Innovative Techniques for Safety, Reliability, and Security in Control Systems

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Automation Control Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2023) | Viewed by 28853

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Tecnológico Nacional de México / Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, TURIX-DYNAMICS Diagnosis and Control Group, Carretera Panamericana, Km 1080, Tuxtla Gutierrez 29050, Mexico
Interests: control applications; optimization; LMIs; Takagi–Sugeno; fault diagnosis
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Tecnológico Nacional de México / Instituto Tecnológico de Hermosillo, Ave. Tecnológico y Periférico Poniente SN, Hermosillo 83170, Mexico
Interests: predictive control; optimization; LPV systems; fault detection and isolation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Control systems play a vital role in the advancement of many engineering and science fields. The increasing demand for safety and reliability has led to the development of fault diagnosis (FD) and fault-tolerant control (FTC) systems, which play a paramount role in safety-critical systems, such as water distribution networks, UAVs, aircrafts, spacecrafts, chemical, and biochemical plants, nuclear power plants, to mention a few, where even minor faults can lead to catastrophic consequences. FD has primary importance since it enables online monitoring processes, allowing for the implementation of the so-called active FTC systems. In an active FTC system, the FD module determines which component exhibits abnormal behavior and feeds this information to the controller. Based on this information, it redistributes or adapts the control law to maintain stability with a controlled degradation of the system’s performance. For example, if an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with faulty actuators is considered, the FTC system would redistribute the motors' thrust and torque to avoid collisions that would cause economic losses and harm people, or a potential loss of human lives.

In recent years, the increasing complexity of modern control systems has inspired the scientific community to research systems with particular structures, such as multi-agent systems (MASs), networked control systems (NCSs), and cyberphysical systems (CPSs). These systems allow taking into account the interactions between different agents, as well as the presence of discrete information processing and communication channels. Modern MASs, NCSs, and CPSs have revolutionized several areas and been used with success in many sectors, leading to an increase in overall efficiency and performance. However, at the same time, they have introduced the risk of faults due to non-reliable communication channels, non-neglectable time delays, and cyber attacks, i.e., malicious actions motivated by terrorism, criminality, or cyber warfare, that exploit the system's vulnerabilities and result in some kind of damage. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in creating new techniques or adapting the existing fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant methods to make the above-mentioned systems secure. At the same time, control theory is developing ceaselessly, with continuous production of new theoretical results that wait for their exploitation in innovative fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control techniques.

This Special Issue on Innovative Techniques for Safety, Reliability, and Security in Control Systems aims to present the most recent advances in the application of advanced mathematics, control theory, and computational algorithms to fault diagnosis, fault-tolerant-control, and secure control.

Original research papers review papers on the state of the art and visionary papers that present new perspectives, ideas, and concepts with potential impact in the future are welcomed.

Potential topics include (but are not limited to):

  • Fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control in control systems;
  • Innovative model-based, data-driven, artificial intelligence and statistical techniques for FD and FTC;
  • Health, quality, condition and risk monitoring, and their integration with FD and FTC;
  • Solutions to problems related to post-fault operation and prevention of fault propagation

Dr. Francisco Ronay López-Estrada
Prof. Dr. Guillermo Valencia-Palomo
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 171 KiB  
Editorial
Innovative Techniques for Safety, Reliability, and Security in Control Systems
by Francisco-Ronay López-Estrada and Guillermo Valencia-Palomo
Processes 2023, 11(6), 1795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11061795 - 13 Jun 2023
Viewed by 866
Abstract
Control systems have become a critical component in the advancement of many engineering and science fields [...] Full article

Research

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17 pages, 684 KiB  
Article
Generalized Functional Observer for Descriptor Nonlinear Systems—A Takagi-Sugeno Approach
by C. Ríos-Ruiz, G.-L. Osorio-Gordillo, C.-M. Astorga-Zaragoza, M. Darouach, H. Souley-Ali and J. Reyes-Reyes
Processes 2023, 11(6), 1707; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11061707 - 02 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 839
Abstract
This paper concerns the design of a generalized functional observer for Takagi–Sugeno descriptor systems. Furthermore, a generalized structure is herein introduced for purposes of estimating linear functions of the states of descriptor nonlinear systems represented into a Takagi–Sugeno descriptor form. The originality of [...] Read more.
This paper concerns the design of a generalized functional observer for Takagi–Sugeno descriptor systems. Furthermore, a generalized structure is herein introduced for purposes of estimating linear functions of the states of descriptor nonlinear systems represented into a Takagi–Sugeno descriptor form. The originality of the functional generalized observer structure is that it provides additional degrees of freedom in the observer design, which allows for improvements in the estimation against parametric uncertainties. The effectiveness of the developed design is illustrated by a nonlinear model of a single link robotic arm with a flexible link. A comparison between the functional generalized observer and the functional proportional observer is given to demonstrate the observer performances. Full article
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26 pages, 3854 KiB  
Article
Actuator FDI Scheme for a Wind Turbine Benchmark Using Sliding Mode Observers
by Vicente Borja-Jaimes, Manuel Adam-Medina, Jarniel García-Morales, Gerardo Vicente Guerrero-Ramírez, Betty Yolanda López-Zapata and Eduardo Mael Sánchez-Coronado
Processes 2023, 11(6), 1690; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11061690 - 01 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 860
Abstract
This paper proposes a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme for a wind turbines subject to actuator faults in both the pitch system and the drive train system. The proposed scheme addresses fault detection and isolation problems using a fault estimation approach. The [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme for a wind turbines subject to actuator faults in both the pitch system and the drive train system. The proposed scheme addresses fault detection and isolation problems using a fault estimation approach. The proposed approach considers the use of a particular class of sliding mode observers (SMOs) designed to maintain the sliding motion even in the presence of actuator faults. The fault detection problem is solved by reconstructing the actuator faults through an appropriate analysis of the nonlinear output error injection signal, which is required to keep the SMO in a sliding motion. To ensure accurate fault reconstruction, only two conditions are required, namely that the faults are bounded and they meet the matching condition. A scheme based on a bank of SMOs is proposed to solve the fault detection and isolation problem in the pitch system. For the drive train system, a scheme using only one SMO is proposed. The performance of the proposed FDI scheme is validated by using a wind turbine benchmark model subjected to several actuator faults. Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) analysis is performed to evaluate the accuracy of the actuator fault estimations. Full article
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17 pages, 914 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Chlorine Concentration in Water Distribution Systems Based on a Genetic Algorithm
by Leonardo Gómez-Coronel, Jorge Alejandro Delgado-Aguiñaga, Ildeberto Santos-Ruiz and Adrián Navarro-Díaz
Processes 2023, 11(3), 676; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11030676 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1509
Abstract
This paper proposes a methodology based on a genetic algorithms (GA) to calibrate the parameters of a chlorine decay model in a water distribution system (WDS). The proposed methodology first contemplates that a GA is implemented using historical measurements of chlorine concentration at [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a methodology based on a genetic algorithms (GA) to calibrate the parameters of a chlorine decay model in a water distribution system (WDS). The proposed methodology first contemplates that a GA is implemented using historical measurements of chlorine concentration at some sensed nodes to calibrate the unknown values corresponding to both the bulk and wall reaction coefficients. Once both parameters are estimated, the optimal-fit chlorine decay model is used to predict the decay of chlorine concentration in the water at each node for any concentration input at the pumping station. Then, a second GA-based algorithm is implemented to obtain the minimal chlorine concentration needed at the input to ensure that every node in the system meets the official normativity requirements for free chlorine in a WDS. The proposed methodology performed satisfactorily for a WDS simulated in EPANET with a GA implemented in MATLAB, both for the estimation of the reaction coefficients and the optimization of the required chlorine concentration at the input. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Full article
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21 pages, 7896 KiB  
Article
Validation of a Classical Sliding Mode Control Applied to a Physical Robotic Arm with Six Degrees of Freedom
by Andres González-Rodríguez, Rogelio E. Baray-Arana, Abraham Efraím Rodríguez-Mata, Isidro Robledo-Vega and Pedro Rafael Acosta Cano de los Ríos
Processes 2022, 10(12), 2699; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10122699 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1676
Abstract
The control of robotic manipulators has become increasingly difficult over recent years due to their high accuracy, performance, speed, and reliability in a variety of applications, such as industry, medicine, research, etc. These serial manipulator systems are extremely complex because their dynamic models [...] Read more.
The control of robotic manipulators has become increasingly difficult over recent years due to their high accuracy, performance, speed, and reliability in a variety of applications, such as industry, medicine, research, etc. These serial manipulator systems are extremely complex because their dynamic models include perturbations, parametric variations, coupled nonlinear dynamics, and non-modular dynamics, all of which require robust control for trajectory tracking. This paper compares two control techniques: computational torque control (CTC) and sliding mode control (SMC). In this study, the latter was used for a physical robotic arm with six degrees of freedom (DOF) and online experiments were conducted, which have received little attention in the literature. As a result, the contribution of this work was based on the real-time application of this controller via a self-developing interface. The great resilience of sliding mode controllers to disturbances was also demonstrated in this study. Full article
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21 pages, 3727 KiB  
Article
Failure Mode Analysis of Intelligent Ship Positioning System Considering Correlations Based on Fixed-Weight FMECA
by Xiaofang Luo, Haolang He, Xu Zhang, Yong Ma and Xu Bai
Processes 2022, 10(12), 2677; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10122677 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
Currently, intelligent ships are still in the early stages of development in terms of autonomous navigation and autonomous berthing, so almost no source of fault data can be obtained. Conducting an in-depth analysis of the failure modes of intelligent ships is critical to [...] Read more.
Currently, intelligent ships are still in the early stages of development in terms of autonomous navigation and autonomous berthing, so almost no source of fault data can be obtained. Conducting an in-depth analysis of the failure modes of intelligent ships is critical to optimizing the design of smart ships and ensuring their normal and safe navigation. In this paper, the fixed-weight Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is combined with the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method to analyze the failure modes and effects of intelligent ship positioning systems. This combined method not only overcomes the failure of traditional FMECA methods to differentiate between severity, incidence, and detection rates but also allows the correlation of failure causes to be analyzed, bringing the results of the analysis closer to reality. Through the expert scoring of failure modes, the failure modes of this system are risk-ranked, and the key failure causes of this system are identified. Correlations between the critical failure causes are then considered. According to the analysis results, the high-accuracy attitude sensor was identified as the subsystem with the highest level of risk. Unavoidable, unknown failures and environmental factors were found to be key factors in causing positioning system failures. The conclusions can provide a reference for the design of equipment safety for intelligent ship positioning systems. Full article
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12 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
Research on the Optimization Method of Safety Input Structure in Coal Mine Enterprise
by Xiu-Zhi Shi, Jin-Yun Zhu and Shu Zhang
Processes 2022, 10(12), 2497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10122497 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 953
Abstract
In order to study the application of the Cobb-Douglas production function on the optimization of safety inputs and further reduce accident losses, two safety input structures of a coal mine enterprise were constructed using literature, and the weight order of each safety input [...] Read more.
In order to study the application of the Cobb-Douglas production function on the optimization of safety inputs and further reduce accident losses, two safety input structures of a coal mine enterprise were constructed using literature, and the weight order of each safety input indicator was determined by the entropy weight method (EWM) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The Cobb-Douglas production function was used to calculate the accident loss function of the safety input structure, and the accident loss function was obtained by multiple regression analysis. The optimal configuration of safety inputs was obtained by fitting the accident loss function. Finally, the optimal loss and mean squared error (MSE) of the corresponding functions of the two safety input structures were compared. The results show that the optimal configuration of Safety Input Structure 2 is better than that of Safety Input Structure 1, and the MSE of Safety Input Structure 2 is less than that of Safety Input Structure 1. The research results demonstrate that coal enterprises can find more significant indicators by refining the safety input structure and increasing monetary resources for more crucial indicators of safety input to effectively minimize accident loss and boost economic benefits, and to test the quality of safety input structures’ regression function using MSE. Full article
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31 pages, 13376 KiB  
Article
Diagnostics and Control of Pumping Stations in Water Supply Systems: Hybrid Model for Fault Operating Modes
by Marko Milošević, Milan Radić, Milica Rašić-Amon, Dragan Litričin and Zoran Stajić
Processes 2022, 10(8), 1475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10081475 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1449
Abstract
This paper indicates the importance and advantages of the application of hybrid models in the control of water supply systems. A range of possibilities provided by this scientific approach is presented in the practical examples related to the fault diagnostics and fault-tolerant control [...] Read more.
This paper indicates the importance and advantages of the application of hybrid models in the control of water supply systems. A range of possibilities provided by this scientific approach is presented in the practical examples related to the fault diagnostics and fault-tolerant control in the pumping station (PS) control systems. It is presented that continuous monitoring and recording of the data of the pumping stations operation processes (electrical parameters such as electrical power, pressure or flow in the pipelines, water levels in the tanks, changes in various discrete states, etc.) could represent a significant resource that can be used to develop various hybrid models using the appropriate “data-driven” techniques. During this process, data are transformed into information, and thereafter, information into knowledge. Based on this knowledge, the control of PS operation can be significantly improved and a significant increase in the user’s satisfaction can be achieved while the maintenance and operation costs can be reduced. Full article
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18 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Predictive Control in Water Distribution Systems for Leak Reduction and Pressure Management via a Pressure Reducing Valve
by Jose-Roberto Bermúdez, Francisco-Ronay López-Estrada, Gildas Besançon, Guillermo Valencia-Palomo and Ildeberto Santos-Ruiz
Processes 2022, 10(7), 1355; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10071355 - 12 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
This work proposes a model predictive control (MPC) strategy for pressure management and leakage reduction in a water distribution system (WDS). Unlike most of the reported models that mainly consider EPANET-based models, the proposed method considers its dynamic representation given by ordinary differential [...] Read more.
This work proposes a model predictive control (MPC) strategy for pressure management and leakage reduction in a water distribution system (WDS). Unlike most of the reported models that mainly consider EPANET-based models, the proposed method considers its dynamic representation given by ordinary differential equations. The proposed MPC uses a pressure-reducing valve (PRV) as a control element to regulate the pressure in the WDS to track the demand. The control scheme proposes a strategy to manage the high nonlinearity of the PRV and takes into account the demand profile throughout the day as well as the leaks that occur in the pipeline. The estimates of magnitude and location of the leak are provided by an Extended Kalman Filter from previous work and with the aid of a rule-based set point manager reduces the fluid loss in the event of a leak. Different scenarios are studied to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system, achieving an approximate reduction of up to 5% of water losses, demonstrating robustness in the case of uncertainty in the leak location estimate. Full article
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16 pages, 2353 KiB  
Article
Sliding Mode Observer-Based Fault Detection and Isolation Approach for a Wind Turbine Benchmark
by Vicente Borja-Jaimes, Manuel Adam-Medina, Betty Yolanda López-Zapata, Luis Gerardo Vela Valdés, Luisana Claudio Pachecano and Eduardo Mael Sánchez Coronado
Processes 2022, 10(1), 54; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr10010054 - 28 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
A fault detection and isolation (FDI) approach based on nonlinear sliding mode observers for a wind turbine model is presented. Problems surrounding pitch and drive train system FDI are addressed. This topic has generated great interest because the early detection of faults in [...] Read more.
A fault detection and isolation (FDI) approach based on nonlinear sliding mode observers for a wind turbine model is presented. Problems surrounding pitch and drive train system FDI are addressed. This topic has generated great interest because the early detection of faults in these components allows avoiding irreparable damage in wind turbines. A fault diagnosis strategy using nonlinear sliding mode observer banks is proposed due to its ability to handle model uncertainties and external disturbances. Unlike the reported solutions, the solution approach does not need a priori knowledge of the faults and considers system uncertainty. The robustness to disturbances, uncertainties, and measurement noise is shown in the dynamic of the generated residuals, which is sensible to only one kind of fault. To show the effectiveness of the proposed FDI approach, numerical examples based on a wind turbine benchmark model, considering closed loop applications, are presented. Full article
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21 pages, 2584 KiB  
Article
Modified Dimension Reduction-Based Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Nonstandard Uncertainty Propagation and Its Application in Reliability Analysis
by Jeongeun Son and Yuncheng Du
Processes 2021, 9(10), 1856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr9101856 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1603
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm for efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the presence of many uncertainties that follow a nonstandard distribution (e.g., lognormal). Using the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE), the algorithm builds surrogate models of uncertainty as functions of a standard distribution (e.g., [...] Read more.
This paper presents an algorithm for efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) in the presence of many uncertainties that follow a nonstandard distribution (e.g., lognormal). Using the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE), the algorithm builds surrogate models of uncertainty as functions of a standard distribution (e.g., Gaussian variables). The key to build these surrogate models is to calculate PCE coefficients of model outputs, which is computationally challenging, especially when dealing with models defined by complex functions (e.g., nonpolynomial terms) under many uncertainties. To address this issue, an algorithm that integrates the PCE with the generalized dimension reduction method (gDRM) is utilized to convert the high-dimensional integrals, required to calculate the PCE coefficients of model predictions, into several lower-dimensional ones that can be rapidly solved with quadrature rules. The accuracy of the algorithm is validated with four examples in structural reliability analysis and compared to other existing techniques, such as Monte Carlo simulations and the least angle regression-based PCE. Our results show our algorithm provides accurate UQ results and is computationally efficient when dealing with many uncertainties, thus laying the foundation to address UQ in complex control systems. Full article
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Review

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20 pages, 3265 KiB  
Review
A Review of Automobile Brake-by-Wire Control Technology
by Xuehui Hua, Jinbin Zeng, Haoxin Li, Jingkai Huang, Maolin Luo, Xiaoming Feng, Huiyuan Xiong and Weibin Wu
Processes 2023, 11(4), 994; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11040994 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5644
Abstract
Brake-by-wire (BBW) technology is crucial in driverless cars. The BBW technology, which has a faster reaction time and greater stability, can improve passenger safety in driverless cars. BBW technology refers to the removal of some complicated mechanical and hydraulic components from the traditional [...] Read more.
Brake-by-wire (BBW) technology is crucial in driverless cars. The BBW technology, which has a faster reaction time and greater stability, can improve passenger safety in driverless cars. BBW technology refers to the removal of some complicated mechanical and hydraulic components from the traditional braking system in favor of using wires to transmit braking signals, which improves braking performance. Firstly, this paper summarized BBW’s development history as well as its structure, classification, and operating principles. Subsequently, various control strategies of the BBW system were analyzed, and the development trend and research status of the motor brake-control strategy and wheel-cylinder pressure-control strategy in the braking force-distribution strategy were analyzed respectively, and the brake fault-tolerance technology and regenerative-braking technology were also analyzed and summarized. Finally, this paper summarized the various technologies of BBW, taking the electromechanical brake (EMB) in the braking system as an example to discuss the current challenges and the way forward. Full article
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32 pages, 2524 KiB  
Review
Review of Research and Development of Hydraulic Synchronous Control System
by Ruichuan Li, Wentao Yuan, Xinkai Ding, Jikang Xu, Qiyou Sun and Yisheng Zhang
Processes 2023, 11(4), 981; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11040981 - 23 Mar 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2301
Abstract
Hydraulic synchronous control systems are widely used in various industrial fields. This paper deeply analyzes the research status and development trend of the hydraulic synchronous control system. Firstly, it gives a brief introduction of the research significance control theory and control methods of [...] Read more.
Hydraulic synchronous control systems are widely used in various industrial fields. This paper deeply analyzes the research status and development trend of the hydraulic synchronous control system. Firstly, it gives a brief introduction of the research significance control theory and control methods of the hydraulic synchronous control system. Secondly, the hydraulic synchronization control system is classified, the synchronization error is analyzed, and some solutions to synchronization error are given. Then, according to the classification of the hydraulic synchronous control system, relevant research is carried out. In this paper, three control modes (equivalent, master–slave and cross-coupling) and related control algorithms (fuzzy PID control, sliding mode control, robust control, machine learning control, neural network control, etc.) of closed-loop hydraulic synchronous control systems are studied in detail. Finally, the development trend of the hydraulic synchronization control system is predicted and prospected, which can provide some reference for promoting the research and application of hydraulic synchronization technology in the future industrial field. Full article
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21 pages, 1160 KiB  
Review
Review of Methods for Diagnosing Faults in the Stators of BLDC Motors
by Ricardo Solís, Lizeth Torres and Pablo Pérez
Processes 2023, 11(1), 82; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pr11010082 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3482
Abstract
A brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is a type of permanent magnet machine that is highly efficient and powerful and requires occasional maintenance. Thanks to these fortunate characteristics, this type of motor has various applications in high-tech industries. However, since BLDC motors are [...] Read more.
A brushless direct current (BLDC) motor is a type of permanent magnet machine that is highly efficient and powerful and requires occasional maintenance. Thanks to these fortunate characteristics, this type of motor has various applications in high-tech industries. However, since BLDC motors are often required to operate at high-speed rotations and under extreme conditions, temperature overshoots can appear during operation, provoking damage to the windings. The purpose of this review is to present the results of a recent investigation and recollection of different methods used for the diagnosis of electrical faults in the stator, such as turn-to-turn short circuits, coil-to-coil short circuits, phase-to-phase short circuits and phase open circuits. In particular, this review presents an analysis of the available diagnosis methods according to the type of fault, the method or technique used for the diagnosis, the evaluated physical variables and the context in which the methods were evaluated (in simulations or in experimental tests). Based on this analysis, the following classifications of diagnostic methods are proposed: signal-based, model-based and data-based methods. Then, the pros and cons of each method class are described and discussed. Full article
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