Contemporary Storytelling. Narrative Answers to Theological Questions in Popular Culture

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444). This special issue belongs to the section "Religions and Theologies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 88090

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Tilburg School of Catholic Theology, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
Interests: theology; game studies; cultural theology

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tilburg School of Catholic Theology, Tilburg University, 3512 LG Utrecht, The Netherlands
Interests: game studies; gender studies; literary studies; religion studies

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Tilburg School of Catholic Theology, Tilburg University, 3512 LG Utrecht, The Netherlands
Interests: theology; game studies; religion studies

Special Issue Information

Storytelling is thought of as one of the oldest forms of entertainment and of interpersonal and intergenerational communication, if not the oldest. With the development of writing in the 4th century BCE, the democratization of reading by the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, and the massive alphabetization of the West during the 19th and 20th centuries, the ancient art of storytelling seemed to have vanished, or at least banished to the politically “harmless” corners of modern society, where the old art and stories are financialized and monopolized by large entertainment companies in the forms of novels, films, and video games.

However, in a slightly different form, known under the notion of “narrative”, the concept of storytelling can be seen to have re-entered the political and societal domain in a new manner, with French philosopher François Lyotard arguing that great overarching stories like those of Marxism and capitalism, but also those of the great world religions, had to make place for smaller stories that are capable of competing with one another (La condition postmoderne, 1979). This type of relativism is seen as highly typical for the postmodern condition. Although there has been some criticism of “postmodernism” as a signifying and collectivizing notion for our contemporary status quo, one can still perceive an academic and popular focus on small, competing and remonstrating stories. This signifies the continuing importance of notions like “narrative” and “storytelling”.

While initially, the notion of storytelling seems to have been reserved for explicit religious contexts (the concept of sacred histories, sacred scripts, and those who have the divine authority to read, tell and explain), the secularization of the Western world did not rob our contemporary macro, meso, and micro narratives from their former religious inspiration. Novels, games, films, and other narrative media continue to present new answers to old questions, and are not infrequently tied up with traditionally religious notions like forgiveness, eternity, life and death, redemption, and the like.

For this Special Issue of Religions, we encourage academics, independent scholars, and PhD students to send in their abstracts on contemporary storytelling. We specifically encourage contributions that focus on one or more concrete narratives—from novels, television, Netflix, games, films, and so forth—as conveyors of new answers to “old” theological and philosophical questions of the human condition. Additionally, more theoretical contributions are welcomed that focus on the concept of “narrative” relative to the religious realm(s).

Papers about a wide variety of topics are welcomed, including, but not limited to:

  • Transmedial storytelling;
  • Intertextuality;
  • Good and evil;
  • The possibility for forgiveness in the Internet age;
  • Gender;
  • Artificial Intelligence;
  • Memefication and Internet culture.

For more information or the submission of a proposal, please contact the secretary, Frank Bosman, [email protected].

Dr. Frank G. Bosman
Ms. Margaret Steenbakker
Mr. Raphaël Koers
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • narrativity
  • storytelling
  • transmediality
  • intertextuality
  • theology
  • religion studies

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
“God Smiles”: The Rhythm of Revelation in Sorrentino’s “The Young Pope”
by Travis LaCouter
Religions 2021, 12(10), 806; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12100806 - 26 Sep 2021
Viewed by 2865
Abstract
The classic problematic of divine absence and presence is a familiar theological trope (deus absconditus). It achieves new life, however, in the work of contemporary Italian filmmaker Paolo Sorrentino (b. 1970), who explores the theme in his recent television miniseries The Young Pope [...] Read more.
The classic problematic of divine absence and presence is a familiar theological trope (deus absconditus). It achieves new life, however, in the work of contemporary Italian filmmaker Paolo Sorrentino (b. 1970), who explores the theme in his recent television miniseries The Young Pope (2016). I “read” Sorrentino as part of a trajectory in contemporary Italian theory (Vattimo, Agamben, etc.) that deconstructs-as-a-way-of-receiving certain traditional (especially Catholic) problematics. However, Sorrentino is to be distinguished from these others by what we might call a postmodern sincerity, whereby he manages to twist without breaking an orthodox understanding of divine invisibility. Importantly, Sorrentino emphasizes the interpersonal and ongoing nature of revelation, and thus situates the absconditus problem in a broader account of dialogical divine love. “Reading” Sorrentino in this way suggests that deus absconditus and deus revelatus are not concepts in tension but rather dynamic parts of an integral, integrating dialectic. It also suggests that visual storytelling remains a powerful medium for raising and indeed enacting fundamental theological questions to do with belief and unbelief. Full article
17 pages, 267 KiB  
Article
“Only I Am the Brahma”: Religion and Narrative in the Netflix Thriller Series Sacred Games (2018–2019)
by Ana Ashraf
Religions 2021, 12(7), 478; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12070478 - 27 Jun 2021
Viewed by 2932
Abstract
Sacred Games (2018–2019), based on Vikram Chandra’s novel of the same title, is India’s first Netflix crime thriller series. This series shows how the lives of a Sikh policeman, Sartaj Singh, and a powerful gangster, Ganesh Eknath Gaitonde, weave together in a mission [...] Read more.
Sacred Games (2018–2019), based on Vikram Chandra’s novel of the same title, is India’s first Netflix crime thriller series. This series shows how the lives of a Sikh policeman, Sartaj Singh, and a powerful gangster, Ganesh Eknath Gaitonde, weave together in a mission to save Mumbai from a nuclear attack. The series immediately received critical acclaim and viewers’ appreciation, but the way the series represents the (mis)use of metanarratives of religious and political ideologies, as they come to influence Gaitonde’s life, needs further perusal. For this purpose, this article investigates how Gaitonde’s life, and its abrupt end, are shaped and challenged by the larger ideological and religious metanarratives of his milieu. At the same time, this article examines Gaitonde’s ability to gain control over his own narrative despite the overwhelming presence of these metanarratives. More specifically, Gaitonde’s transgressive will and his desire to tell his story are brought under scrutiny. Along with the analysis of Gaitonde’s character, this article also examines how the use of various cinematic and narrative techniques heightens self-reflexivity and metafictionality in Sacred Games and emphasizes the role of mini-narratives as unique, singular, and contingent, in contrast to the generic, universal, and permanent tones of metanarratives. Full article
20 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Allah, Allah, Allah: The Role of God in the Arab Version of The Voice
by Jan Jaap De Ruiter and Mona Farrag Attwa
Religions 2021, 12(6), 412; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12060412 - 04 Jun 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3258
Abstract
This article discusses Arabic expressions referring to God, such as inshallah, mashallah, and alhamdulillah in the 2014 season of the Arab version of the talent show The Voice. It discusses the question to what extent these expressions are used by the various [...] Read more.
This article discusses Arabic expressions referring to God, such as inshallah, mashallah, and alhamdulillah in the 2014 season of the Arab version of the talent show The Voice. It discusses the question to what extent these expressions are used by the various actors in the show, in particular its four jury members and three presenters, and it tries to explain why they use them and to what purpose. The analysis is set against the background of the question what the relationship is between ‘language’ (in this case, the various varieties of Arabic) and ‘religion’ (in this case, Christianity and Islam). The analysis yielded nearly 40 Arabic expressions referring to God (Allah or Rabb (Lord)) that together showed up more than 600 times in the 10 episodes of the show that were the object of analysis. The conclusion is that the expressions indeed have ‘religious’ roots but that they have at the same time become part and parcel of not necessarily religiously intended speaking styles expressing all kind of feelings, such as astonishment, surprise, disappointment, etc. This conclusion goes well with observations made in earlier research on the questions at stake. Full article
19 pages, 293 KiB  
Article
Religious Elements in Embrace of the Serpent (2015): Transforming the Dichotomies between an Amazonian payé and Western Expeditioners in the Wake of the Rubber Industry
by Isaak Deman
Religions 2021, 12(6), 391; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12060391 - 27 May 2021
Viewed by 3163
Abstract
Embrace of the Serpent (2015), directed by Ciro Guerra, narrates the parallel stories of Theo and Evan whose main purpose is to find the yakruna plant in the Amazon rainforest. Both men are guided by the payé Karamakate. The first story depicts Theo’s [...] Read more.
Embrace of the Serpent (2015), directed by Ciro Guerra, narrates the parallel stories of Theo and Evan whose main purpose is to find the yakruna plant in the Amazon rainforest. Both men are guided by the payé Karamakate. The first story depicts Theo’s encounter with Karamakate and their travel through the Amazon for yakruna, which can cure Theo of his disease. Along the way, one comes to witness the parallel often disturbing events in the wake of colonialism, capitalism and the Catholic missionary movement. The second story narrates Evan’s encounter with Karamakate three decennia later, but this time, the viewer is informed about Theo’s preceding story and comes to see the devastating consequences. While Theo ultimately fails to utilize yakruna, Evan manages to find and utilize the plant, which leads him towards a radical self-transformation. In this way, Evan and Karamakate succeed where Theo and Karamakate failed. While Embrace of the Serpent has been hailed for its cinematography, its representation of the ecological decay, and the effects of Western colonialism, further reflection is needed with respect to the religious elements in the film. In doing so, this article proves that the film deals not only with the socio-political and ecological realities on the ground, but also with existential questions. Full article
10 pages, 407 KiB  
Article
The Gospel According to Disney+’s “The Mandalorian”
by Ruben van Wingerden
Religions 2021, 12(5), 350; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12050350 - 14 May 2021
Viewed by 3977
Abstract
The Mandalorian is a very popular science-fiction show (two seasons, 2019–2020) set in the famous Star Wars Universe. Studies have shown that myth and religious thought played a crucial role in the creation of the Star Wars Universe. This article continues that tradition, [...] Read more.
The Mandalorian is a very popular science-fiction show (two seasons, 2019–2020) set in the famous Star Wars Universe. Studies have shown that myth and religious thought played a crucial role in the creation of the Star Wars Universe. This article continues that tradition, albeit from a particular perspective that highlights religious language: by viewing The Mandalorian through a New Testament lens, it is argued that while many elements of popular culture reference Biblical or mythological sources, The Mandalorian’s use of these referents illustrates the way in which ancient religious and New Testament literature are still very much a shared phenomenon. Both The Mandalorian and the New Testament share certain timeless topoi: a mysterious character with extraordinary abilities, a connection to life-giving powers of the universe that give extraordinary abilities, choosing a certain way of life and the costs thereof, and also themes such as “debt”, “redemption”, and “beliefs” and how these are challenged. By using these themes, The Mandalorian presents itself as a modern myth. Full article
10 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Restoring the Past, Forging the Present: Scapegoating and Redemption in Calvaire and These Are The Names
by Peter G. A. Versteeg and Edwin Koster
Religions 2021, 12(5), 327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12050327 - 07 May 2021
Viewed by 1398
Abstract
This article is a comparison of two works of fiction, a film and a novel, that both address the question of how people deal with intense memories of tragic events from their past. Both works are characterized by crucial references to religious phenomena. [...] Read more.
This article is a comparison of two works of fiction, a film and a novel, that both address the question of how people deal with intense memories of tragic events from their past. Both works are characterized by crucial references to religious phenomena. In the Belgian cult horror film Calvaire and the bestselling Dutch novel These Are The Names, stories are told about the desire to restore what was lost. In order to deal with past realities, the characters in these works of fiction impose the past, in an imaginative form, upon the present, which inevitably seems to create violence and conflict. The introduction of violence, and the way this violence destroys identities as a means to restore a lost world, calls the possibility and credibility of restoration into question. In order to explore the phenomenon of restoration, we introduce a concept of substitution (inspired by René Girard) to investigate the power of violence in these two narratives. In Calvaire, violence leads to the perversion of identity, ultimately leading to the latter’s destruction, yet at the same time it can be understood to result in love and absolution. In These Are The Names, sacrificing acts first seem to bring a new beginning but in the end redemption is substituted by accusations of severe crimes. However, in this novel the past is also present in such a way that lost identities could be restored. How both stories look at the relation between past and present and in which way they present the possibility of restoring painful events, will be our main questions. Full article
15 pages, 252 KiB  
Article
The Devil’s Music: Satanism and Christian Rhetoric in the Lyrics of the Swedish Heavy Metal Band Ghost
by P.C.J.M. (Jarell) Paulissen
Religions 2021, 12(3), 214; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12030214 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 47552
Abstract
This paper is an inquiry into a contemporary heavy metal band from Sweden called Ghost. Ghost released its first studio album in 2010 and, while there is some discussion as to what their genre is exactly, they immediately became a rising star in [...] Read more.
This paper is an inquiry into a contemporary heavy metal band from Sweden called Ghost. Ghost released its first studio album in 2010 and, while there is some discussion as to what their genre is exactly, they immediately became a rising star in the metal scene. Yet what is of particular interest from a storytelling point of view, especially with regard to theological answers to philosophical questions in popular culture, is that the band presents itself as a satanic version of the Catholic Church through their stage act and lyrics. This made me curious whether they are trying to convey a message and, if yes, what that message might be. For the present paper, I have focused on the latter by performing a non-exhaustive textual analysis of the lyrics in a selection of songs from each of the four studio albums released so far. Ghost turns Christian liturgy on its head by utilizing devout language that is normally reserved for God and Christ to describe Satan and the Antichrist, a strategy I have called the ”satanification” of Christian doctrine, and in doing so their songs evoke imagery of a satanic faith community at prayer. The band then uses this radical inversion of traditional Christian themes to criticize certain elements of society, especially those aspects they associate with organized religion. Full article
13 pages, 244 KiB  
Article
“But in the Thunder, I Still Hear Thor”: The Character Athelstan as a Narrative Focal Point in the Series Vikings
by Margaret Steenbakker
Religions 2021, 12(3), 203; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12030203 - 18 Mar 2021
Viewed by 3453
Abstract
This article explores the way the character Athelstan serves as a narrative focal point in the popular television series Vikings. Using this series as its main case study, it addresses the question of the ways in which the character functions as a [...] Read more.
This article explores the way the character Athelstan serves as a narrative focal point in the popular television series Vikings. Using this series as its main case study, it addresses the question of the ways in which the character functions as a synthesis between the two opposing world views of Christianity and Norse religion that are present in the series. After establishing that Vikings is a prime example of the trend to romanticize Viking culture in popular culture, I will argue that while the character Athelstan functions as a narrative focal point in which the worlds can be united and are united for a while, his eventual death when he has reverted back to Christianity shows that the series ultimately favors Viking culture and paints a very negative picture of (medieval) Christianity indeed. Full article
11 pages, 234 KiB  
Article
Living with Time: Spirituality and Denis Villeneuve’s Arrival
by Mathilde van Dijk
Religions 2021, 12(1), 17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel12010017 - 26 Dec 2020
Viewed by 3445
Abstract
At first sight, Denis Villeneuve’s 2016 Arrival seems to provide a fairly standard science fiction narrative about the landing of aliens on earth and the panic that ensues, featuring aggressive soldiers, a suspicious CIA man, brilliant scientists and rioting populaces. The film could [...] Read more.
At first sight, Denis Villeneuve’s 2016 Arrival seems to provide a fairly standard science fiction narrative about the landing of aliens on earth and the panic that ensues, featuring aggressive soldiers, a suspicious CIA man, brilliant scientists and rioting populaces. The film could be read as propaganda for the humanities as it is a linguist rather than a natural scientist who saves the world. The second narrative is more important, as acknowledged by the director: the main character Dr. Louise Banks’s mourning for her deceased daughter, Hannah. In contact with the aliens, she learns how to cope with this disastrous event, by acquiring a different perspective on how life proceeds and how time works. This is also where the film, subtly, tells a deeply spiritual narrative, in which Louise acquires tender competence to deal with what life brings, including Hannah’s death. Full article
14 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Theology of Supernatural
by Pavel Nosachev
Religions 2020, 11(12), 650; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel11120650 - 04 Dec 2020
Viewed by 5525
Abstract
The main research issues of the article are the determination of the genesis of theology created in Supernatural and the understanding of ways in which this show transforms a traditional Christian theological narrative. The methodological framework of the article, on the one hand, [...] Read more.
The main research issues of the article are the determination of the genesis of theology created in Supernatural and the understanding of ways in which this show transforms a traditional Christian theological narrative. The methodological framework of the article, on the one hand, is the theory of the occulture (C. Partridge), and on the other, the narrative theory proposed in U. Eco’s semiotic model. C. Partridge successfully described modern religious popular culture as a coexistence of abstract Eastern good (the idea of the transcendent Absolute, self-spirituality) and Western personified evil. The ideal confirmation of this thesis is Supernatural, since it was the bricolage game with images of Christian evil that became the cornerstone of its popularity. In the 15 seasons of its existence, Supernatural, conceived as a story of two evil-hunting brothers wrapped in a collection of urban legends, has turned into a global panorama of world demonology while touching on the nature of evil, the world order, theodicy, the image of God, etc. In fact, this show creates a new demonology, angelology, and eschatology. The article states that the narrative topics of Supernatural are based on two themes, i.e., the theology of the spiritual war of the third wave of charismatic Protestantism and the occult outlooks derived from Emmanuel Swedenborg’s system. The main topic of this article is the role of monotheistic mythology in Supernatural. The author concludes that the case of Supernatural shows how the classical monotheistic narrative, in its orthodox and heterodox formats, is hugely attractive for the modern audience. A wide distribution of the occulture that has become a basis of modern mass culture and easily combines, by virtue of historical specifics of its genesis, with monotheism makes the classical monotheistic mythology more flexible and capable of meeting the audience’s different demands. Full article
12 pages, 267 KiB  
Article
The Passion of Christ on Television: Intertextuality as a Mode of Storytelling
by Stefan Gärtner
Religions 2020, 11(11), 603; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel11110603 - 13 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2346
Abstract
The Passion is a contemporary performance of the passion of Christ live on stage, combined with pop music, city marketing, social media, and entertainment. The result is an encounter between the Christian gospel and traditional elements of devotion like a procession of the [...] Read more.
The Passion is a contemporary performance of the passion of Christ live on stage, combined with pop music, city marketing, social media, and entertainment. The result is an encounter between the Christian gospel and traditional elements of devotion like a procession of the cross on the one hand, and the typical mediatization and commercialization of late modern society on the other. In this article, I will first briefly describe the phenomenon, including the different effects that the event has upon the audience and the stakeholders and benefits it has for them. It is one characteristic of The Passion that it allows for a variety of possible approaches, and this is, at the same time, part of its formula for success. Another characteristic is the configured intertextuality between the sacred biblical text and secular pop songs. In the second section, I will interpret this as a central mode of storytelling in The Passion. It can evoke traditional, but also new, interpretations of the Christian gospel. The purpose of the article is to interpret The Passion as an expression of constructive public theology. It is an example of how the gospel is brought into dialogue with secular society. Full article
17 pages, 264 KiB  
Article
Five William Shakespeares Versus One Santa Claus; Self-Sacrifice and The Trolley Problem in the Series “The Good Place
by Frank G. Bosman
Religions 2020, 11(7), 366; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rel11070366 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3715
Abstract
The television series The Good Place (2016–2020), created by Michael Schur revolves around four humans who—after their deaths—end up in what they believe to be heaven: the “Good Place”. In reality, however, they are in a very sophisticated torture place, built and directed [...] Read more.
The television series The Good Place (2016–2020), created by Michael Schur revolves around four humans who—after their deaths—end up in what they believe to be heaven: the “Good Place”. In reality, however, they are in a very sophisticated torture place, built and directed by demons from the “Bad Place”. During the four seasons of the series, the four humans discover the true nature of their predicament and try to reach to “real” Good Place, through—among other means—improving their moral attitude, e.g., becoming a better person by taking ethical lessons provided by one of the four, who is an actual professor of moral philosophy. During these lessons, the four discuss many ethical and philosophical notions, ideas and problems, among which is Philippa Foot’s famous 1967 thought experiment known as the Trolley Problem. The series as a whole, the author of this article argues, revolves around this impossible moral dilemma, suggesting self-sacrifice as an ultimate solution to the Trolley Problem. Full article
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