon becomes serious and the flow coefficient is reduced. The optimal working speed of the pump in this paper is 520 r/min and the output flow is 200 L/min. Compared with conventional products, the volume is reduced by more than 40%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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26 pages, 4539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Gear Pump Based on Deep Sparse Autoencoders and Multilayer Bidirectional Long–Short–Term Memory Network

by Peiyao Zhang, Wanlu Jiang, Xiaodong Shi and Shuqing Zhang

Processes 2022, 10(12), 2500; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10122500 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1660

Abstract

Prediction of remaining useful life is crucial for mechanical equipment operation and maintenance. It ensures safe equipment operation, reduces maintenance costs and economic losses, and promotes development. Most of the remaining useful life prediction studies focus on bearings, gearboxes, and engines; however, research on hydraulic pumps remains limited. This study focuses on gear pumps that are commonly used in the hydraulic field and develops a practical method of predicting remaining useful life. The deep sparse autoencoder is used to extract multi–dimensional features. Subsequently, the feature vectors are inputted to the support vector data description to calculate the machine degradation degree at the corresponding time and obtain the health indicator curve of the machine’s life cycle. In building the health state degradation curve, data are processed in an unsupervised manner to avoid the influence of artificial feature selection on the test. The method is validated on the public bearing and self–collected gear pump datasets. The results are better than those of the comparative algorithms: (1) commonly used time–frequency characteristics with principal component analysis and (2) deep sparse autoencoder with self–organizing mapping. Next, the multilayer bidirectional long–short–term memory network is trained as a prediction model using the gear pump health indicator curves obtained previously and applied to the test data. Finally, the proposed method is compared with two others of the same type and the evaluation indexes are calculated based on the prediction results of the three algorithms. From the evaluation indexes, the mean absolute error of the proposed method is reduced by 2.53, and the normalized mean squared error is reduced by 0.36. This result indicates that the prediction results of the method for the remaining useful life of the gear pump are closer to the actual situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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13 pages, 4581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Fault Diagnosis of Steel Surface Based on Improved YOLOV5

by Weimin Liu, Yao Xiao, Aiyun Zheng, Zhi Zheng, Xiaojie Liu, Zhen Zhang and Chen Li

Processes 2022, 10(11), 2274; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10112274 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1991

Abstract

Steel is an important raw material of fluid components. The technological level limitation leads to the surface faults of the steel, thus the key to improving fluid components quality is to diagnose the faults in steel production. The complex shape and small size of steel surface faults result in the low accuracy of the diagnosis, and the large size of the network leads to poor real-time performance. Therefore, aiming at the problems, an improved YOLOV5 is proposed. Firstly, to reduce the feature information loss, coordinate attention is used to improve YOLOV5, thus the diagnosis ability can be improved. Secondly, to further reduce the loss, a new connection is constructed in YOLOV5, and the detection ability can also be further improved. Thirdly, to improve the real-time performance of the fault diagnosis, YOLOV5 is improved by the lightweight method ShuffleNetV2, and its size can be reduced. Lastly, to further improve the accuracy, the cosine annealing with warm restarts algorithm is used to optimize YOLOV5. The dataset of NEU-DET is verified and testified. The results show that improved YOLOV5 can diagnose steel surface faults with high efficiency and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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19 pages, 12762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Special-Shaped Nozzle Structure on Water Jet Performance

by Lihuan Chen, Dianrong Gao, Muzheng Cheng, Yi Cai and Liwen Guo

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2066; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10102066 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1842

Abstract

The impact force and effective impact area of are water jet are two important indexes for evaluating jet performance, and the outlet shape of the nozzle has a great influence on jet performance. In this study, five nozzles with different outlet shapes were designed, and water jet test experiments were conducted at different inlet pressures using an independently built water jet impact test platform, and the influence law of nozzle shape on the center impact pressure and flow coefficient of the water jet was investigated. The influence of nozzle shape on the effective impact area and entrainment rate of water jet was further investigated by numerical simulation. The results showed that the center impact pressure of the circular nozzle was the greatest when the inlet pressure and the target distance were small. The center impact pressure, the flow coefficient, and the effective area of the triangular nozzle with sharp edges were better than the traditional circular nozzle when the inlet pressure and the target distance were increased. Although the center impact pressure of the square nozzle is lower than that of the circular nozzle, its flow coefficient and effective impact area are higher than those of the circular nozzle with increasing target distance. The water jets of the elliptical and cross nozzles were the most divergent, and the jet performance was poor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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19 pages, 5290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Health Indicator Construction and Health Status Evaluation of Hydraulic Pumps Based on LSTM–VAE

by Zhenbao Li, Wanlu Jiang, Xiang Wu, Shuqing Zhang and Dongning Chen

Processes 2022, 10(9), 1869; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10091869 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

This paper addresses the difficulty of evaluating operating status in widely used gear pumps. A method for constructing hydraulic pump health indicators and evaluating health status is proposed based on LSTM–VAE. In this study, the vibration signal data source of gear pumps was assessed in the accelerated life test. Firstly, the normalized feature vectors of the whole-life operation data of gear pumps were extracted by wavelet packet decomposition and amplitude feature extraction. Combining an LSTM algorithm with a VAE algorithm, a method for constructing hydraulic pump health indicators based on LSTM–VAE is proposed. By learning the feature vectors of gear pumps in varying health conditions, a one-dimensional HI curve of the gear pumps was obtained. Then, LSTM was used to predict the HI curve of gear pumps. According to the volume efficiency of the gear pumps, the health status of gear pumps is divided into four states: health, sub-health, deterioration, and failure. The health status of the hydraulic pump is accurately evaluated by the health indicator. Finally, the proposed method is compared with the traditional method based on feature selection and PCA dimensionality reduction. The health indicator constructed by the method proposed in this paper is superior to the traditional method in terms of tendency, robustness, and monotonicity, which proves the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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13 pages, 4449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Dynamic and Flow Characteristics of a Reciprocating Pump Valve

by Ran Li, Wenshu Wei, Hao Liu, Jian Ye, Dalong Wang, Shoubin Li and Wei Wang

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1328; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10071328 - 07 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

The structure and dynamics of a reciprocating pump liquid end affect the volumetric efficiency and net positive suction head. To match the kinematics with theoretical parameters, reciprocating pump valve motion and flow visualization tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed on a wing-guided bevel discharge valve in a horizontal quintuple single-acting reciprocating pump. The valve motion test results showed that the maximum pump valve displacement and the pump valve opening and closing durations were approximately 8.3 mm, 29 ms, and 38 ms, respectively. The corresponding flow visualization test results were 11.4 mm, 9.5 ms, and 35.5 ms. The valve closing durations obtained from the valve motion and flow visualization tests are approximately twice as high as the U-Adolph prediction. The maximum displacement obtained from the valve motion test is consistent with the U-Adolph prediction. Three-dimensional CFD analyses were performed to investigate the flow states, pressure, and velocity characteristics of the discharge valve opening. Finally, the proposed method was applied to develop a new horizontal quintuple single-acting reciprocating pump with a rated flow rate of 1250 L/min and pressure of 40 MPa. This developed pump exhibited good performance and excellent reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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13 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight Yolov4 Target Detection Algorithm Fused with ECA Mechanism

by Chunguang Wang, Yulin Zhou and Junjie Li

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1285; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10071285 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1886

Abstract

For the task of garbage classification, to overcome the main disadvantages of the Yolov4 target detection algorithm, such as the large network model and lower detection accuracy for small objects, a lightweight Yolov4 target detection network based on the EfficientNet-B0 fusion ECA mechanism is presented. The lightweight EfficientNet was used to replace the original backbone network, which reduces the parameters of the network model and improves the detection accuracy. Moreover, a deep detachable convolution block replaced the common convolution block in the original network, which further reduced the number of parameters in the model. In the feature pyramid model PANet, a lightweight ECA attention mechanism was introduced to realize the weight analysis of the importance of different channel feature maps through cross-channel interaction, allowing the network to extract more obvious features with which to distinguish categories. Finally, a Soft-NMS algorithm was introduced in the post-processing stage of the detection frame to reduce the missed target detection rate in dense areas, which can improve the detection accuracy of the network and detection efficiency. As shown in the results, the size of the model was only 48 MB, and the mAP was 91.09%. Compared with the original Yolov4 network, the mAP was increased by 5.77% based on the 80% reduction in the model size. The recognition of small targets was also improved, which proved the effectiveness and robustness of the improved algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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15 pages, 4498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Test and Feasibility Analysis of Hydraulic Cylinder Position Control Based on Pressure Detection

by Rulin Zhou, Lingyu Meng and Xiaoming Yuan

Processes 2022, 10(6), 1167; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10061167 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2060

Abstract

This paper studies hydraulic cylinder position adjustment controlled by an on–off valve. The aim of this paper is to develop a method of position control for a hydraulic cylinder based on input and output pressure under the mutual coupling feedback of the load and flow, especially in multi-actuator coupling control scenarios. This method can solve the problem of position evaluation and hydraulic cylinder tracking in relation to position detection without a displacement sensor and provide the possibility of automatic adjustment of hydraulic support in the process of intelligent mining. First of all, according to the flow continuity equation and Navier–Stokes equation, a flow model with inlet and outlet pressure is derived. Secondly, the effectiveness of the flow resistance characteristic curve of differential valve is verified by experimental and theoretical analysis. Finally, through experimental verification, when the system pressure is larger than 10 MPa, the error between the actual experimental data and the data calculated by the fitting algorithm is within 5%, which is consistent with the derived formula and proves the validity of the simulation model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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20 pages, 7497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi−Objective Collaborative Optimization Design of Key Structural Parameters for Coal Breaking and Punching Nozzle

by Lihuan Chen, Muzheng Cheng, Yi Cai, Liwen Guo and Dianrong Gao

Processes 2022, 10(5), 1036; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10051036 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1493

Abstract

The technology of coal breaking and punching by a high-pressure water jet can increase the permeability of coal seam and prevent gas explosion accidents. As one of the key components of this technology, the structural parameters of the nozzle have an important effect on the performance of the water jet. At present, the relationship between multiple optimization indexes and structural parameters of the nozzle is mostly studied separately. In fact, the influence of the nozzle structural parameters on different optimization indexes is different. When there are multiple optimization indexes, they should be considered collaboratively to achieve the best water jet performance of the nozzle. Therefore, a multi−objective collaborative optimization method is proposed which takes the maximum velocity in X-axis and effective extension distance in Y-axis as the performance evaluation indexes of the water jet. The numerical simulation of the nozzle jet is carried out by computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method, and an orthogonal test database is established. The weight of multi-objective is analyzed, and the key structural parameters of the nozzle are optimized by the combination of BP (back propagation) neural network and genetic algorithms. The results show that the primary and secondary sequence of each structural parameter on is

γ > θ > l ∕ d

, which could reflect the comprehensive influence on the maximum velocity in the X-axis and effective extension distance in the Y-axis. The optimal structural parameters of the nozzle are, θ = 42.512°, l/d = 2.5608, γ = 12.431°. The field erosion experiment shows that compared with the original nozzle, the water jet performance of the optimized nozzle has been improved, the punching depth has been increased by 72.71%, and the punching diameter has been increased by 106.72%. This study provides a certain reference for the design and optimization of coal breaking and punching nozzle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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Review

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25 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Status and Prospects of Control Strategies for High Speed On/Off Valves

by Qiang Gao, Jie Wang, Yong Zhu, Jun Wang and Jinchuan Wang

Processes 2023, 11(1), 160; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11010160 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

As the working conditions of host equipment become more complex and severe, performance improvement and increased intelligence of high speed on/off valves (HSV) are inevitable trends in the development of digital hydraulic technology. The characteristics of HSVs can be regulated by control strategies, which determine the comprehensive performance of the system. This paper discusses the development of control strategies for HSVs. First, the results of research in relation to the discrete voltage and pulse control of single HSVs and the coding control of parallel HSVs are summarized. In addition, the advantages, disadvantages and application scope of different control strategies are analyzed and compared. Finally, the development trends are predicted from the performance regulation, intelligent maintenance, intelligent coding and function programmability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Maintenance of Fluid Component and System)

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