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Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2020) | Viewed by 32434

Special Issue Editors

University of Padova, TESAF Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy and Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Interests: multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing; organic soils, peatlands and wetlands; shallow water quality; ecogeomorpholgy of tidal systems; multi-sensor data analysis
School of the Environment, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98696, USA
Interests: ecohydrology; critical-zone hydrology and ecology; remote-sensing-based biophysics and modeling of urban and non-urban landscapes; environmental equity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Twenty-two out of the thirty-two world largest cities are located along estuarine, lagoon and delta shorelines, with a total population of about 350 million people. These environments provide resources, economic benefits, and ecosystem services for humans and host thousands of species of birds, fish, mammals, and other wildlife that live, feed, and reproduce in these environments.

The morphologies, biota and water quality of these environments are characterized by rapid and sometimes extreme changes, in response to natural and anthropogenic pressures. In fact, estuaries, deltas and lagoons are extremely dynamic transition ecosystems, characterized by rapid morphological and ecological modifications. Moreover, the impact of the large anthropic presence on these systems strongly accelerates such rapid dynamics, often producing irreversible and sometimes catastrophic consequences.

In short, shallow water environments around the world are suffering because of increased human pressure, and are experiencing dramatic degradation, particularly because of increasing pollution of water and sediments. Pollutant discharge is just one of the several challenges that these systems are currently facing, together with sea level rise, increased frequency and magnitude of storm surges, lack of sediment supply from watersheds, and frequent morphological modifications due to direct human interventions and management. In spite of these alarming trends, remote sensing applications for monitoring water quality and morphology in shallow coastal environments are still lacking. This is mainly due to the complexity of these systems and of the interactions among physical and biological forcings that characterize them.

The present Special Issue aims at collecting high quality papers that focus on the use of remote sensing for studying and monitoring lagoons, deltas and estuaries around the world. Contributions on the integration of remote sensing observations into mathematical models of earth surface and shallow water dynamics are especially encouraged.

The special issue will include, but will not be limited to, the following topics:

  • Recent developments and new approaches to the assessment and monitoring of the quality of shallow waters in coastal systems.
  • New methods and algorithms for the retrieval of water constituents (suspended matter, chlorophyll, etc.) in optically deep and complex waters.
  • Assimilation/integration of remote sensing observations into mathematical models (i.e., hydrodynamic models; geomorphodynamic models; hydrological models; ecological models) of estuaries, deltas and lagoons.
  • Use of airborne and satellite sensors for bathymetric retrievals in coastal turbid waters.
  • Estuarine, delta and lagoon ecosystems studies based on remote sensing observations.
  • Change detection and quantification of morphological changes in semi-enclosed coastal systems and deltas.
  • Remote sensing of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, tidal wetlands and tidal flats.
  • Use of remote sensing for the assessment of the anthropic pressure on coastal wetlands, lagoons, deltas and estuaries.
  • Remote sensing applied to the management of lagoons, deltas and estuaries.
Dr. Sonia Silvestri
Dr. Kevan Moffett
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Water quality
  • Optically deep complex shallow waters
  • Bathymetry
  • Data assimilation
  • Geomorphology and eco-
  • Change detection
  • Mangroves
  • Salt marshes
  • Seagrass meadows
  • Coastal wetlands
  • Tidal systems
  • Management

Published Papers (9 papers)

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31 pages, 5907 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Ecogeomorphic Evolution of a Fluvial Delta from Hindcasting Intertidal Marsh-Top Elevations (HIME)
by Brittany C. Smith, Kevan B. Moffett and David Mohrig
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(9), 1517; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12091517 - 09 May 2020
Viewed by 2625
Abstract
Understanding how delta islands grow and change at contemporary, interannual timescales remains a key scientific goal and societal need, but the high-resolution, high frequency morphodynamic data that would be most useful for this are as yet logistically prohibitive. The recorded water levels needed [...] Read more.
Understanding how delta islands grow and change at contemporary, interannual timescales remains a key scientific goal and societal need, but the high-resolution, high frequency morphodynamic data that would be most useful for this are as yet logistically prohibitive. The recorded water levels needed for relative elevation analysis are also often lacking. This paper presents a new approach for hindcasting intertidal marsh-top elevations (HIME) to resolve ecogeomorphic change, even in a young, rapidly changing fluvial delta setting, at sub-decadal temporal resolution and at the spatial resolution of widely available optical remote sensing imagery (e.g., 30 m Landsat). The HIME method first calculates: (i) the probability of land exposure in a set of historical imagery from a user-defined discrete timespan (e.g., months or years); (ii) the probability of water level non-exceedance from water level records, which need not be complete nor coincident with the imagery; and (iii) the systematic variation in local mean water level with distance along the primary hydraulic gradient. The HIME method then combines these inputs to estimate a marsh-top elevation map for each historical timespan of interest. The method was developed, validated, applied, and results analyzed to investigate time-lapse evolution of the Wax Lake Delta in Louisiana, USA, every three years, over two decades (1993–2013). The hindcast maps of delta island extents and elevations evidenced ecogeomorphic system self-organization around four stable attractors, or elevation platforms, at about −0.3 m (subtidal), 0.2 m, 0.4 m, and 0.9 m (supratidal) NAVD88. The HIME results also yielded a time series of net subaerial sediment accumulation, and specific locations and magnitudes of gains and losses, at scales from 30 m to delta-wide (~100 km3) and 6 to 21 years. Average subaerial net sediment accumulation at the Wax Lake Delta (WLD) was estimated as 0.6 cm/yr during the study period. Finally, multiple linear regression models were successfully trained on the HIME elevation maps to model evolving delta island morphologies based on simple geometric factors, such as distance down-delta and position on a delta island; the models also successfully reproduced an average delta topset slope of 1.4 cm. Overall, this study’s development and application of the HIME method added detailed insights to recent, transient ecogeomorphological change at the WLD, and demonstrated the potential of the new approach for accurately reconstructing past intertidal topographies and dynamic change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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17 pages, 5158 KiB  
Article
Mapping Topobathymetry in a Shallow Tidal Environment Using Low-Cost Technology
by Sibila A. Genchi, Alejandro J. Vitale, Gerardo M. E. Perillo, Carina Seitz and Claudio A. Delrieux
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(9), 1394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12091394 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4037
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of nearshore topography and bathymetry is required for a wide variety of purposes, including ecosystem protection, coastal management, and flood and erosion monitoring and research, among others. Both topography and bathymetry are usually studied separately; however, many scientific questions and challenges [...] Read more.
Detailed knowledge of nearshore topography and bathymetry is required for a wide variety of purposes, including ecosystem protection, coastal management, and flood and erosion monitoring and research, among others. Both topography and bathymetry are usually studied separately; however, many scientific questions and challenges require an integrated approach. LiDAR technology is often the preferred data source for the generation of topobathymetric models, but because of its high cost, it is necessary to exploit other data sources. In this regard, the main goal of this study was to present a methodological proposal to generate a topobathymetric model, using low-cost unmanned platforms (unmanned aerial vehicle and unmanned surface vessel) in a very shallow/shallow and turbid tidal environment (Bahía Blanca estuary, Argentina). Moreover, a cross-analysis of the topobathymetric and the tide level data was conducted, to provide a classification of hydrogeomorphic zones. As a main result, a continuous terrain model was built, with a spatial resolution of approximately 0.08 m (topography) and 0.50 m (bathymetry). Concerning the structure from motion-derived topography, the accuracy gave a root mean square error of 0.09 m for the vertical plane. The best interpolated bathymetry (inverse distance weighting method), which was aligned to the topography (as reference), showed a root mean square error of 0.18 m (in average) and a mean absolute error of 0.05 m. The final topobathymetric model showed an adequate representation of the terrain, making it well suited for examining many landforms. This study helps to confirm the potential for remote sensing of shallow tidal environments by demonstrating how the data source heterogeneity can be exploited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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18 pages, 2680 KiB  
Article
Photophysiology and Spectroscopy of Sun and Shade Leaves of Phragmites australis and the Effect on Patches of Different Densities
by Dimitris Stratoulias and Viktor R. Tóth
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12010200 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4088
Abstract
Remote sensing of vegetation has largely been revolving around the measurement of passive or active electromagnetic radiation of the top of the canopy. Nevertheless, plants hold a vertical structure and different processes and intensities take place within a plant organism depending on the [...] Read more.
Remote sensing of vegetation has largely been revolving around the measurement of passive or active electromagnetic radiation of the top of the canopy. Nevertheless, plants hold a vertical structure and different processes and intensities take place within a plant organism depending on the environmental conditions. One of the main inputs for photosynthesis is photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and a few studies have taken into account the effect of the qualitative and quantitative changes of the available PAR within the plants canopies. Mostly large plants (trees, shrubs) are affected by this phenomena, while signs of it could be observed in dense monocultures, too. Lake Balaton is a large lake with 12 km2 dense reed stands, some of which have been suffering from reed die-back; consequently, the reed density and stress condition exhibit a vertical PAR variability within the canopy due to the structure and condition of the plants but also a horizontal variability attributed to the reedbed’s heterogeneous density. In this study we investigate the expression of photosynthetic and spectroscopic parameters in different PAR conditions. We concentrate on chlorophyll fluorescence as this is an early-stage indicator of stress manifestation in plants. We first investigate how these parameters differ across leaf samples which are exposed to a higher degree of PAR variability due to their vertical position in the reed culm (sun and shade leaves). In the second part, we concentrate on how the same parameters exhibit in reed patches of different densities. We then look into hyperspectral regions through graphs of coefficient of determination and associate the former with the physiological parameters. We report on the large variability found from measurements taken at different parts of the canopy and the association with spectral regions in the visible and near-infrared domain. We find that at low irradiance plants increase their acclimation to low light conditions. Plant density at Phragmites stands affects the vertical light attenuation and consequently the photophysiological response of basal leaves. Moreover, the hyperspectral response from the sun and shade leaves has been found to differ; charts of the coefficient of determination indicate that the spectral region around the red-edge inflection point for each case of sun and shade leaves correlate strongly with ETRmax and α. When analysing the data cumulatively, independent of their vertical position within the stand, we found correlations of R2 = 0.65 (band combination 696 and 651) and R2 = 0.61 (band combination 636 and 642) for the ETRmax and α, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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21 pages, 15131 KiB  
Article
Remote Sensing for Optimal Estimation of Water Temperature Dynamics in Shallow Tidal Environments
by Mattia Pivato, Luca Carniello, Daniele Pietro Viero, Chiara Soranzo, Andrea Defina and Sonia Silvestri
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 51; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12010051 - 21 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3665
Abstract
Given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on lagoons, estuaries, and lakes and considering the highly dynamic behavior of these systems, methods for the continuous and spatially distributed retrieval of water quality are becoming vital for their correct monitoring and management. Water temperature is certainly [...] Read more.
Given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on lagoons, estuaries, and lakes and considering the highly dynamic behavior of these systems, methods for the continuous and spatially distributed retrieval of water quality are becoming vital for their correct monitoring and management. Water temperature is certainly one of the most important drivers that influence the overall state of coastal systems. Traditionally, lake, estuarine, and lagoon temperatures are observed through point measurements carried out during field campaigns or through a network of sensors. However, sporadic measuring campaigns or probe networks rarely attain a density sufficient for process understanding, model development/validation, or integrated assessment. Here, we develop and apply an integrated approach for water temperature monitoring in a shallow lagoon which incorporates satellite and in-situ data into a mathematical model. Specifically, we use remote sensing information to constrain large-scale patterns of water temperature and high-frequency in situ observations to provide proper time constraints. A coupled hydrodynamic circulation-heat transport model is then used to propagate the state of the system forward in time between subsequent remote sensing observations. Exploiting the satellite data high spatial resolution and the in situ measurements high temporal resolution, the model may act a physical interpolator filling the gap intrinsically characterizing the two monitoring techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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26 pages, 10153 KiB  
Article
Detecting the Morphology of Prograding and Retreating Marsh Margins—Example of a Mega-Tidal Bay
by Guillaume C. H. Goodwin and Simon M. Mudd
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 13; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12010013 - 18 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3279
Abstract
Retreat and progradation make the edges of salt marsh platforms their most active features. If we have a single topographic snapshot of a marsh, is it possible to tell if some areas have retreated or prograded recently or if they are likely to [...] Read more.
Retreat and progradation make the edges of salt marsh platforms their most active features. If we have a single topographic snapshot of a marsh, is it possible to tell if some areas have retreated or prograded recently or if they are likely to do so in the future? We explore these questions by characterising marsh edge topography in mega-tidal Moricambe Bay (UK) in 2009, 2013 and 2017. We first map outlines of marsh platform edges based on lidar data and from these we generate transverse topographic profiles of the marsh edge 10 m long and 20 m apart. By associating profiles with individual retreat or progradation events, we find that they produce distinct profiles when grouped by change event, regardless of event magnitude. Progradation profiles have a shallow scarp and low relief that decreases with event magnitude, facilitating more progradation. Conversely, steep-scarped, high-relief retreat profiles dip landward as retreat reveals older platforms. Furthermore, vertical accretion of the marsh edge is controlled by elevation rather than its lateral motion, suggesting an even distribution of deposition that would allow bay infilling were it not limited by the migration of creeks. While we demonstrate that marsh edges can be quantified with currently available DTMs, oblique observations are crucial to fully describe scarps and better inform their sensitivity to wave and current erosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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22 pages, 5371 KiB  
Article
Variations in Persistence and Regenerative Zones in Coastal Forests Triggered by Sea Level Rise and Storms
by Sergio Fagherazzi, Giovanna Nordio, Keila Munz, Daniele Catucci and William S. Kearney
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(17), 2019; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11172019 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
Retreat of coastal forests in relation to sea level rise has been widely documented. Recent work indicates that coastal forests on the Delmarva Peninsula, United States, can be differentiated into persistence and regenerative zones as a function of sea-level rise and storm events. [...] Read more.
Retreat of coastal forests in relation to sea level rise has been widely documented. Recent work indicates that coastal forests on the Delmarva Peninsula, United States, can be differentiated into persistence and regenerative zones as a function of sea-level rise and storm events. In the lower persistence zone trees cannot regenerate because of frequent flooding and high soil salinity. This study aims to verify the existence of these zones using spectral remote sensing data, and determine whether the effect of large storm events that cause damage to these forests can be detected from satellite images. Spectral analysis confirms a significant difference in average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) values in the proposed persistence and regenerative zones. Both NDVI and NDWI indexes decrease after storms triggering a surge above 1.3 m with respect to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88). NDWI values decrease more, suggesting that this index is better suited to detect the effect of hurricanes on coastal forests. In the regenerative zone, both NDVI and NDWI values recover three years after a storm, while in the persistence zone the NDVI and NDWI values keep decreasing, possibly due to sea level rise causing vegetation stress. As a result, the forest resilience to storms in the persistence zone is lower than in the regenerative zone. Our findings corroborate the ecological ratchet model of coastal forest disturbance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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24 pages, 12161 KiB  
Article
Potential of High-Resolution Pléiades Imagery to Monitor Salt Marsh Evolution After Spartina Invasion
by Bárbara Proença, Frédéric Frappart, Bertrand Lubac, Vincent Marieu, Bertrand Ygorra, Lionel Bombrun, Richard Michalet and Aldo Sottolichio
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(8), 968; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11080968 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4379
Abstract
An early assessment of biological invasions is important for initiating conservation strategies. Instrumental progress in high spatial resolution (HSR) multispectral satellite sensors greatly facilitates ecosystems’ monitoring capability at an increasingly smaller scale. However, species detection is still challenging in environments characterized by a [...] Read more.
An early assessment of biological invasions is important for initiating conservation strategies. Instrumental progress in high spatial resolution (HSR) multispectral satellite sensors greatly facilitates ecosystems’ monitoring capability at an increasingly smaller scale. However, species detection is still challenging in environments characterized by a high variability of vegetation mixing along with other elements, such as water, sediment, and biofilm. In this study, we explore the potential of Pléiades HSR multispectral images to detect and monitor changes in the salt marshes of the Bay of Arcachon (SW France), after the invasion of Spartina anglica. Due to the small size of Spartina patches, the spatial and temporal monitoring of Spartina species focuses on the analysis of five multispectral images at a spatial resolution of 2 m, acquired at the study site between 2013 and 2017. To distinguish between the different types of vegetation, various techniques for land use classification were evaluated. A description and interpretation of the results are based on a set of ground truth data, including field reflectance, a drone flight, historical aerial photographs, GNSS and photographic surveys. A preliminary qualitative analysis of NDVI maps showed that a multi-temporal approach, taking into account a delayed development of species, could be successfully used to discriminate Spartina species (sp.). Then, supervised and unsupervised classifications, used for the identification of Spartina sp., were evaluated. The performance of the species identification was highly dependent on the degree of environmental noise present in the image, which is season-dependent. The accurate identification of the native Spartina was higher than 75%, a result strongly affected by intra-patch variability and, specifically, by the presence of areas with a low vegetation density. Further, for the invasive Spartina anglica, when using a supervised classifier, rather than an unsupervised one, the accuracy of the classification increases from 10% to 90%. However, both algorithms highly overestimate the areas assigned to this species. Finally, the results highlight that the identification of the invasive species is highly dependent both on the seasonal presence of itinerant biological features and the size of vegetation patches. Further, we believe that the results could be strongly improved by a coupled approach, which combines spectral and spatial information, i.e., pattern-recognition techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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9 pages, 2878 KiB  
Communication
Impact of Coastal Infrastructure on Ocean Colour Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Jiaozhou Bay, China
by Yuan Yuan, Isabel Jalón-Rojas and Xiao Hua Wang
Remote Sens. 2019, 11(8), 946; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11080946 - 19 Apr 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
Spatial and temporal ocean colour data are increasingly accessible through remote sensing, which is a key tool for evaluating coastal biogeochemical and physical processes, and for monitoring water quality. Coastal infrastructure such as cross-sea bridges may impact ocean colour remote sensing due to [...] Read more.
Spatial and temporal ocean colour data are increasingly accessible through remote sensing, which is a key tool for evaluating coastal biogeochemical and physical processes, and for monitoring water quality. Coastal infrastructure such as cross-sea bridges may impact ocean colour remote sensing due to the different spectral characteristics of asphalt and the seawater surface. However, this potential impact is typically ignored during data post-processing. In this study, we use Jiaozhou Bay (East China) and its cross-bay bridge to examine the impact of coastal infrastructure on water-quality remote-sensing products, in particular on chlorophyll-a concentration and total suspended sediment. The values of these products in the bridge area were significantly different to those in the adjacent water. Analysis of the remote-sensing reflectance and application of the Normalised Difference Water Index demonstrate that this phenomenon is caused by contamination of the signal by bridge pixels. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products helped estimate the pixel scale that could be influenced by contamination. Furthermore, we found similar pixel contamination at Hangzhou Bay Bridge, suggesting that the impact of large coastal infrastructure on ocean colour data is common, and must therefore be considered in data post-processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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11 pages, 4682 KiB  
Letter
Validation of Streaklines as Recorders of Synoptic Flow Direction in a Deltaic Setting
by Christopher Cathcart, John B. Shaw and Micheal Amos
Remote Sens. 2020, 12(1), 148; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12010148 - 02 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2372
Abstract
Knowledge of the flow patterns within distributary systems is key for understanding deltaic hydro- and morpho-dynamics, yet synoptic measurements of flow fields remain virtually nonexistent. As a means of overcoming this problem, a small number of studies have used biogenic surface films as [...] Read more.
Knowledge of the flow patterns within distributary systems is key for understanding deltaic hydro- and morpho-dynamics, yet synoptic measurements of flow fields remain virtually nonexistent. As a means of overcoming this problem, a small number of studies have used biogenic surface films as synoptic flow tracers, under the assumption that biofilm streaklines are tangent to the local flow direction. Here we rigorously test this assumption and show that, despite flow patterns that change severely in space and time (over a range >270°), streaklines are relatively accurate synoptic flow tracers for the Wax Lake Delta, in Louisiana. When the incoming discharge was greater than 2400 m3/s with stable or falling tides, the streakline-derived flow direction departed from near bed flow direction measurements of 22.8° (root mean square). When the discharge was greater than 2400 m3/s and the tides were rising greater than 0.03 m/hr, they were accurate within 28.0°. Under conditions of discharge less than 2400 m3/s and tidal change less than a positive 0.03 m/hr, they were accurate within 33.3°, while during low discharge and rising tides they were accurate within 58.9°. Accuracy varied with distance from the delta, with proximal sites having greater precision. Our results demonstrate that a streakline-derived flow direction can characterize the spatiotemporal variability in the flow directions, but that the accuracy is significantly influenced by the hydrodynamic conditions and location within the network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Estuarine, Lagoon and Delta Environments)
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