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GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere

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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 19973

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Prof. Dr. Vladislav Demyanov

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Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 126B Lermontov Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
Interests: space weather impacts on GNSS performance; GNSS Remote sensing of Ionosphere; GNSS high rate data and scintillation indices
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Prof. Dr. Shuanggen Jin

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Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China
Interests: GNSS meteorology; remote sensing; space/planetary exploration
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Dear Colleagues,

GNSS data of high-rate sampling is becoming increasingly available worldwide. It provides new opportunities to achieve better results in researching the ionosphere. Accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of standard ionospheric indices and parameters (S4, σφ, ROTI, TEC et al) depend on the integration time, sampling rate, de-trending and filtering procedures as well as on the receiver hardware and software architecture. The first important question is this: Is the data sampling rate high enough to ensure that all the ionospheric events are derived from the data? The second crucial question is: Are you certain in your results if your primary data was derived from the GNSS receiver like from a “black box”? The aim of this Special Issue is to present the latest state-of-the-art findings which seek to answer these questions.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Universe.

Prof. Vladislav Demyanov
Prof. Dr. Shuanggen Jin
Guest Editors

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Keywords

IonosphereTEC
GNSSIonosphere
RemoteSensing
TravelingIonosphericDisturbances
MagneticStorms
IonosphericScintillation
ScintillationModelling
IonosphericScintillationIndices
High-rateGNSSData

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GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere in Universe

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18 pages, 29419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Airborne Coherent GNSS Reflectometry and Zenith Total Delay Estimation over Coastal Waters

by Mario Moreno, Maximilian Semmling, Georges Stienne, Wafa Dalil, Mainul Hoque, Jens Wickert and Serge Reboul

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(18), 4628; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14184628 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

High-precision GNSS (global navigation satellite e system) measurements can be used for remote sensing and nowadays play a significant role in atmospheric sounding (station data, radio occultation observations) and sea surface altimetry based on reflectometry. A limiting factor of high-precision reflectometry is the loss of coherent phase information due to sea-state-induced surface roughness. This work studies airborne reflectometry observations recorded over coastal waters to examine the sea-state influence on Doppler distribution and the coherent residual phase retrieval. From coherent observations, the possibility of zenith total delay inversion is also investigated, considering the hydrostatic mapping factor from the Vienna mapping function and an exponential vertical decay factor depending on height receiver changes. The experiment consists of multiple flights performed along the coast between the cities of Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, in July 2019. Reflected signals acquired in a right-handed circular polarization are processed through a model-aided software receiver and passed through a retracking module to obtain the Doppler and phase-corrected signal. Results from grazing angle observations (elevation < 15°) show a high sensitivity of Doppler spread with respect to sea state with correlations of 0.75 and 0.88 with significant wave height and wind speed, respectively. An empirical Doppler spread threshold of 0.5 Hz is established for coherent reflections supported by the residual phase observations obtained. Phase coherence occurs in 15% of the observations; however, the estimated zenith total delay for the best event corresponds to 2.44 m, which differs from the typical zenith total delay (2.3 m) of 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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19 pages, 4619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ionospheric Kalman Filter Assimilation Based on Covariance Localization Technique

by Jiandong Qiao, Chen Zhou, Yi Liu, Jiaqi Zhao and Zhengyu Zhao

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(16), 4003; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14164003 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1340

Abstract

The data assimilation algorithm is a common algorithm in space weather research. Based on the GNSS data from the China Crustal Movement Observation Network (CMONOC) and the International Reference Ionospheric Model (IRI), a fast three-dimensional (3D) electron density nowcasting model for China and its adjacent regions was developed. Unlike the traditional Gaussian background covariance model, the error covariance of the IRI model, based on the IGS grid TEC data, is estimated in this work. Due to the large scale of the high-resolution covariance matrix, it cannot be stored and calculated directly on a personal computer. The covariance localization (CL) technique is introduced to sparse the covariance matrix while removing the pseudo-correlation of the covariance matrix. After localization, the covariance matrix can be converted into a sparse matrix for storage and calculation, which greatly reduces the computer memory requirement of the assimilation model and improves the calculation speed of the model. Based on this algorithm, a series of experiments were carried out in this work. The experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively assimilate the observed GNSS to the background field, make up for the temporal and spatial limitations of the observed data, and improve the accuracy of the ionospheric electron density nowcast. Compared with the digisonde observed foF2 (the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer), the RMSE of the assimilation model is 0.44 MHz lower than that of the IRI model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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20 pages, 9651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Seismic Ionospheric Disturbances Following the 2016 West Sumatra and 2018 Palu Earthquakes from GPS and GLONASS Measurements

by Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi, Buldan Muslim, Danar Guruh Pratomo, Ira Mutiara Anjasmara, Deasy Arisa, Ririn Wuri Rahayu, Irena Hana Hariyanto, Shuanggen Jin and Ihsan Naufal Muafiry

Remote Sens. 2022, 14(2), 401; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs14020401 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2218

Abstract

The study of ionospheric disturbances associated with the two large strike-slip earthquakes in Indonesia was investigated, which are West Sumatra on 2 March 2016 (Mw = 7.8), and Palu on 28 September 2018 (Mw = 7.5). The anomalies were observed by measuring co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The results show positive and negative CIDs polarization changes for the 2016 West Sumatra earthquake, depending on the position of the satellite line-of-sight, while the 2018 Palu earthquake shows negative changes only due to differences in co-seismic vertical crustal displacement. The 2016 West Sumatra earthquake caused uplift and subsidence, while the 2018 Palu earthquake was dominated by subsidence. TEC anomalies occurred about 10 to 15 min after the two earthquakes with amplitude of 2.9 TECU and 0.4 TECU, respectively. The TEC anomaly amplitude was also affected by the magnitude of the earthquake moment. The disturbance signal propagated with a velocity of ~1–1.72 km s⁻¹ for the 2016 West Sumatra earthquake and ~0.97–1.08 km s⁻¹ for the 2018 Palu mainshock earthquake, which are consistent with acoustic waves. The wave also caused an oscillation signal of ∼4 mHz, and their azimuthal asymmetry of propagation confirmed the phenomena in the Southern Hemisphere. The CID signal could be identified at a distance of around 400–1500 km from the epicenter in the southwestern direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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19 pages, 14682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three Dual-Frequency Precise Point Positioning Models for the Ionospheric Modeling and Satellite Pseudorange Observable-Specific Signal Bias Estimation

by Ke Su and Shuanggen Jin

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5093; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13245093 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1881

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) enables the estimation the ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) as well as the by-product of the satellite Pseudorange observable-specific signal bias (OSB). The single-frequency PPP models, with the ionosphere-float and ionosphere-free approaches in ionospheric studies, have recently been discussed by the authors. However, the multi-frequency observations can improve the performances of the ionospheric research compared with the single-frequency approaches. This paper presents three dual-frequency PPP approaches using the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) B1I/B3I observations to investigate ionospheric activities. Datasets collected from the globally distributed stations are used to evaluate the performance of the ionospheric modeling with the ionospheric single- and multi-layer mapping functions (MFs), respectively. The characteristics of the estimated ionospheric VTEC and BDS satellite pseudorange OSB are both analyzed. The results indicated that the three dual-frequency PPP models could all be applied to the ionospheric studies, among which the dual-frequency ionosphere-float PPP model exhibits the best performance. The three dual-frequency PPP models all possess the capacity for ionospheric applications in the GNSS community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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12 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Experimental Estimation of Deviation Frequency within the Spectrum of Scintillations of the Carrier Phase of GNSS Signals

by Vladislav Demyanov, Ekaterina Danilchuk, Yury Yasyukevich and Maria Sergeeva

Remote Sens. 2021, 13(24), 5017; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs13245017 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

The term deviation frequency (fd) denotes the boundary between the variable part of the amplitude and phase scintillation spectrum and the part of uninformative noises. We suggested the concept of the “characteristic deviation frequency” during the observation period. The characteristic deviation frequency is defined as the most probable value of the deviation frequency under current local conditions. Our case study involved GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and SBAS data under quiet and weakly disturbed geomagnetic conditions (geomagnetic storm on 16 April 2021, Kp_max = 5, SYM-H_min = −57 nT) at the mid-latitude GNSS station. Our results demonstrated that the deviation frequency for all signal components of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo varies within 15–22 Hz. The characteristic deviation frequency was 20 Hz for the mentioned GNSS signals. The SBAS differs from other systems: deviation frequency varies within 13–20 Hz. The characteristic deviation frequency is lower and equal to 18 Hz. We suggest the characteristic deviation frequency to determine the optimal sampling rate of the GNSS carrier phase data for the ionospheric studies. In turn, the deviation frequency can be considered as a promising index to estimate the boundary of non-variability of the ionosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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11 pages, 23712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay on GPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Turkey

by Volkan Akgul, Gokhan Gurbuz, Senol Hakan Kutoglu and Shuanggen Jin

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(21), 3569; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12213569 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2475

Abstract

The tropospheric delay and gradients can be estimated using Global Positioning System (GPS) observations after removing the ionospheric delay, which has been widely used for atmospheric studies and forecasting. However, high-order ionospheric (HOI) delays are generally ignored in GPS processing to estimate atmospheric parameters. In this study, HOI effects on GPS-estimated tropospheric delay and gradients are investigated from two weeks of GPS data in June 2011 at selected GPS stations in Turkey. Results show that HOI effects are up to 6 mm on zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), 4 mm on the North-South (NS) gradient and 12 mm on the East-West (EW) gradient during this period, but can reach over 30 mm in slant tropospheric delays. Furthermore, the HOI effects on tropospheric delay and gradient are larger in the daytime than the nighttime. Furthermore, HOI effects on tropospheric delay are further investigated on low and high solar activity days. The HOI effects on GPS estimated tropospheric delay and gradients in high solar activity days are higher than those in low solar activity days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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18 pages, 5083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ionospheric Responses to the June 2015 Geomagnetic Storm from Ground and LEO GNSS Observations

by Chao Gao, Shuanggen Jin and Liangliang Yuan

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(14), 2200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12142200 - 09 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Geomagnetic storms are extreme space weather events, which have considerable impacts on the ionosphere and power transmission systems. In this paper, the ionospheric responses to the geomagnetic storm on 22 June 2015, are analyzed from ground-based and satellite-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations as well as observational data of digital ionosondes, and the main physical mechanisms of the ionospheric disturbances observed during the geomagnetic storm are discussed. Salient positive and negative storms are observed from vertical total electron content (VTEC) based on ground-based GNSS observations at different stages of the storm. Combining topside observations of Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) satellites (GRACE and MetOp satellites) with different orbital altitudes and corresponding ground-based observations, the ionospheric responses above and below the orbits are studied during the storm. To obtain VTEC from the slant TEC between Global Positioning System (GPS) and LEO satellites, we employ a multi-layer mapping function, which can effectively reduce the overall error caused by the single-layer geometric assumption where the horizontal gradient of the ionosphere is not considered. The results show that the topside observations of the GRACE satellite with a lower orbit can intuitively detect the impact caused by the fluctuation of the F2 peak height (hmF2). At the same time, the latitude range corresponding to the peak value of the up-looking VTEC on the event day becomes wider, which is the precursor of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA). However, no obvious response is observed in the up-looking VTEC from MetOp satellites with higher orbits, which indicates that the VTEC responses to the geomagnetic storm mainly take place below the orbit of MetOp satellites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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14 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

An Increase of GNSS Data Time Rate and Analysis of the Carrier Phase Spectrum

by Vladislav Demyanov, Ekaterina Danilchuk, Maria Sergeeva and Yury Yasyukevich

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(3), 792; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs15030792 - 30 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Natural hazards and geomagnetic disturbances can generate a combination of atmospheric and ionospheric waves of different scales. The carrier phase of signals of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) can provide the highest efficiency to detect and study the weak ionospheric disturbances in contrast to total electron content (TEC) and TEC-based indices. We consider the border between the informative part of the carrier phase spectrum and the uninformative noises—the deviation frequency—as the promising means to improve the GNSS-based disturbance detection algorithms. The behavior of the deviation frequency of the carrier phase spectra was studied under quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. The results showed that the deviation frequency value increases under magnetic storms. This effect was revealed for all GNSS constellations and signals regardless the GNSS type, receiver type/make and data rate (50 or 100 Hz). For the 100 Hz data, the most probable values of the deviation frequency grouped within ~28–40 Hz under quiet condition and shifted to ~37–48 Hz during the weak geomagnetic storms. Additionally, the lower values of deviation frequency of ~18–25 Hz almost disappear from the distribution of the deviation frequencies as it becomes narrower during geomagnetic storms. Considering that the small-scale irregularities shift the deviation frequencies, we can use this indicator as a “red alert” for weakest small-scale irregularities when the deviation frequency reaches ~35–50 Hz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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10 pages, 3230 KiB

Open AccessLetter

Comparison of TEC Calculations Based on Trimble, Javad, Leica, and Septentrio GNSS Receiver Data

by Vladislav Demyanov, Maria Sergeeva, Mark Fedorov, Tatiana Ishina, Victor Jose Gatica-Acevedo and Enrique Cabral-Cano

Remote Sens. 2020, 12(19), 3268; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs12193268 - 08 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3655

Abstract

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver is, to some extent, a “black box” when its data is used for ionospheric studies. Our results based on Javad, Septentrio, Trimble, and Leica GNSS receivers have proven that the accuracy of the slant Total Electron Content (TEC) calculation can differ significantly depending on the GNSS receiver type/model, because TEC measurements depend on the carrier phase tracking technique applied in a receiver. The correlation coefficient between carrier phase noise in L1 and L2 channels is considered as a possible indicator that shows if the L1-aided tracking technique or independent tracking is applied inside a receiver. An empirical model of the TEC noise component was provided to determine the TEC noise value in different types/models of GNSS receivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GNSS High Rate Data for Research of the Ionosphere)

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