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Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2019) | Viewed by 42962

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dennis K. Killinger

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Guest Editor

Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
Interests: laser and optical physics; LiDAR remote sensing; laser atmospheric propagation; free-space optical laser telecommunication; industrial applications of lasers; optical sensors; technology transfer; applied research and development

Dr. Robert T. Menzies

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Interests: atmospheric science; atmospheric optics and spectroscopy; remote sensing techniques and technologies; laser sensing and instrument development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Optical and laser sensing of the atmosphere has been used for decades for the quantitative measurement and imaging of chemical species and physical parameters of the atmosphere as well as optical spectroscopy of remote targets.

This Special Issue of Remote Sensing will emphasize laser and optical remote sensing used for detection, mapping, imaging, and analysis of the atmosphere itself or of distant targets where the atmosphere plays an important role in the spectroscopic analysis or propagation of the optical or laser remote sensing process. All topics related to experimental measurement, theoretical analysis, and instrumentation research of atmosphere laser and optical remote sensing are solicited, including research in optical and laser remote sensing of:

atmospheric aerosols and clouds, smoke plumes, chemical species, and chemical and physical parameters,
wind fields, temperature, vegetation and canopy detection, water vapor transport, and marine environment parameters,
mapping and imaging of ground based and hard targets of interest.

Optical and laser remote sensing technologies related to satellite, airborne, or ground based platforms are appropriate including those associated with atmospheric laser radar, lidar, Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), hyper-spectral imaging, long-path spectroscopic instrumentation, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and laser spectroscopic detection of trace species. New results, novel sensing techniques, and field measurements are welcomed.

Related References

Killinger, D.K.; Mooradian, A. Optical and Laser Remote Sensing; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 1983.
Weitkamp, C. Lidar, Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005
Fujii, T.; Fukuchi, T. Laser Remote Sensing; CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA 2005
Prasad, S.; Bruce, L.; Chanussot. J. Optical Remote Sensing; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011.

Prof. Dennis K. Killinger
Dr. Robert T. Menzies
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Laser Remote Sensing
Lidar
Atmospheric Optics
Optical Spectroscopy
Optical Remote Sensing
Trace gas detection
DIAL
Solar radiometry
Inverse techniques
Atmospheric propagation

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 145 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere”

by Dennis K. Killinger and Robert T. Menzies

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(7), 742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11070742 - 27 Mar 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2405

Abstract

This Special Issue of Remote Sensing continues a long line of related research papers covering the use of optical and laser remote sensing for quantitative measurement and imaging of chemical species and physical parameters of the atmosphere [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Neural Networks for Retrieval of the CO₂ Concentration at Aerospace Sensing by IPDA-DIAL lidar

by Gennadii G Matvienko and Alexander Ya Sukhanov

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(6), 659; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11060659 - 18 Mar 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3727

Abstract

Greenhouse gas concentrations are increasing over the past few decades, creating the need to measure their concentration with high accuracy, including for determining their trends, sources, and sinks. In this regard, various methods of regional and global control are being developed. One of the measuring methods is passive satellite method, but they allow for you to get data mainly during the day and outside the poles of the Earth. Another method is active lidar; they require the consideration of various aspects that are related to the technical characteristics of the lidar and methods for solving inverse problems. This article discusses the possibility of using lidars for sensing carbon dioxide from space (orbit 450 km) and from a height of 10 km and 23 km, which presumably corresponds to the aircrafts and balloons. As a method of solving the inverse problem, the method of fully connected neural networks with three layers and pre-training of first layer is considered, allowing for the application of additional data, including the IPDA (Integrated Path Differential Absorption) signal, the scattered DIAL (Differential Absorption Lidar) signal, temperature, and pressure profiles. These estimates show the possibility of measuring the average concentration from an orbit height of 450 km with an error of 0.16%, a resolution of 60 km, with a 50 mJ laser pulse energy, and 1 m diameter telescope. It is also shown that it is possible to obtain the concentration profile, including the near-surface concentration with an error of 2 ppm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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22 pages, 18212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergetic Aerosol Layer Observation After the 2015 Calbuco Volcanic Eruption Event

by Fábio J. S. Lopes, Jonatan João Silva, Juan Carlos Antuña Marrero, Ghassan Taha and Eduardo Landulfo

Remote Sens. 2019, 11(2), 195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs11020195 - 19 Jan 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4864

Abstract

On 22 April 2015, the Calbuco volcano in Chile (Lat: 41.33

^{\circ}

S, Long: 72.62

^{\circ}

W) erupted after 43 years of inactivity followed by a great amount of aerosol injection into the atmosphere. The pyroclastic material dispersed into the atmosphere posed a [...] Read more.

On 22 April 2015, the Calbuco volcano in Chile (Lat: 41.33

^{\circ}

S, Long: 72.62

^{\circ}

W) erupted after 43 years of inactivity followed by a great amount of aerosol injection into the atmosphere. The pyroclastic material dispersed into the atmosphere posed a potential threat to aviation traffic and air quality over affected a large area. The plumes and debris spread from its location to Patagonian and Pampean regions, reaching the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and neighboring countries, such as Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, driven by the westerly winds at these latitudes. The presence of volcanic aerosol layers could be identified promptly at the proximities of Calbuco and afterwards by remote sensing using satellites and lidars in the path of the dispersed aerosols. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board of AQUA/TERRA satellites and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on board of Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite were the space platforms used to track the injected layers and a multi-channel lidar system from Latin America Lidar Network (LALINET) SPU Lidar station in South America allowed us to get the spatial and temporal distribution of Calbuco ashes after its occurrence. The SPU lidar stations co-located Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometers to help in the optical characterization. Here, we present the volcanic layer transported over São Paulo area and the detection of aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km. The path traveled by the volcanic aerosol to reach the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) was tracked by CALIPSO and the aerosol optical and geometrical properties were retrieved at some points to monitor the plume evolution. Total attenuated backscatter profile at 532 nm obtained by CALIPSO revealed the height range extension of the aerosol plume between 18 and 20 km and are in agreement with SPU lidar range corrected signal at 532 nm. The daily evolution of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 532 and 355 nm, retrieved from AERONET sunphotometer, showed a substantial increasing on 27 April, the day of the volcanic plume detection at Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), achieving values of

0.33 \pm 0.16

and

0.22 \pm 0.09

at 355 and 532 nm, respectively. AERONET aerosol size distribution was dominated by fine mode aerosol over coarse mode, especially on 27 and 28 April. The space and time coincident aerosol extinction profiles from SPU lidar station and OMPS LP from the Calbuco eruption conducted on 27 April agreed on the double layer structure. The main objective of this study was the application of the transmittance method, using the Platt formalism, to calculate the optical and physical properties of volcanic plume, i.e., aerosol bottom and top altitude, the aerosol optical depth and lidar ratio. The aerosol plume was detected between 18 and 19.3 km, with AOD value of 0.159 at 532 nm and Ånsgtröm exponent of

0.61 \pm 0.58

. The lidar ratio retrieved was

76 \pm 27

sr and

63 \pm 21

sr at 532 and 355 nm, respectively. Considering the values of these parameters, the Calbuco volcanic aerosol layers could be classified as sulfates with some ash type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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30 pages, 5944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibrations and Wind Observations of an Airborne Direct-Detection Wind LiDAR Supporting ESA’s Aeolus Mission

by Uwe Marksteiner, Christian Lemmerz, Oliver Lux, Stephan Rahm, Andreas Schäfler, Benjamin Witschas and Oliver Reitebuch

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(12), 2056; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10122056 - 18 Dec 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4857

Abstract

The Aeolus satellite mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) has brought the first wind LiDAR to space to satisfy the long-existing need for global wind profile observations. Until the successful launch on 22 August 2018, pre-launch campaign activities supported the validation of the measurement principle, the instrument calibration, and the optimization of retrieval algorithms. Therefore, an airborne prototype instrument has been developed, the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator (A2D), with ALADIN being the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument of Aeolus. Two airborne campaigns were conducted over Greenland, Iceland and the Atlantic Ocean in September 2009 and May 2015, employing the A2D as the first worldwide airborne direct-detection Doppler Wind LiDAR (DWL) and a well-established coherent 2-µm wind LiDAR. Both wind LiDAR instruments were operated on the same aircraft measuring Mie backscatter from aerosols and clouds as well as Rayleigh backscatter from molecules in parallel. This paper particularly focuses on the instrument response calibration method of the A2D and its importance for accurate wind retrieval results. We provide a detailed description of the analysis of wind measurement data gathered during the two campaigns, introducing a dedicated aerial interpolation algorithm that takes into account the different resolution grids of the two LiDAR systems. A statistical comparison of line-of-sight (LOS) winds for the campaign in 2015 yielded estimations of the systematic and random (mean absolute deviation) errors of A2D observations of about 0.7 m/s and 2.1 m/s, respectively, for the Rayleigh, and 0.05 m/s and 2.3 m/s, respectively, for the Mie channel. In view of the launch of Aeolus, differences between the A2D and the satellite mission are highlighted along the way, identifying the particular assets and drawbacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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18 pages, 5931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval of the Fine-Mode Aerosol Optical Depth over East China Using a Grouped Residual Error Sorting (GRES) Method from Multi-Angle and Polarized Satellite Data

by Yang Zhang, Zhengqiang Li, Zhihong Liu, Juan Zhang, Lili Qie, Yisong Xie, Weizhen Hou, Yongqian Wang and Zhixiang Ye

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10111838 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3735

Abstract

The fine-mode aerosol optical depth (AOD_f) is an important parameter for the environment and climate change study, which mainly represents the anthropogenic aerosols component. The Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) instrument can detect polarized signal from multi-angle observation and the polarized signal mainly comes from the radiation contribution of the fine-mode aerosols, which provides an opportunity to obtain AOD_f directly. However, the currently operational algorithm of Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique (LOA) has a poor AOD_f retrieval accuracy over East China on high aerosol loading days. This study focused on solving this issue and proposed a grouped residual error sorting (GRES) method to determine the optimal aerosol model in AOD_f retrieval using the traditional look-up table (LUT) approach and then the AOD_f retrieval accuracy over East China was improved. The comparisons between the GRES retrieved and the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) ground-based AOD_f at Beijing, Xianghe, Taihu and Hong_Kong_PolyU sites produced high correlation coefficients (r) of 0.900, 0.933, 0.957 and 0.968, respectively. The comparisons of the GRES retrieved AOD_f and PARASOL AOD_f product with those of the AERONET observations produced a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.054 versus 0.104 on high aerosol loading days (AERONET mean AOD_f at 865 nm = 0.283). An application using the GRES method for total AOD (AOD_t) retrieval also showed a good expandability for multi-angle aerosol retrieval of this method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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15 pages, 5095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aerosol Microphysical Particle Parameter Inversion and Error Analysis Based on Remote Sensing Data

by Huige Di, Qiyu Wang, Hangbo Hua, Siwen Li, Qing Yan, Jingjing Liu, Yuehui Song and Dengxin Hua

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(11), 1753; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10111753 - 06 Nov 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4009

Abstract

The use of Raman and high-spectral lidars enables measurements of a stratospheric aerosol extinction profile independent of backscatter, and a multi-wavelength (MW) lidar can obtain additional information that can aid in retrieving the microphysical characteristics of the sampled aerosol. The inversion method for retrieving aerosol particle size distributions and microphysical particle parameters from MW lidar data was studied. An inversion algorithm for retrieving aerosol particle size distributions based on the regularization method was established. Based on the inversion of regularization, the inversion method was optimized by choosing the base function closest to the aerosol distribution. The logarithmic normal distribution function was selected over the triangle function as the base function for the inversion. The averaging procedure was carried out for three main types of aerosol. The 1% averaging result near the minimum of the discrepancy gave the best estimate of the particle parameters. The accuracy and stabilization of the optimized algorithm for microphysical parameters were tested by scores of aerosol size distributions. The systematic effects and random errors impacting the inversion were also considered, and the algorithm was tested by the data, showing 10% systematic error and 15% random error. At the same time, the reliability of the proposed algorithm was also verified by using the aerosol particle size distribution data of the aircraft. The inversion results showed that the algorithm was reliable in retrieving the aerosol particle size distributions at vertical heights using lidar data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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12 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Detection of the Fluorescence Spectrum of Natural Pollens Floating in the Atmosphere Using a Laser-Induced-Fluorescence Spectrum (LIFS) Lidar

by Yasunori Saito, Kentaro Ichihara, Kenzo Morishita, Kentaro Uchiyama, Fumitoshi Kobayashi and Takayuki Tomida

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(10), 1533; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10101533 - 24 Sep 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4367

Abstract

A mobile laser-induced fluorescence spectrum (LIFS) lidar was developed for monitoring pollens floating in the atmosphere. The fluorescence spectrum of pollens excited at 355 nm was measured with a fluorescence spectrometer and the results suggested that in general they had peaks at around 460 nm and the ranges were 400–600 nm. A fluorescence spectrum database of 25 different pollens was made with the 355 nm excitation. Based on these results, we developed a LIFS lidar that had features in pollen species identification and daytime operation. The former was achieved by the database and the latter was possible by introducing a synchronous-delay detection to a gated CCD spectrometer in an operation time of 200 ns. Fluorescence detection of pollens floating in the atmosphere was performed using the LIFS lidar in a field where cedars grow in the spring and ragweed in the autumn. The LIFS lidar system successfully detected fluorescence spectrums of the pollens at a distance of approximately 20 m away. We discussed the performance of the LIFS lidar by estimating the number of cedar pollens using a lidar equation, introducing a fluorescence cross section of cedar pollens and a sensitivity of the CCD spectrometer that was measured by ourselves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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16 pages, 24584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lidar Studies of Wind Turbulence in the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer

by Viktor A. Banakh and Igor N. Smalikho

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(8), 1219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10081219 - 03 Aug 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4117

Abstract

The kinetic energy of turbulence, the dissipation rate of turbulent energy, and the integral scale of turbulence in the stable atmospheric boundary layer at the location heights of low-level jets (LLJs) have been measured with a coherent Doppler light detection and ranging (lidar) system. The turbulence is shown to be weak in the central part of LLJs. The kinetic energy of turbulence at the maximum velocity heights of the jet does not exceed 0.1 (m/s)², while the dissipation rate is about 10⁻⁵ m²/s³. On average, the integral scale of turbulence in the central part of the jet is about 100 m, which is two to three times less than the effective vertical size of the LLJ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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27 pages, 3369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Study on Measuring Atmospheric CO₂ in Urban Areas Using Spaceborne CO₂-IPDA LIDAR

by Ge Han, Hao Xu, Wei Gong, Jiqiao Liu, Juan Du, Xin Ma and Ailin Liang

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(7), 985; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10070985 - 21 Jun 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4893

Abstract

Since over 70% of carbon emissions are from urban areas, it is of great importance to develop an effective measurement technique that can accurately monitor atmospheric CO₂ in global urban areas. Remote sensing could be an effective way to achieve this goal. However, due to high aerosol loading in urban areas, there are large, inadequately resolved areas in the CO₂ products acquired by passive remote sensing. China is planning to launch the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Satellite (AEMS) equipped with a CO₂-light detecting and ranging (LIDAR) system. This work conducted a feasibility study on obtaining city-scale column CO₂ volume mixing ratios (XCO₂) using the LIDAR measurements. A performance framework consisting of a sensor model, sampling model, and environmental model was proposed to fulfill our demand. We found that both the coverage and the accuracy of the LIDAR-derived city-scale XCO₂ values were highly dependent on the orbit height. With an orbit height of 450 km, random errors of less than 0.3% are expected for all four metropolitan areas tested in this work. However, random errors of less than 0.3% were obtained in only two metropolitan areas with an orbit height of 705 km. Our simulations also showed that off-nadir sampling would improve the performance of a CO₂-Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) LIDAR system operating in a 705 km orbit. These results indicate that an active remote sensing mission could help to effectively measure XCO₂ values in urban areas. More detailed studies are needed to reveal the potential of such equipment for improving the verification of carbon emissions and the estimation of urban carbon fluxes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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16 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval of Aerosol Components Using Multi-Wavelength Mie-Raman Lidar and Comparison with Ground Aerosol Sampling

by Yukari Hara, Tomoaki Nishizawa, Nobuo Sugimoto, Kazuo Osada, Keiya Yumimoto, Itsushi Uno, Rei Kudo and Hiroshi Ishimoto

Remote Sens. 2018, 10(6), 937; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10060937 - 13 Jun 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4738

Abstract

We verified an algorithm using multi-wavelength Mie-Raman lidar (MMRL) observations to retrieve four aerosol components (black carbon (BC), sea salt (SS), air pollution (AP), and mineral dust (DS)) with in-situ aerosol measurements, and determined the seasonal variation of aerosol components in Fukuoka, in the western region of Japan. PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and mass concentrations of BC and SS components are derived from in-situ measurements. MMRL provides the aerosol extinction coefficient (α), particle linear depolarization ratio (δ), backscatter coefficient (β), and lidar ratio (S) at 355 and 532 nm, and the attenuated backscatter coefficient (β_att) at 1064 nm. We retrieved vertical distributions of extinction coefficients at 532 nm for four aerosol components (BC, SS, AP, and DS) using 1α₅₃₂ + 1β₅₃₂ + 1β_att,1064 + 1δ₅₃₂ data of MMRL. The retrieved extinction coefficients of the four aerosol components at 532 nm were converted to mass concentrations using the theoretical computed conversion factor assuming the prescribed size distribution, particle shape, and refractive index for each aerosol component. MMRL and in-situ measurements confirmed that seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties was affected by internal/external mixing of various aerosol components, in addition to hygroscopic growth of water-soluble aerosols. MMRL overestimates BC mass concentration compared to in-situ observation using the pure BC model. This overestimation was reduced drastically by introducing the internal mixture model of BC and water-soluble substances (Core-Gray Shell (CGS) model). This result suggests that considering the internal mixture of BC and water-soluble substances is essential for evaluating BC mass concentration in this area. Systematic overestimation of BC mass concentration was found during summer, even when we applied the CGS model. The observational facts based on in-situ and MMRL measurements suggested that misclassification of AP as CGS particles was due to underestimation of relative humidity (RH) by the numerical model in lidar analysis, as well as mismatching of the optical models of AP and CGS assumed in the retrieval with aerosol properties in the actual atmosphere. The time variation of lidar-derived SS was generally consistent with in-situ measurement; however, we found some overestimation of SS during dust events. The cause of this SS overestimation is mainly due to misclassifying internally mixing DS as SS, implying that to consider internal mixing between DS and water-soluble substances leads to better estimation. The time-variations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ generally showed good agreement with in-situ measurement although lidar-derived PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ overestimated in dust events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere)

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