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New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensing and Imaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 39723
Please contact the Guest Editor or the Section Managing Editor at ( [email protected]) for any queries.

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Seong-Hun Kim

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Guest Editor

1. Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Director of Biocreative Orthodontic Strategy Center, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
2. Honorary Department Head, Department of Orthodontics, National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology in Hochiminh City, HCMC, Vietnam
Interests: temporary skeletal anchorage devices; cone beam computed tomography; sensors for occlusal force; electro myography; sensors for temporomandibular joint and mandibular movement; artificial intelligence; orthodontics; quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)

Prof. Dr. Ki Beom Kim

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Guest Editor

1. Dr. Lysle Johnston Endowed Chair in Orthodontics, Associate Professor and Program Director in the Orthodontic Department, Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University
2. Diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics and a Diplomate of the American Board of Orofacial Pain.
Interests: temporary skeletal anchorage devices; cone beam computed tomography; clear aligner; orthodontic tooth movements using artificial intelligence with 3D biomechanical analysis; obstructive sleep apnea; temporomandibular disorder

Prof. Dr. HyeRan Choo

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Guest Editor

1. Clinical Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine
2. Director of Craniofacial and Airway Orthodontics in the Department of Surgery and Co-Director of Stanford Digital Craniofacial and Airway Orthodontic Fellowship
3. Faculty Fellow of the Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign
Interests: neonatal cleft lip and palate; neonatal obstructive sleep apnea/Robin Sequence; infant orthodontics—airway, molding, and feeding; non-surgical and surgical orthodontics for obstructive sleep apnea; non-surgical and surgical orthodontics for facial reconstructive surgery; 3D craniofacial imaging and airway analysis; orthodontics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The advancement of science and technology has brought innovation in the dental field. Both diagnosis and treatment have been dramatically changed by the evolution of imaging technology. Digital dentistry, which has become a big topic, is greatly correlated with the improvement of imaging technology. For example, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables 3D skeletal dental analysis for treatment plans in orthodontic, prosthesis, periodontal, and orthognathic surgery. While the radiation dose is a fraction of medical spiral CT, it provides accurate enough information and further permits soft tissue and airway evaluation. The anatomical information and treatment outcome evaluation using CBCT allow establishing accurate, safe, and innovative treatment guidelines. Intraoral/extraoral/model scanning allows 3D simulation of dental treatment, and with 3D printers using these scanned data, we can fabricate therapeutic devices such as T-scans, electromyography, joint vibration analysis, and jaw tracking devices aid in dynamic analysis. The AI approach to 2D or 3D imaging technology is fundamentally changing the protocol of diagnosis in dentistry. Through this Special Issue, “New Frontiers in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanners, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry,” we would like to invite you all for discussion on the theory and practice of breakthrough sensing science that can help practitioners and patients throughout the dental field.

Prof. Dr. Seong-Hun Kim
Prof. Dr. Ki Beom Kim
Prof. Dr. HyeRan Choo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Dentistry
CBCT
AI
Orthodontics
Intraoral scanning
Imaging technology
T-scan
EMG
JVA
Orthognathic Surgery
QLF

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 172 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry

by Seong-Hun Kim, Ki Beom Kim and HyeRan Choo

Sensors 2022, 22(8), 2942; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22082942 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3286

Abstract

The advancement of science and technology has brought innovation in the dental field [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

Research

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17 pages, 1662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A CBCT Evaluation of Esthetic Preference Regarding the Perceived Facial Attractiveness of Young Korean Female Adults with a Normal Skeletal Pattern

by Jin-Hyoung Oh, Jae Hyun Park, Heon Jae Cho, Hye Young Seo and Jong-Moon Chae

Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7258; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22197258 - 25 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect esthetic preference regarding the perceived facial attractiveness of young Korean female adults with a normal skeletal pattern using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). After reorienting the CBCT images of 40 young Korean female adults, three-dimensional (3D) measurements were analyzed, and five 3D facial images were digitally constructed. A computer-based questionnaire was used to determine perceived facial attractiveness by scoring from 1 (very unattractive) to 10 (very attractive). Esthetic perception and the most influential facial view and component were examined and compared by orthodontists, general dentists, and laypeople to evaluate facial attractiveness. Compared to the unattractive group, the attractive group had significantly greater values for Pog-NB, L1SI-FH, U lip thickness, L lip-U lip, and Nasolabial angle, along with significantly lower values for U1SI-FH and Cant of U lip; the attractive group also had a more retruded U1MP (p < 0.01), L1MP (p < 0.01), U lip (p < 0.05), and L lip (p < 0.01) relative to N, as well as a more retruded U lip (p < 0.05) and L lip (p <0.001) relative to esthetic lines. Orthodontists and general dentists were more likely to consider the profile view. When evaluating facial attractiveness, orthodontists and laypeople more often focused on the lips and chin. When evaluating facial attractiveness, all evaluators showed a high esthetic preference for retroclination and retrusion of the incisors and lips, but there were some differences in how they perceived facial attractiveness. Therefore, the ultimate perception of facial attractiveness needs to be based on the esthetic perceptions of laypeople. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 8046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cone-Beam Angle Dependency of 3D Models Computed from Cone-Beam CT Images

by Myung Hye Cho, Mohamed A. A. Hegazy, Min Hyoung Cho and Soo Yeol Lee

Sensors 2022, 22(3), 1253; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22031253 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

Cone-beam dental CT can provide high-precision 3D images of the teeth and surrounding bones. From the 3D CT images, 3D models, also called digital impressions, can be computed for CAD/CAM-based fabrication of dental restorations or orthodontic devices. However, the cone-beam angle-dependent artifacts, mostly caused by the incompleteness of the projection data acquired in the circular cone-beam scan geometry, can induce significant errors in the 3D models. Using a micro-CT, we acquired CT projection data of plaster cast models at several different cone-beam angles, and we investigated the dependency of the model errors on the cone-beam angle in comparison with the reference models obtained from the optical scanning of the plaster models. For the 3D CT image reconstruction, we used the conventional Feldkamp algorithm and the combined half-scan image reconstruction algorithm to investigate the dependency of the model errors on the image reconstruction algorithm. We analyzed the mean of positive deviations and the mean of negative deviations of the surface points on the CT-image-derived 3D models from the reference model, and we compared them between the two image reconstruction algorithms. It has been found that the model error increases as the cone-beam angle increases in both algorithms. However, the model errors are smaller in the combined half-scan image reconstruction when the cone-beam angle is as large as 10 degrees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 4331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sandwich Integration Technique for the Pressure Sensor Detection of Occlusal Force In Vitro

by Jinxia Gao, Longjun Liu, Zhiwen Su and Haitao Wang

Sensors 2022, 22(1), 220; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22010220 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

Bite force measurement is an important parameter when checking the function and integrity of the masticatory system, whereas it is currently very difficult to measure bite force during functional movement. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore the potential technique and device for the measurement and intervention of the continuous bite forces on functional and dynamic occlusal condition. A portable biosensor by sandwich technique was designed, and the validity, reliability, and sensitivity were determined by mechanical pressure loading tests; meanwhile, the pressure signal is acquired by, and transmitted to, voltage changes by the electrical measurements of the sensors. The result is that, when the mechanical stress detection device is thicker than 3.5 mm, it shows relatively ideal mechanical properties; however, when the thickness is less than 3.0 mm, there is a risk of cracking. Mechanical stress changing and voltage variation had a regularity and positive relationship in this study. The mechanical stress-measuring device made by medical and industrial cross has a good application prospect for the measurement of bite force during function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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15 pages, 1408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sagittal and Vertical Growth of the Maxillo–Mandibular Complex in Untreated Children: A Longitudinal Study on Lateral Cephalograms Derived from Cone Beam Computed Tomography

by Leah Yi, Hyeran Helen Jeon, Chenshuang Li, Normand Boucher and Chun-Hsi Chung

Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8484; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21248484 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2069

Abstract

The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the sagittal and vertical growth of the maxillo–mandibular complex in untreated children using orthogonal lateral cephalograms compressed from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Two sets of scans, on 12 males (mean 8.75 years at T1, and 11.52 years at T2) and 18 females (mean 9.09 years at T1, and 10.80 years at T2), were analyzed using Dolphin 3D imaging. The displacements of the landmarks and rotations of both jaws relative to the cranial base were measured using the cranial base, and the maxillary and mandibular core lines. From T1 to T2, relative to the cranial base, the nasion, orbitale, A-point, and B-point moved anteriorly and inferiorly. The porion moved posteriorly and inferiorly. The ANB and mandibular plane angle decreased. All but one subject had forward rotation in reference to the cranial base. The maxillary and mandibular superimpositions showed no sagittal change on the A-point and B-point. The U6 and U1 erupted at 0.94 and 1.01 mm/year (males) and 0.82 and 0.95 mm/year (females), respectively. The L6 and L1 erupted at 0.66 and 0.88 mm/year (males), and at 0.41 mm/year for both the L6 and the L1 (females), respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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8 pages, 3876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A CBCT Evaluation of Midpalatal Bone Density in Various Skeletal Patterns

by Jong-Moon Chae, Leah Rogowski, Suchita Mandair, R. Curtis Bay and Jae Hyun Park

Sensors 2021, 21(23), 7812; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21237812 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4449

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate midpalatal bone density (BD) by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) according to gender, age, and vertical and horizontal skeletal patterns. CBCT images from 126 subjects (64 females and 62 males) were reoriented and analyzed in order to attain BD values at the midpalatal suture. Four age groups were used for classification (adolescence, 10 ≤ early < 14 years, 14 ≤ middle ≤ 17 years, and 17 < late ≤ 21 years; adult > 21 years). Vertical skeletal pattern categories were differentiated by the Frankfort horizontal line to mandibular plane angle (hypodivergent < 22°, 22° ≤ normovergent ≤ 28°, and 28° < hyperdivergent). Horizontal skeletal pattern differentiation was defined by ANB angle (Class III < 0°, 0° ≤ Class I ≤ 4°, and 4° < Class II). Females showed significantly higher BD than males (p < 0.001). As age increased, BD increased significantly (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between vertical skeletal patterns. Class II showed significantly less BD than Class III (p < 0.05). With this information, clinicians can better understand BD trends of the midpalatal suture and, thus, better understand our patient’s anatomy and potential hurdles in successful treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Accuracy of Cystic Lesions Using a Pre-Programmed Low-Dose and Standard-Dose Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Protocol: An Ex Vivo Comparison Study

by Adib Al-Haj Husain, Quirin Döbelin, Barbara Giacomelli-Hiestand, Daniel B. Wiedemeier, Bernd Stadlinger and Silvio Valdec

Sensors 2021, 21(21), 7402; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217402 - 07 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic reliability of radiographic assessment of cystic lesions using a pre-set, manufacturer-specific, low-dose mode compared to a standard-dose dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging protocol. Methods: Forty pig mandible models were prepared with cystic lesions and underwent both CBCT protocols on an Orthophos SL Unit (Dentsply-Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of CBCT data was performed by twelve investigators independently in SIDEXIS 4 (Dentsply-Sirona) using a trial-specific digital examination software tool. Thereby, the effect of the two dose types on overall detectability rate, the visibility on a scale of 1 (very low) to 10 (very high) and the difference between measured radiographic and actual lesion size was assessed. Results: Low-dose CBCT imaging showed no significant differences considering detectability (78.8% vs. 81.6%) and visibility (9.16 vs. 9.19) of cystic lesions compared to the standard protocol. Both imaging protocols performed very similarly in lesion size assessment, with an apparent underestimation of the actual size. Conclusion: Low-dose protocols providing confidential diagnostic evaluation with an improved benefit–risk ratio according to the ALADA principle could become a promising alternative as a primary diagnostic tool as well as for radiological follow-up in the treatment of cystic lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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16 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transverse Growth of the Maxillo-Mandibular Complex in Untreated Children: A Longitudinal Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study

by Leah Yi, Hyeran Helen Jeon, Chenshuang Li, Normand Boucher and Chun-Hsi Chung

Sensors 2021, 21(19), 6378; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21196378 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the longitudinal transverse growth of the maxillo-mandibular complex in untreated children using the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Two sets of scans on 12 males (mean 8.75 years at T1 and 11.52 years at T2) and 18 females (mean 9.09 years at T1 and 10.80 years at T2) were analyzed using Dolphin 3D imaging. The transverse widths of various maxillary and mandibular skeletal landmarks and the dentoalveolar and dental landmarks at the level of first molars were measured. Overall, there were greater increases in the transverse dimension in the posterior than anterior portions of the maxilla and mandible. The increase in intergonial width of the mandible seems to be primarily due to the lengthening of the mandibular body. The dentoalveolar process at the first molar level increases at an equal rate corono-apically and is independent to the changes in molar inclination. When comparing maxillary dentoalveolar changes with that of the mandible, greater increases were noticed in the maxilla, which might be explained by the presence of sutural growth in the maxilla. Moreover, the first molars maintain their coordination with each other despite the differential increase in the maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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17 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Digital Superimposition of Orthodontic Bracket Position by Using a Computer-Aided Transfer Jig System: An Accuracy Analysis

by Jae-Hyun Park, Jin-Young Choi, Song Hee Oh and Seong-Hun Kim

Sensors 2021, 21(17), 5911; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21175911 - 02 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3124

Abstract

Accurate bracket placement is essential for successful orthodontic treatment. An indirect bracket bonding system (IDBS) has been developed to ensure proper bracket positioning with three-dimensional computer-aided transfer jigs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of bracket positioning by a one-body transfer jig according to the tooth type and presence/absence of a resin base. In total, 506 teeth from 20 orthodontic patients were included in this study. After initial dental models were scanned, virtual setup and bracket positioning procedures were performed with 3D software. Transfer jigs and RP models were fabricated with a 3D printer, and brackets were bonded to the RP model with or without resin base fabrication. The best-fit method of 3D digital superimposition was used to evaluate the lineal and angular accuracy of the actual bracket position compared to a virtual bracket position. Although all the measurements showed significant differences in position, they were clinically acceptable. Regarding the tooth types, premolars and molars showed higher accuracy than anterior teeth. The presence or absence of a resin base did not consistently affect the accuracy. In conclusion, the proper application of IDBS should be performed considering the errors, and resin base fabrication might not be essential in ensuring high-accuracy IDBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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14 pages, 5214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Periodontal Risk Factors with Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Based Fluorescent Plaque Index, in Comparison to Radiographic and Oral Health Habit Scoring: A Retrospective Case Study

by Song Hee Oh, Jin-Young Choi, Sae Rom Lee and Seong-Hun Kim

Sensors 2021, 21(17), 5774; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21175774 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3972

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate periodontal risk factors with oral health habits and fluorescent plaque index (FPI) using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) images, and to evaluate their effect on the degree of radiographic bone loss (RBL). Selected were 276 patients over 19 years of age to complete the questionnaire for oral health habit and take QLF images, periapical and panoramic radiographs. Oral health habit score, age, and sex showed a statistically significant correlation with FPI. FPI showed a lower value as the oral health habit score increased and the age decreased. Moreover, females showed lower FPI values than did males. RBL showed a statistically significant positive correlation with age but did not show any correlation with oral health habit scores and sex. There was no correlation between FPI and RBL. The results of this study suggest that the clinical use of QLF allows plaque detection by non-invasive procedures and can aid in a more objective estimation for oral hygiene status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 12790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Force Distribution of a Novel Core-Reinforced Multilayered Mandibular Advancement Device

by Hyo-Won Ahn, Soo-Yeon Lee, Hobeen Yu, Jin-Young Park, Kyung-A Kim and Su-Jung Kim

Sensors 2021, 21(10), 3383; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21103383 - 12 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

A mandibular advancement device (MAD) is a commonly used treatment modality for patients with mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Although MADs have excellent therapeutic efficacy, dental side effects were observed with long-term use of MADs. The aim of this study was to analyze the force distribution on the entire dentition according to the materials and design of the MADs. Three types of MADs were applied: model 1 (single layer of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)), model 2 (double layer of PETG + thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)), and model 3 (core-reinforced multilayer). In the maxilla, regardless of the model, the incisors showed the lowest force distribution. In most tooth positions, the force distribution was lower in models 2 and 3 than in model 1. In the mandible, the mandibular second molar showed a significantly lower force in all models. The mandibular incisors, canines, and molars showed the highest force values in model 1 and the lowest values in model 3. Depending on the material and design of the device, the biomechanical effect on the dentition varies, and the core-reinforced multilayered MAD can reduce the force delivered to the dentition more effectively than the conventional single- or double-layer devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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Review

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24 pages, 9434 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pros and Cons of CAD/CAM Technology for Infection Prevention in Dental Settings during COVID-19 Outbreak

by Livia Barenghi, Alberto Barenghi, Umberto Garagiola, Alberto Di Blasio, Aldo Bruno Giannì and Francesco Spadari

Sensors 2022, 22(1), 49; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22010049 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

The purpose of this commentary is to update the evidence reported in our previous review on the advantages and limitations of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology in the promotion of dental business, as well as to guarantee patient and occupational safety. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented focus on infection prevention; however, waves of COVID-19 follow one another, asymptomatic cases are nearly impossible to identify by triage in a dental setting, and the effectiveness of long-lasting immune protection through vaccination remains largely unknown. Different national laws and international guidelines (mainly USA-CDC, ECDC) have often brought about dissimilar awareness and operational choices, and in general, there has been very limited attention to this technology. Here, we discuss its advantages and limitations in light of: (a) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity, saliva, and dental biofilm and activation of dormant microbial infections; (b) the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosol and fomite contamination; (c) the detection of various oral manifestations of COVID-19; (d) specific information for the reprocessing of the scanner tip and the ward from the manufacturers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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Other

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21 pages, 7999 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

A Multi-Center Disclusion Time Reduction (DTR) Randomized Controlled Occlusal Adjustment Study Using Occlusal Force and Timing Sensors Synchronized with Muscle Physiology Sensors

by Prafulla Thumati, Roshan P Thumati, Shwetha Poovani, Atul P Sattur, Srividya Srinivas, Robert B Kerstein and John Radke

Sensors 2021, 21(23), 7804; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21237804 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Objective—To perform a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Disclusion Time Reduction (DTR) study at five Dental Colleges, using intraoral sensors and muscular electrodes. Methods and Materials—One hundred students were randomly assigned to a treatment group to receive the ICAGD coronoplasty, or a control group that received tooth polishing. All subjects answered symptom questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory-II, Functional Restrictions, and Chronic Pain Symptom and Frequency. Subjects self-reported after ICAGD or placebo at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The Student’s t-Test analyzed the measured data. The Mann–Whitney U Test analyzed the subjective data (Alpha = 0.05). Results—The Disclusion Times, BDI-II scores, and Symptom Scales were similar between groups prior to treatment (p > 0.05). At 1 week, all three measures reduced in the treatment group, continuing to decline over 6 months (p < 0.05), but not for the controls (p > 0.05). Symptom Frequency, Functional Restrictions, and Pain Frequencies were higher in the treated group (p < 0.05), but declined after ICAGD compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions—ICAGD reduced Pain, Functional Restrictions, Symptom Frequency, and Emotional Depression within 1 week, which continued for 6 months. The tooth polishing did not initiate a placebo response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontier in Advanced Dentistry: CBCT, Intraoral Scanner, Sensors, and Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry)

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