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Non-invasive Sensing for Glucose Monitoring II

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2022) | Viewed by 14401

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
FAU Institute for Electronics Engineering (LTE) Cauerstrasse 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
Interests: Communications; Microwaves; Wearables; glucose sensor; MIMO; Medical Electronics; ECG; EMG; EOG; heartrate
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the WHO, diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases, found in about 8.5% of the global population. Every 7th death can be attributed to it (2016). Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication, regular screening, and treatment for complications. A regular accurate determination of blood glucose level is therefore highly desirable.

The gold standard are invasive schemes, where blood samples are tested by amperometric sensing schemes. Minimally invasive schemes such as arm patches have improved in accuracy and gained significant attention thanks to their fairly easy use, which makes them ideally suited for children and the elderly, where ensuring compliance can be difficult.

The ultimate goal, however, are non-invasive sensing schemes, which are more comfortable and have no risk of infection. Furthermore, sensing schemes that allow for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and are compact enough to be integrated into wearables, such as smartwatches or smart plasters, are in high demand, as they will overall contribute to a higher quality of living (QoL).

Literature is full of trials that explore new phenomena. However, a lot of new approaches fail in terms of accuracy and suffer from strong cross influences so that there is no chance for medical approval. Nevertheless the ever-growing market of wearables and advancements in microelectronics have created large expectations for CGM wearables that integrate into daily life activities and are not stigmatizing.

This Special Issue calls for contributions on recent advances in non-invasive glucose sensing schemes and sensor implementations. A detailed discussion on underlying phenomena, sensing principles, cross influences, sensitivity, tolerances, and suitability for CGM is encouraged. Submissions should take into account physiologically relevant concentration levels.

Prof. Dr. Georg Fischer
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Diabetes non-invasive glucose sensing
  • Continuous glucose monitoring—CGM
  • Wearables for metabolism sensing
  • Quality of living—QoL

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 10234 KiB  
Article
Feasibility Study of Glucose Concentration Measurement of Aqueous Solution Using Time Domain Reflected Signals
by Samira Saeedi, Somayyeh Chammani and Georg Fischer
Sensors 2022, 22(3), 1174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22031174 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2206
Abstract
Recently, wideband microwave spectroscopy (WBMS) has been applied for material characterization. Blood glucose sensing through microwave spectroscopy is usually done with resonant frequency-domain methods. Time-domain (TD) WBMS is a low-cost and convenient technique that can be used for glucose sensing of the aqueous [...] Read more.
Recently, wideband microwave spectroscopy (WBMS) has been applied for material characterization. Blood glucose sensing through microwave spectroscopy is usually done with resonant frequency-domain methods. Time-domain (TD) WBMS is a low-cost and convenient technique that can be used for glucose sensing of the aqueous solution. In this paper, early research for the implementation of a TD dielectric spectroscopy setup for glucose concentration measurement is presented. TD reflected signals from water with different glucose content are calculated using inverse Laplace transform. The proposed setup is a quasi-monostatic setup in which measurements are done with two different devices in the frequency range of 0.1 to 6 GHz to make a comparison between frequency domain (FD) and TD methods. Frequency domain (FD) measurement is performed with VNA and two Vivaldi antennas. Then, TD data is obtained using the transforming option of VNA. Direct TD measurement is operated with a maximum length sequence (m-sequence) transceiver. Measurement and numerical results follow the same trend and show good agreement with each other. A monotonic relation between peaks of TD signals and the corresponding glucose concentration is achieved. The variation of the height of the reflected signal’s peak is 0.00002 and 0.0005 for each 50 mg/dL glucose concentration with FD measurements and direct TD measurements, respectively. The glucose concentration range of 25 mg/dL to 400 mg/dL is investigated, and the worst repeatability of this method is 3.65% for 300 mg/dL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Sensing for Glucose Monitoring II)
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Review

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44 pages, 6343 KiB  
Review
Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review
by Yirui Xue, Angelika S. Thalmayer, Samuel Zeising, Georg Fischer and Maximilian Lübke
Sensors 2022, 22(2), 425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22020425 - 06 Jan 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8009
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common [...] Read more.
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Sensing for Glucose Monitoring II)
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Other

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11 pages, 479 KiB  
Letter
Analytical Model for Blood Glucose Detection Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
by Bruna Gabriela Pedro, David William Cordeiro Marcôndes and Pedro Bertemes-Filho
Sensors 2020, 20(23), 6928; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20236928 - 04 Dec 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3596
Abstract
Pathogens and adulterants in human feeding consumables can be readily identified according to their electrical properties. Electrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been widely used for body contents characterization, such as blood, urine, lactate, and sweat. If the concentration of glucose in blood alters [...] Read more.
Pathogens and adulterants in human feeding consumables can be readily identified according to their electrical properties. Electrical bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been widely used for body contents characterization, such as blood, urine, lactate, and sweat. If the concentration of glucose in blood alters the electrical properties of the blood medium, then the impedance spectrum obtained by BIA can be used to measure glycemia. For some applications, artificial neural networks allow the correlation of these parameters both impedance and concentration of glucose by means of symbolic and statistical rules. According to our literature review, there is not any physical model that allows the interpretation of the relationship between blood’s electrical properties from impedance spectra and the concentration of glucose in blood plasma. This article proposes a simplified physical model for blood electrical conductivity as a function of concentration of glucose, based on Bruggeman’s effective medium theory. The equations of this model were obtained considering an insulating phase distribution diffused in a conductive matrix, in which red blood cells are represented by macroscopic insulating nuclei and glucose molecules by microscopic insulating particles. The impedance spectrum for different glucose concentrations (4.0 to 6.8 mmol/L) in a blood sample, published by Kamat Bagul (2014), were compared to the proposed model. The results showed a significant correlation with the experimental data, showing a maximum error of 5.2%. The proposed model might be useful in the design of noninvasive blood glucose monitoring systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-invasive Sensing for Glucose Monitoring II)
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