With the renaissance of electrochemical methods and electrochemical (bio)sensors, more and more of them are being developed for medical applications, smart textiles, and the food industry. For such applications, the safe use of biosensors is very important. Therefore, naturally occuring compounds are very important since they typically have the lowest toxicity when used in vitro or in vivo.

Usually, electrochemical biosensors are composed of an electrode material, a layer that increases an electroactive area, a layer that accelerates an electron transfer, and a recognition element. The latter one is in most cases a naturally obtained biological element, such as enzymes, antibodies, antigens, peptides, or DNA. Other naturally occuring compounds are usually used in both layers, increasing the electroactive area and the electron transfer. In the first one, natural polymers are used to immobilize nanomaterials, and in the second one, redox compounds are employed. Furthermore, naturally occuring compounds also can be used as protecting layers at the sensor surface in contact with a sample.

The investigation and application of naturally existing compounds, including enzymes, antobodies and other biological molecules, can be also used to prepare whole electrochemical biosensors. The investigation and characterization of such kinds of compounds in biosensing is important for applications in vitro and in vivo. The advantages, problems, and possibilities of applying naturally occuring compounds in electrochemical biosensing can be described with the key aspects outlined below.

•     Electrodes from naturally occuring materials;
•     The characterization of naturally occuring compounds for possible application in electrochemical biosensors;
•     Nanoparticles from naturally occuring compounds;
•     Naturally existing polymers and their application to electrochemical biosensing;
•     The polymerization of naturally occuring monomers for application in electrochemical biosensors;
•     Novel approaches to use enzymes, antobodies and other naturally abundant recognition elements in electrochemical biosensors;
•     The development of electrochemical biosensors for application in vitro or in vivo using natural compounds;
•     Smart textile with electrochemical sensors.

• Electrodes from naturally occuring materials;
• The characterization of naturally occuring compounds for possible application in electrochemical biosensors;
• Nanoparticles from naturally occuring compounds;
• Naturally existing polymers and their application to electrochemical biosensing;
• The polymerization of naturally occuring monomers for application in electrochemical biosensors;
• Novel approaches to use enzymes, antobodies and other naturally occuring recognition elements in electrochemical biosensors;
• The development of electrochemical biosensors for application in vitro or in vivo using natural compounds;
• Smart textile with electrochemical sensors.