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Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar
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Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2022) | Viewed by 18411

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Gregory J. Mazzaro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA
Interests: nonlinear radar; harmonic radar; nonlinear junction detection; ultra-wideband radar; stepped-frequency radar; radio-frequency electronics; radar hardware

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nonlinear junction detection (NLJD) is a niche specialization within the field of radar. Its principle of operation is straightforward: A transmit antenna broadcasts an electromagnetic wave into an environment. If a nonlinearity (such as a semiconductor) is present, that component captures some of the wave energy, distorts it, and re-broadcasts the altered wave back into the environment. The receive antenna listens for the distortion. The reception of a distorted wave indicates the presence of a nonlinearity—part of an electronic tag intended for detection or part of an electronic device not explicitly designed for detection.

NLJD, or more generally “nonlinear radar”, has existed since the 1970s, but this research area has experienced significant growth in the last decade. Recent applications include tracking insects and small amphibians, locating radio-frequency (RF) surveillance equipment, sensing temperature remotely, alerting a driver to the presence of people crossing the path of their vehicle, measuring the extent of corrosion, monitoring human vital signs, and detecting RF electronics at standoff range.

With this Special Issue, we intend to compile and disseminate advancements relevant to NLJD and nonlinear radar from across the wide application space described above. Of particular interest are system-design techniques (e.g., linearization, size/weight/power minimization), tag-design and target-property studies (e.g., multi-frequency antenna matching, response vs. polarization), and waveform selection (e.g., step frequency, multi-tone). Nevertheless, all contributions relevant to nonlinear radar technology are welcome.

Dr. Gregory J. Mazzaro
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nonlinear radar
  • nonlinear junction detection
  • harmonic
  • intermodulation
  • distortion
  • radio-frequency electronics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 5636 KiB  
Article
Classification of Electronic Devices Using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar Approach
by Handan Ilbegi, Halil Ibrahim Turan, Imam Samil Yetik and Harun Taha Hayvaci
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(12), 2953; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14122953 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
A new method to classify electronic devices using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar (FSHR) approach is proposed in this paper. The FSHR approach enables us to utilize the frequency diversity of the harmonic responses of the electronic circuits. Unlike previous studies, a frequency-swept signal [...] Read more.
A new method to classify electronic devices using a Frequency-Swept Harmonic Radar (FSHR) approach is proposed in this paper. The FSHR approach enables us to utilize the frequency diversity of the harmonic responses of the electronic circuits. Unlike previous studies, a frequency-swept signal with a constant power is transmitted to Electronic Circuits Under Test (ECUTs). The harmonic response to a frequency-swept transmitted signal is found to be distinguishable for different types of ECUTs. Statistical and Fourier features of the harmonic responses are derived for classification. Later, the harmonic characteristics of the ECUTs are depicted in 3D harmonic and feature spaces for classification. Three-dimensional harmonic and feature spaces are composed of the first three harmonics of the re-radiated signal and the statistical or Fourier features, respectively. We extensively evaluate the performance of our novel method through Monte Carlo simulations in the presence of noise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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18 pages, 5791 KiB  
Article
Detecting the Presence of Electronic Devices in Smart Homes Using Harmonic Radar Technology
by Beatrice Perez, Gregory Mazzaro, Timothy J. Pierson and David Kotz
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(2), 327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14020327 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3767
Abstract
Data about users is collected constantly by phones, cameras, Internet websites, and others. The advent of so-called ‘Smart Things’ now enable ever-more sensitive data to be collected inside that most private of spaces: the home. The first step in helping users regain control [...] Read more.
Data about users is collected constantly by phones, cameras, Internet websites, and others. The advent of so-called ‘Smart Things’ now enable ever-more sensitive data to be collected inside that most private of spaces: the home. The first step in helping users regain control of their information (inside their home) is to alert them to the presence of potentially unwanted electronics. In this paper, we present a system that could help homeowners (or home dwellers) find electronic devices in their living space. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of harmonic radars (sometimes called nonlinear junction detectors), which have also been used in applications ranging from explosives detection to insect tracking. We adapt this radar technology to detect consumer electronics in a home setting and show that we can indeed accurately detect the presence of even ‘simple’ electronic devices like a smart lightbulb. We evaluate the performance of our radar in both wired and over-the-air transmission scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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23 pages, 10064 KiB  
Article
First SIMO Harmonic Radar Based on the SFCW Concept and the HR Transfer Function
by Holger Heuermann, Thomas Harzheim and Tobias Cronenbroeck
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5088; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13245088 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2695
Abstract
This paper presents a new SIMO radar system based on a harmonic radar (HR) stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) architecture. Simple tags that can be electronically individually activated and deactivated via a DC control voltage were developed and combined to form an MO [...] Read more.
This paper presents a new SIMO radar system based on a harmonic radar (HR) stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) architecture. Simple tags that can be electronically individually activated and deactivated via a DC control voltage were developed and combined to form an MO array field. This HR operates in the entire 2.45 GHz ISM band for transmitting the illumination signal and receives at twice the stimulus frequency and bandwidth centered around 4.9 GHz. This paper presents the development, the basic theory of a HR system for the characterization of objects placed into the propagation path in-between the radar and the reflectors (similar to a free-space measurement with a network analyzer) as well as first measurements performed by the system. Further detailed measurement series will be made available later on to other researchers to develop AI and machine learning based signal processing routines or synthetic aperture radar algorithms for imaging, object recognition, and feature extraction. For this purpose, the necessary information is published in this paper. It is explained in detail why this SIMO-HR can be an attractive solution augmenting or replacing existing systems for radar measurements in production technology for material under test measurements and as a simplified MIMO system. The novel HR transfer function, which is a basis for researchers and developers for material characterization or imaging algorithms, is introduced and metrologically verified in a well traceable coaxial setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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20 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
On Dispersion and Multipath Effects in Harmonic Radar Imaging Applications
by Florian Bischeltsrieder, Markus Peichl and Wolfgang Utschick
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5013; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13245013 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
In harmonic radar applications, images produced using algorithms of conventional radar applications experience some defocusing effects of the electronic targets’ impulse responses. This is typically explained by the dispersive transfer functions of the targets. In addition, it was experimentally observed that objects with [...] Read more.
In harmonic radar applications, images produced using algorithms of conventional radar applications experience some defocusing effects of the electronic targets’ impulse responses. This is typically explained by the dispersive transfer functions of the targets. In addition, it was experimentally observed that objects with a linear transfer behavior do not contribute to the received signal of a harmonic radar measurement. However, some signal contributions based on a multipath propagation can overlay the desired signal, which leads to an undesired and unusual interference caused by the nonlinear character of the electronic targets. Here, motivated by the analysis of measured harmonic radar data, the effects of both phenomena are investigated by theoretical derivations and simulation studies. By analyzing measurement data, we show that the dispersion effects are caused by the target and not by the measurement system or the measurement geometry. To this end, a signal model is developed, with which it is possible to describe both effects, dispersion and multipath propagation. In addition, the discrepancy between classic radar imaging and harmonic radar is analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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Review

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22 pages, 8048 KiB  
Review
A Review: Recent Progress in the Design and Development of Nonlinear Radars
by Ashish Mishra and Changzhi Li
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 4982; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13244982 - 08 Dec 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3282 | Correction
Abstract
This paper presents an extensive review of nonlinear response-based radar systems. Nonlinear radars are generally used for clutter suppression purposes. These radars detect the nonlinear response generated by diodes and transistors are used as a tag for target localization. Utilizing the nonlinearity properties [...] Read more.
This paper presents an extensive review of nonlinear response-based radar systems. Nonlinear radars are generally used for clutter suppression purposes. These radars detect the nonlinear response generated by diodes and transistors are used as a tag for target localization. Utilizing the nonlinearity properties of these devices, these radars have been used for purposes including locating humans trapped in earthquakes and avalanches, identifying migratory patterns of animals, examining the flight pattern of bees, and detecting bugs in electronic devices. This paper covers the utilization of these radars in human vital signs monitoring, detecting targets in a clutter-rich environment, etc. State-of-the-art nonlinear radars’ high-level architectures, design challenges, and limitations are discussed here. Recent works and results obtained by the authors are also summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

1 pages, 165 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Mishra, A.; Li, C. A Review: Recent Progress in the Design and Development of Nonlinear Radars. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4982
by Ashish Mishra and Changzhi Li
Remote Sens. 2022, 14(17), 4265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14174265 - 30 Aug 2022
Viewed by 757
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
17 pages, 8741 KiB  
Technical Note
Nonlinear Cylindrical Markers Using Metamaterials
by Diana V. Semenikhina and Nikolay N. Gorbatenko
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5006; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13245006 - 09 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1888
Abstract
In this paper, the research of nonlinear cylindrical metastructure was obtained. An algorithm for finding the total field of a nonlinearly loaded perfectly conducting cylinder covered with a metamaterial (MM) layer based on Maxwell’s equations with nonlinear boundary conditions on the surface of [...] Read more.
In this paper, the research of nonlinear cylindrical metastructure was obtained. An algorithm for finding the total field of a nonlinearly loaded perfectly conducting cylinder covered with a metamaterial (MM) layer based on Maxwell’s equations with nonlinear boundary conditions on the surface of nonlinear loads (NL) was developed. A software package implementing this algorithm was created. Based on the results of numerical calculations of the program, the scattering diagrams of a metal cylinder with NL, covered with a layer of MM at the fundamental, second, and third harmonics were obtained. The dependences of the harmonics of the scattered field on the parameters of nonlinear loads were also studied. With the help of numerical simulation using Ansys HFSS, the extract procedure of the effective parameters of cylindrical MM was realized. Based on the results of calculation and numerical simulation, a model of a nonlinear cylindrical structure of two radii was made and an experimental study was carried out. As a result of the experiment, the frequency characteristics of the metastructure were obtained at various angles of incidence of the wave. The results of numerical simulation were confirmed by the results of the experiment. It is shown that the use of the provided nonlinear cylindrical marker with metamaterial makes it possible to obtain the levels of the first and second harmonics in a scattered field of the same order. This structure can be used as a nonlinear marker in both military and civilian areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Junction Detection and Harmonic Radar)
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