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Smart Grids and Green Communications
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Smart Grids and Green Communications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 19879

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Javier M. Aguiar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Signal Theory and Communications and Telematics Engineering, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Interests: smart grids; green communications; artificial intelligence; big data; internet of things

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term smart grid refers to intelligent electricity distribution networks. Smart grids combine electricity distribution grids with the intensive use of information technologies, enabling data provision and analysis to both electricity distribution companies and consumers themselves. By providing traditional electricity grids with intelligence capabilities, it is possible to accurately determine consumption habits and improve grid efficiency as well as contribute to energy savings.

On the other side, a significant proportion of energy worldwide is consumed by information and communication technologies and infrastructures, with the wireless sector being one of the main contributors to this consumption. Therefore, it is critical to emphasize green communications, that is, communications characterized by energy efficiency, reduced CO2 emissions, and low-cost deployments, enabling the reduction of energy consumption as well as the associated carbon footprint.

Prof. Dr. Javier M. Aguiar
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence
  • big data
  • carbon footprint
  • energy consumption
  • energy efficiency
  • energy forecasting
  • green communications
  • information and communication technologies
  • Internet of Things
  • smart grid

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3718 KiB  
Article
False Data Injection Impact on High RES Power Systems with Centralized Voltage Regulation Architecture
by Tommaso Bragatto, Marco Antonio Bucarelli, Maria Sofia Bucarelli, Federico Carere, Alberto Geri and Marco Maccioni
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23052557 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1256
Abstract
The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) across power distribution networks (DNs) is forcing distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve the voltage regulation capabilities of the system. The increase in power flows due to the installation of renewable plants in unexpected zones of [...] Read more.
The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) across power distribution networks (DNs) is forcing distribution system operators (DSOs) to improve the voltage regulation capabilities of the system. The increase in power flows due to the installation of renewable plants in unexpected zones of the distribution grid can affect the voltage profile, even causing interruptions at the secondary substations (SSs) with the voltage limit violation. At the same time, widespread cyberattacks across critical infrastructure raise new challenges in security and reliability for DSOs. This paper analyzes the impact of false data injection related to residential and non-residential customers on a centralized voltage regulation system, in which the DG is required to adapt the reactive power exchange with the grid according to the voltage profile. The centralized system estimates the distribution grid state according to the field data and provides the DG plants with a reactive power request to avoid voltage violations. A preliminary false data analysis in the context of the energy sector is carried out to build up a false data generator algorithm. Afterward, a configurable false data generator is developed and exploited. The false data injection is tested in the IEEE 118-bus system with an increasing DG penetration. The false data injection impact analysis highlights the need to increase the security framework of DSOs to avoid facing a relevant number of electricity interruptions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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28 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
An Intelligent Automated System for Detecting Malicious Vehicles in Intelligent Transportation Systems
by Tehreem Ashfaq, Rabiya Khalid, Adamu Sani Yahaya, Sheraz Aslam, Ahmad Taher Azar, Tamim Alkhalifah and Mohamed Tounsi
Sensors 2022, 22(17), 6318; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22176318 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1795
Abstract
The exponential growth of intelligent vehicles(IVs) development has resulted in a complex network. As the number of IVs in a network increases, so does the number of connections. As a result, a great deal of data is generated. This complexity leads to insecure [...] Read more.
The exponential growth of intelligent vehicles(IVs) development has resulted in a complex network. As the number of IVs in a network increases, so does the number of connections. As a result, a great deal of data is generated. This complexity leads to insecure communication, traffic congestion, security, and privacy issues in vehicular networks (VNs). In addition, detecting malicious IVs, data integration, and data validation are major issues in VNs that affect network performance. A blockchain-based model for secure communication and malicious IV detection is proposed to address the above issues. In addition, this system also addresses data integration and transaction validation using an encryption scheme for secure communication. A multi-chain concept separates the legitimate and malicious data into two chains: the Integrity chain (I-chain) and Fraud chain (F-chain). This multi-chain mechanism solves the storage problem and reduces the computing power. The integration of blockchain in the proposed model provides privacy, network security, transparency, and immutability. To address the storage issue, the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is integrated with Certificate Authority (CA). A reputation mechanism is introduced to detect malicious IVs in the network based on ratings. This reputation mechanism is also used to prevent Sybil attack. The evaluation of the proposed work is based on the cost of smart contracts and computation time. Furthermore, two attacker models are presented to prevent the selfish mining attack and the Sybil attack. Finally, a security analysis of the proposed smart contracts with their security vulnerabilities is also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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21 pages, 3181 KiB  
Article
Energy Efficiency Optimization for SWIPT-Enabled IoT Network with Energy Cooperation
by Yang Cao, Ye Zhong, Chunling Peng, Xiaofeng Peng and Song Pan
Sensors 2022, 22(13), 5035; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22135035 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
As an advanced technology, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), combined with the internet of things (IoT) devices, can effectively extend the online cycle of the terminal. To cope with the fluctuation of energy harvesting by the hybrid access points (H-AP), the [...] Read more.
As an advanced technology, simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), combined with the internet of things (IoT) devices, can effectively extend the online cycle of the terminal. To cope with the fluctuation of energy harvesting by the hybrid access points (H-AP), the energy cooperation base station is introduced to realize the sharing of renewable energy. In this paper, we study the SWIPT-enabled IoT networks with cooperation. Our goal is to maximize the energy efficiency of the system, and at the same time, we need to meet the energy harvesting constraints, user quality of service (QoS) constraints and transmission power constraints. We jointly solve the power allocation, time switching and energy cooperation problems. Because this problem is a nonlinear programming problem, it is difficult to solve directly, so we use the alternating variable method, the iterative algorithm is used to solve the power allocation and time switching problem, and the matching algorithm is used to solve the energy cooperation problem. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has obvious advantages in energy efficiency performance compared with the comparison algorithm. At the same time, it is also proved that the introduction of energy cooperation technology can effectively reduce system energy consumption and improve system energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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Review

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35 pages, 1028 KiB  
Review
Privacy Preservation in Smart Meters: Current Status, Challenges and Future Directions
by Jonathan Kua, Mohammad Belayet Hossain, Iynkaran Natgunanathan and Yong Xiang
Sensors 2023, 23(7), 3697; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23073697 - 03 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
Recent years have seen the rapid development of technologies in Smart Grids (SGs) to enhance electricity networks with digital and data communication technologies. SGs can proactively detect, react, and respond to dynamic changes in the network. SGs can also enhance the efficiency and [...] Read more.
Recent years have seen the rapid development of technologies in Smart Grids (SGs) to enhance electricity networks with digital and data communication technologies. SGs can proactively detect, react, and respond to dynamic changes in the network. SGs can also enhance the efficiency and reliability of electricity supplies and promote the integration of renewable energy sources. Smart Meters (SMs) are often seen as the first step to a successful implementation of SGs. While SMs enable Utility Providers and consumers to obtain near real-time information of energy consumption, they can also be exploited to infer sensitive consumer data. Therefore, privacy preservation in SMs is paramount in ensuring the widespread and successful deployment of SGs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art SM privacy-preserving techniques published in the literature over the past decade. We categorize these techniques based on the attack types and their objectives. We aim to offer a unique perspective in this survey article through the lens of privacy preservation, cross-cutting the wide range of techniques presented in the literature. We conclude by identifying the challenges and highlighting key future research directions in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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30 pages, 1518 KiB  
Review
An Insight of Deep Learning Based Demand Forecasting in Smart Grids
by Javier Manuel Aguiar-Pérez and María Ángeles Pérez-Juárez
Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1467; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s23031467 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5337
Abstract
Smart grids are able to forecast customers’ consumption patterns, i.e., their energy demand, and consequently electricity can be transmitted after taking into account the expected demand. To face today’s demand forecasting challenges, where the data generated by smart grids is huge, modern data-driven [...] Read more.
Smart grids are able to forecast customers’ consumption patterns, i.e., their energy demand, and consequently electricity can be transmitted after taking into account the expected demand. To face today’s demand forecasting challenges, where the data generated by smart grids is huge, modern data-driven techniques need to be used. In this scenario, Deep Learning models are a good alternative to learn patterns from customer data and then forecast demand for different forecasting horizons. Among the commonly used Artificial Neural Networks, Long Short-Term Memory networks—based on Recurrent Neural Networks—are playing a prominent role. This paper provides an insight into the importance of the demand forecasting issue, and other related factors, in the context of smart grids, and collects some experiences of the use of Deep Learning techniques, for demand forecasting purposes. To have an efficient power system, a balance between supply and demand is necessary. Therefore, industry stakeholders and researchers should make a special effort in load forecasting, especially in the short term, which is critical for demand response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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36 pages, 8433 KiB  
Review
Communication Technologies for Interoperable Smart Microgrids in Urban Energy Community: A Broad Review of the State of the Art, Challenges, and Research Perspectives
by Gogulamudi Pradeep Reddy, Yellapragada Venkata Pavan Kumar and Maddikera Kalyan Chakravarthi
Sensors 2022, 22(15), 5881; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22155881 - 06 Aug 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6202
Abstract
In modern urban energy communities, diverse natured loads (homes, schools, hospitals, malls, etc.) are situated in the same locality and have self-electricity generation/management facilities. The power systems of these individual buildings are called smart microgrids. Usually, their self-electricity generation is based on renewable [...] Read more.
In modern urban energy communities, diverse natured loads (homes, schools, hospitals, malls, etc.) are situated in the same locality and have self-electricity generation/management facilities. The power systems of these individual buildings are called smart microgrids. Usually, their self-electricity generation is based on renewable energy sources, which are uncertain due to their environmental dependency. So, the consistency of self-energy generation throughout the day is not guaranteed; thus, the dependency on the central utility grid is continued. To solve this, researchers have recently started working on interoperable smart microgrids (ISMs) for urban communities. Here, a central monitoring and control station captures the energy generation/demand information of each microgrid and analyzes the availability/requirement, thereby executing the energy transactions among these ISMs. Such local energy exchanges among the ISMs reduce the issues with uncertain renewable energy and the dependency on the utility grid. To establish such useful ISMs, a well-established communication mechanism has to be adopted. In this view, this paper first reviews various state-of-the-art developments related to smart grids and then provides extensive insights into communication standards and technologies, issues/challenges, and future research perspectives for ISM implementation. Finally, a discussion is presented on advanced wireless technology, called LoRa (Long Range), and a modern architecture using the LoRa technology to establish a communication network for ISMs is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grids and Green Communications)
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