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Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 December 2022) | Viewed by 13999

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Prof. Dr. Aboelmagd Noureldin

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) with Cross-Appointment at both the School of Computing and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
Interests: inertial navigation; global navigation satellite systems; GPS; wireless location; navigation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Umar Iqbal

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Guest Editor

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bagley College of Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
Interests: multi-sensor data fusion; integrated positioning and navigational technologies; robotics and control system; educational technologies; design thinking and technological innovations; IoT; wearable technology
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Dr. Haidy Elghamrawy

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Guest Editor

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC), Kingston, ON, Canada
Interests: GNSS; GPS; Navigation; multi-sensor integration; autonomous vehicles; machine vision; machine learning; deep learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Positioning and navigation of autonomous vehicles (including automated cars, unmanned ground and air vehicles (UGVs and UAVs) and drones) rely mainly on GNSS; however, GNSS cannot maintain the accuracy, reliability, continuity, and robustness of the positioning solution while being affected by radiofrequency interference. Such interference could be intentional, as in the case of jamming or spoofing, or it could be unintentional, as in the case of harmonics from other wireless systems using frequency bands close to GNSS bands, such as 5G. The presence of such signals poses a significant threat to future autonomous vehicles, as it could cause a malfunction of the positioning service that might result in serious safety issues. Therefore, the main objective of this Special Issue is to feature the present advances and survey papers in research areas related to interference signal detection, and mitigation for GNSS-based positioning applications. Invited original research contributions can cover a wide range of topics, including but not limited to the following:

Analysis of the impact of GNSS interference on land, airborne, and marine navigation applications;
Advanced signal processing and spectral estimation methods for GNSS interference detection and mitigation;
Case studies and new results on GNSS interference detection and mitigation methods;
Analysis of the impact of GNSS jamming and spoofing on the operation of autonomous platforms;
Enhancing the safety and reliability of autonomous systems in the presence of interference;
Multi-sensor fusion with other sensors and systems (e.g., INS, radars, cameras, LiDAR) for mitigating the impact of GNSS interference.

Prof. Aboelmagd Noureldin

Prof. Umar Iqbal

Dr. Haidy Elghamrawy
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the GNSS RFI Threat to DFMC GBAS Signal Bands

by Nadezda Sokolova, Aiden Morrison and Anja Diez

Sensors 2022, 22(22), 8587; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22228587 - 08 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1211

Abstract

This article presents analysis results from a long-term multi-site Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) monitoring campaign in the context of Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Dual Frequency Multi Constellation (DFMC) concept operation. GBAS resilience against unintentional RFI is an important area for investigation as the ground station receivers often must operate adjacent to high-traffic roads where chances of being affected by RFI are high. To be able to develop algorithms and reaction strategies necessary to ensure continuity and availability of service, knowledge of interference signal characteristics and frequency band/bands affected, as well as relative occurrence rates between the considered frequencies and frequency combinations, is necessary. The analysis presented in the article covers the prevalence and properties of the RFI events observed on the GPSs L1 and L5 and the Galileo E1 and E5a frequency bands that are considered by the on-going DFMC GBAS concept development initiatives. Due to being spectrally adjacent, the observed event analysis is also carried out for the Galileo E5b and GLONASS G1 frequency bands. The article also addresses the issue of spectral occupancy distribution of the observed events and presents new interesting RFI event types captured during the considered monitoring period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation)

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19 pages, 10308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging GNSS Outages with IMU and Odometry: A Case Study for Agricultural Vehicles

by Eva Reitbauer and Christoph Schmied

Sensors 2021, 21(13), 4467; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21134467 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

Nowadays, many precision farming applications rely on the use of GNSS-RTK. However, when it comes to autonomous agricultural vehicles, GNSS cannot be used as a stand-alone system for positioning. To ensure high availability and robustness of the positioning solution, GNSS-RTK must be fused with additional sensors. This paper presents a novel sensor fusion algorithm tailored to tracked agricultural vehicles. GNSS-RTK, an IMU and wheel speed sensors are fused in an error-state Kalman filter to estimate position and attitude of the vehicle. An odometry model for tracked vehicles is introduced which is used to propagate the filter state. By using both IMU and wheel speed sensors, specific motion characteristics of tracked vehicles such as slippage can be included in the dynamic model. The presented sensor fusion algorithm is tested at a composting site using a tracked compost turner. The sensor measurements are recorded using the Robot Operating System (ROS). To analyze the achievable accuracies for position and attitude of the vehicle, a precise reference trajectory is measured using two robotic total stations. The resulting trajectory of the error-state filter is then compared to the reference trajectory. To analyze how well the proposed error-state filter is suited to bridge GNSS outages, GNSS outages of 30 s are simulated in post-processing. During these outages, the vehicle’s state is propagated using the wheel speed sensors, IMU, and the dynamic model for tracked vehicles. The results show that after 30 s of GNSS outage, the estimated horizontal position of the vehicle still has a sub-decimetre accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation)

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15 pages, 6228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GPS Swept Anti-Jamming Technique Based on Fast Orthogonal Search (FOS)

by Mohamed Tamazin, Michael J. Korenberg, Haidy Elghamrawy and Aboelmagd Noureldin

Sensors 2021, 21(11), 3706; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21113706 - 26 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

Recently, there has been growing demand for GPS-based reliable positioning, with the broadening of a range of new applications that mainly rely on GPS. GPS receivers have, recently, been attractive targets for jamming. GPS signals are received below the noise floor. Thus, they are vulnerable to interference and jamming. A jamming signal can potentially decrease the SNR, which results in disruption of GPS-based services. This paper aims to propose a reliable and accurate, swept anti-jamming technique based on high-resolution spectral analysis, utilizing the FOS method to provide an accurate spectral estimation of the GPS swept jamming signal. resulting in suppressing the jamming signal efficiently at the signal processing stages in the GPS receiver. Experiments in this research are conducted using the Spirent^TM GSS6700 simulation system to create a fully controlled environment to test and validate the developed method’s performance. The results demonstrated the proposed method’s capabilities to detect, estimate, and adequately suppress the GPS swept jamming signals. After the proposed anti-jamming module was employed, the software receiver was able to provide a continuous positioning solution during the presence of jamming within a 10 m positioning accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation)

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20 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New GNSS Interference Detection Method Based on Rearranged Wavelet–Hough Transform

by Kewen Sun and Tengteng Zhang

Sensors 2021, 21(5), 1714; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21051714 - 02 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

Since radio frequency interference (RFI) seriously degrades the performance of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver, interference detection becomes very important for GNSS receivers. In this paper, a novel rearranged wavelet–Hough transform (RWHT) method is proposed in GNSS interference detection, which is obtained by the combination of rearranged wavelet transform and Hough transform (HT). The proposed RWHT method is tested for detecting sweep interference and continuous wave (CW) interference, the major types of GNSS interfering signals generated by a GNSS jammer in a controlled test bench experiment. The performance of the proposed RWHT method is compared with the conventional techniques such as Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD) and Wigner–Hough transform (WHT). The analysis results show that the proposed RWHT method reduces the influence of cross-item problem and improves the energy aggregation property in GNSS interference detection. When compared with the WHT approach, this proposed RWHT method presents about 90.3% and 30.8% performance improvement in the initial frequency and chirp rate estimation of the GNSS sweep interfering signal, respectively. These results can be further considered to be the proof of the validity and effectiveness of the developed GNSS interference detection method using RWHT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation)

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21 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Spatial-Temporal Approach Based on Antenna Array for GNSS Anti-Spoofing

by Yuqing Zhao, Feng Shen, Guanghui Xu and Guochen Wang

Sensors 2021, 21(3), 929; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21030929 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2488

Abstract

The presence of spoofing signals poses a significant threat to global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based positioning applications, as it could cause a malfunction of the positioning service. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to present a spatial-temporal technique that enables GNSS receivers to reliably detect and suppress spoofing. The technique, which is based on antenna array, can be divided into two consecutive stages. In the first stage, an improved eigen space spectrum is constructed for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. To this end, a signal preprocessing scheme is provided to solve the signal model mismatch in the DOA estimation for navigation signals. In the second stage, we design an optimization problem for power estimation with the estimated DOA as support information. After that, the spoofing detection is achieved by combining power comparison and cross-correlation monitoring. Finally, we enhance the genuine signals by beamforming while the subspace oblique projection is used to suppress spoofing. The proposed technique does not depend on external hardware and can be readily implemented on raw digital baseband signal before the despreading of GNSS receivers. Crucially, the low-power spoofing attack and multipath can be distinguished and mitigated by this technique. The estimated DOA and power are both beneficial for subsequent spoofing localization. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques for GNSS-Based Navigation)

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