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Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 January 2022) | Viewed by 23880

Special Issue Editors

Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia
Interests: theoretical and experimental research of bulk, surface and plate acoustic waves propagating in piezoelectric materials and structures, and developing various chemical, liquid and biological devices and sensors on this basis; the propagation of acoustic waves in conductive and viscous liquids and polymers and measures their acoustic parameters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia
Interests: theoretical and experimental research of bulk, surface and plate acoustic waves propagating in piezoelectric materials and structures, and developing various chemical, liquid and biological devices and sensors on this basis; creation of biological sensors for the detection and identification of viruses and bacteria, as well as antibiotics in various environments
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Resonators based on bulk acoustic waves with a longitudinal or lateral exciting electric field and one- or two-port resonators on surface or plate acoustic waves will be considered. A gas-sensitive element uses a layer deposited on the surface of a piezoelectric resonator of any type, the mechanical or electrical properties of which change in the presence of the analyzed gas. Liquid sensors are developed by using the contact of the analyzed liquid with a resonator such as those considered, the main parameters of which change when the mechanical or electrical properties of the contacting liquid change. As for biological sensors, two variants are contemplated. In the first variant, an active layer containing immobilized antibodies, bacteria or a virus is applied to the surface of the resonator. When a specific reagent is added to this layer, its properties change, which allows the detection and identification of the bacteria or virus. In the second variant, the biological reaction occurs directly in a liquid suspension containing the studied microorganisms to which a specific or non-specific reagent is added. Changing the physical properties of the suspension will allow one to detect and identify microorganisms contained in the suspension.

This Special Issue aims to receive submissions of both review and original research articles related to biological, liquid and gas sensors including various types of piezoelectric resonators based on bulk, surface and plate acoustic waves. Such sensors are widely used to diagnose various diseases at an early stage, to monitor the environment and to control various liquids in the food and chemical industries. These sensors include:

  • biological sensors for detection and identification of microorganisms, operating with active layers containing immobilized antibodies or bacteria or without them directly in liquid phase;
  • liquid sensors for measuring the mechanical and electrical properties of the liquid in contact with the resonator;
  • gas sensors for detection of the analyzed gas, including a gas-sensitive layer in contact with the resonator.

Dr. Boris D. Zaitsev
Dr. Irina A. Borodina
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • piezoelectric resonators with longitudinal or lateral exciting electric field;
  • resonators on plate or surface acoustic wave;
  • layer with immobilized microorganism;
  • bacteria- or virus-specific reagent;
  • suspension of bacteria or virus;
  • viscous and conducting liquid;
  • liquid identification;
  • gas-sensitive layer;
  • gas identification.

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3702 KiB  
Article
Microbial Acoustical Analyzer for Antibiotic Indication
by Boris Zaitsev, Irina Borodina, Ali Alsowaidi, Olga Karavaeva, Andrey Teplykh and Olga Guliy
Sensors 2022, 22(8), 2937; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22082937 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1194
Abstract
In this study, a compact acoustic analyzer for express analysis of antibiotics based on a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field and combined with a computer was developed. The possibility of determining chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions in the concentration range of 0.5–15 [...] Read more.
In this study, a compact acoustic analyzer for express analysis of antibiotics based on a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field and combined with a computer was developed. The possibility of determining chloramphenicol in aqueous solutions in the concentration range of 0.5–15 μg/mL was shown. Bacterial cells that are sensitive to this antibiotic were used as a sensory element. The change in the electrical impedance modulus of the resonator upon addition of the antibiotic to the cell suspension served as an analytical signal. The analysis time did not exceed 4 min. The correlation of the experimental results of an acoustic sensor with the results obtained using the light phase-contrast microscopy and standard microbiological analysis was established. The compact biological analyzer demonstrated stability, reproducibility, and repeatability of results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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17 pages, 62958 KiB  
Article
Phase Optimization for Multipoint Haptic Feedback Based on Ultrasound Array
by Zhili Long, Shuyuan Ye, Zhao Peng, Yuyang Yuan and Zhuohua Li
Sensors 2022, 22(6), 2394; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s22062394 - 20 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1804
Abstract
Ultrasound-based haptic feedback is a potential technology for human–computer interaction (HCI) with the advantages of a low cost, low power consumption and a controlled force. In this paper, phase optimization for multipoint haptic feedback based on an ultrasound array was investigated, and the [...] Read more.
Ultrasound-based haptic feedback is a potential technology for human–computer interaction (HCI) with the advantages of a low cost, low power consumption and a controlled force. In this paper, phase optimization for multipoint haptic feedback based on an ultrasound array was investigated, and the corresponding experimental verification is provided. A mathematical model of acoustic pressure was established for the ultrasound array, and then a phase-optimization model for an ultrasound transducer was constructed. We propose a pseudo-inverse (PINV) algorithm to accurately determine the phase contribution of each transducer in the ultrasound array. By controlling the phase difference of the ultrasound array, the multipoint focusing forces were formed, leading to various shapes such as geometries and letters, which can be visualized. Because the unconstrained PINV solution results in unequal amplitudes for each transducer, a weighted amplitude iterative optimization was deployed to further optimize the phase solution, by which the uniform amplitude distributions of each transducer were obtained. For the purpose of experimental verification, a platform of ultrasound haptic feedback consisting of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), an electrical circuit and an ultrasound transducer array was prototyped. The haptic performances of a single point, multiple points and dynamic trajectory were verified by controlling the ultrasound force exerted on the liquid surface. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed phase-optimization model and theoretical results are effective and feasible, and the acoustic pressure distribution is consistent with the simulation results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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14 pages, 8867 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of Non-Equilibrium Plasma-Treated PVDF Nanofiber Membrane-Based Sensors
by Quazi Nahida Sultana, Mujibur Khan, Rajib Mahamud, Mohammadsadegh Saadatzi, Papia Sultana, Tanvir Farouk, Rafael Quirino and Sourav Banerjee
Sensors 2021, 21(12), 4179; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21124179 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
The effect of a self-pulsing non-equilibrium plasma discharge on piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber membrane was investigated. The plasma discharge was generated in air with a DC power source, with a discharge current of 0.012 mA, a nominal interelectrode separation of 1 mm, and discharge [...] Read more.
The effect of a self-pulsing non-equilibrium plasma discharge on piezoelectric PVDF nanofiber membrane was investigated. The plasma discharge was generated in air with a DC power source, with a discharge current of 0.012 mA, a nominal interelectrode separation of 1 mm, and discharge voltage of ~970 V. In a continuous fabrication process, the electrospinning method was used to generate thin nanofiber membrane with a flow rate of 0.7–1 mL h−1 and 25–27 kV voltage to obtain the nanofiber with high sensitivity and a higher degree of alignment and uniformity over a larger area. Plasma treatment was applied on both single layer and multi-layer (three layers) nanomembranes. In addition, simultaneously, the nanofiber membranes were heat-treated at a glass transition temperature (80–120 °C) and then underwent plasma treatment. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the area under the curve at 840 and 1272 cm−1 (β phase) increased due to the application of plasma and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) indicated an increase in the degree of crystallinity. Finally, PVDF sensors were fabricated from the nanofibers and their piezoelectric properties were characterized. The results suggested that compared to the pristine samples the piezoelectric properties in the plasma and plasma-heat-treated sensors were enhanced by 70% and 85% respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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17 pages, 2671 KiB  
Article
Acoustical Slot Mode Sensor for the Rapid Coronaviruses Detection
by Olga Guliy, Boris Zaitsev, Andrey Teplykh, Sergey Balashov, Alexander Fomin, Sergey Staroverov and Irina Borodina
Sensors 2021, 21(5), 1822; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21051822 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2267
Abstract
A method for the rapid detection of coronaviruses is presented on the example of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) directly in aqueous solutions with different conductivity. An acoustic sensor based on a slot wave in an acoustic delay line was used for the [...] Read more.
A method for the rapid detection of coronaviruses is presented on the example of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) directly in aqueous solutions with different conductivity. An acoustic sensor based on a slot wave in an acoustic delay line was used for the research. The addition of anti-TGEV antibodies (Abs) diluted in an aqueous solution led to a change in the depth and frequency of resonant peaks on the frequency dependence of the insertion loss of the sensor. The difference in the output parameters of the sensor before and after the biological interaction of the TGE virus in solutions with the specific antibodies allows drawing a conclusion about the presence/absence of the studied viruses in the analyzed solution. The possibility for virus detection in aqueous solutions with the conductivity of 1.9–900 μs/cm, as well as in the presence of the foreign viral particles, has been demonstrated. The analysis time did not exceed 10 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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11 pages, 16380 KiB  
Communication
Detection of Pathologic Heart Murmurs Using a Piezoelectric Sensor
by Kiichi Takahashi, Kyoichi Ono, Hirokazu Arai, Hiroyuki Adachi, Masato Ito, Akie Kato and Tsutomu Takahashi
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21041376 - 16 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3189
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the capability of a piezoelectric sensor to detect a heart murmur in patients with congenital heart defects. Heart sounds and murmurs were recorded using a piezoelectric sensor and an electronic stethoscope in healthy neonates (n = 9) and [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the capability of a piezoelectric sensor to detect a heart murmur in patients with congenital heart defects. Heart sounds and murmurs were recorded using a piezoelectric sensor and an electronic stethoscope in healthy neonates (n = 9) and in neonates with systolic murmurs caused by congenital heart defects (n = 9) who were born at a hospital. Signal data were digitally filtered by high-pass filtering, and the envelope of the processed signals was calculated. The amplitudes of systolic murmurs were evaluated using the signal-to-noise ratio and compared between healthy neonates and those with congenital heart defects. In addition, the correlation between the amplitudes of systolic murmurs recorded by the piezoelectric sensor and electronic stethoscope was determined. The amplitudes of systolic murmurs detected by the piezoelectric sensor were significantly higher in neonates with congenital heart defects than in healthy neonates (p < 0.01). Systolic murmurs recorded by the piezoelectric sensor had a strong correlation with those recorded by the electronic stethoscope (ρ = 0.899 and p < 0.01, respectively). The piezoelectric sensor can detect heart murmurs objectively. Mechanical improvement and automatic analysis algorithms are expected to improve recording in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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17 pages, 4519 KiB  
Article
Sensorless Self-Excited Vibrational Viscometer with Two Hopf Bifurcations Based on a Piezoelectric Device
by Shinpachiro Urasaki, Hiroshi Yabuno, Yasuyuki Yamamoto and Sohei Matsumoto
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1127; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21041127 - 05 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2240
Abstract
In this study, we propose a high-sensitivity sensorless viscometer based on a piezoelectric device. Viscosity is an essential parameter frequently used in many fields. The vibration type viscometer based on self-excited oscillation generally requires displacement sensor although they can measure high viscosity without [...] Read more.
In this study, we propose a high-sensitivity sensorless viscometer based on a piezoelectric device. Viscosity is an essential parameter frequently used in many fields. The vibration type viscometer based on self-excited oscillation generally requires displacement sensor although they can measure high viscosity without deterioration of sensitivity. The proposed viscometer utilizes the sensorless self-excited oscillation without any detection of the displacement of the cantilever, which uses the interaction between the mechanical dynamics of the cantilever and the electrical dynamics of the piezoelectric device attached to the cantilever. Since the proposed viscometer has fourth-order dynamics and two coupled oscillator systems, the systems can produce different self-excited oscillations through different Hopf bifurcations. We theoretically showed that the response frequency jumps at the two Hopf bifurcation points and this distance between them depends on the viscosity. Using this distance makes measurement highly sensitive and easier because the jump in the response frequency can be easily detected. We experimentally demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed sensorless viscometer by a macro-scale measurement system. The results show the sensitivity of the proposed method is higher than that of the previous method based on self-excited oscillation with a displacement sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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15 pages, 12241 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Piezoelectric Cantilever Resonator with Different Width Layers
by Zhenxi Liu, Jiamin Chen and Xudong Zou
Sensors 2021, 21(1), 87; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21010087 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2738
Abstract
The piezoelectric cantilever resonator is used widely in many fields because of its perfect design, easy-to-control process, easy integration with the integrated circuit. The tip displacement and resonance frequency are two important characters of the piezoelectric cantilever resonator and many models are used [...] Read more.
The piezoelectric cantilever resonator is used widely in many fields because of its perfect design, easy-to-control process, easy integration with the integrated circuit. The tip displacement and resonance frequency are two important characters of the piezoelectric cantilever resonator and many models are used to characterize them. However, these models are only suitable for the piezoelectric cantilever with the same width layers. To accurately characterize the piezoelectric cantilever resonators with different width layers, a novel model is proposed for predicting the tip displacement and resonance frequency. The results show that the model is in good agreement with the finite element method (FEM) simulation and experiment measurements, the tip displacement error is no more than 6%, the errors of the first, second, and third-order resonance frequency between theoretical values and measured results are 1.63%, 1.18%, and 0.51%, respectively. Finally, a discussion of the tip displacement of the piezoelectric cantilever resonator when the second layer is null, electrode, or silicon oxide (SiO2) is presented, and the utility of the model as a design tool for specifying the tip displacement and resonance frequency is demonstrated. Furthermore, this model can also be extended to characterize the piezoelectric cantilever with n-layer film or piezoelectric doubly clamped beam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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25 pages, 9022 KiB  
Article
A Frequency-Correcting Method for a Vortex Flow Sensor Signal Based on a Central Tendency
by Bin Li, Chengyi Wang and Jie Chen
Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5379; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20185379 - 20 Sep 2020
Viewed by 2365
Abstract
A vortex flow meter employs a sensor based on the piezoelectric vibration principle to realize vortex signal acquisition, and therefore the measurement results are susceptible to vibration noise. In this paper, the generalized mode method is proposed based on the central tendency characteristic [...] Read more.
A vortex flow meter employs a sensor based on the piezoelectric vibration principle to realize vortex signal acquisition, and therefore the measurement results are susceptible to vibration noise. In this paper, the generalized mode method is proposed based on the central tendency characteristic of the vortex signal and combined with the existing filter bank method. The method combining filter bank with the generalized mode is designed and applied in the signal-processing system of the vortex flow meter, which makes up for the defect that the filter bank method cannot filter out the noise in the sub-band. The simulation experiments verify the feasibility and anti-interference performance of the algorithm. Meanwhile, a comparison with two FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) spectrum analysis methods shows that the algorithm designed in this paper requires a smaller sample size and achieves better real-time performance. The actual anti-vibration experiment and calibration experiment verify that the signal-processing system of a vortex flow meter ensures good accuracy and repeatability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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Review

Jump to: Research

24 pages, 9670 KiB  
Review
Structural Design and Physical Mechanism of Axial and Radial Sandwich Resonators with Piezoelectric Ceramics: A Review
by Wenjie Wang, Yi Jiang and Peter J. Thomas
Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21041112 - 05 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5084
Abstract
Piezoelectric ceramics are inexpensive functional materials which are widely used in sonar detection, home appliances, meteorological detection, telemetry and environmental protection and other applications. Sensors fabricated from these materials are compact and have fast response characteristics. Their underlying functional methodology is based on [...] Read more.
Piezoelectric ceramics are inexpensive functional materials which are widely used in sonar detection, home appliances, meteorological detection, telemetry and environmental protection and other applications. Sensors fabricated from these materials are compact and have fast response characteristics. Their underlying functional methodology is based on the direct piezoelectric effect whereby very small mechanical vibration signals are converted into electrical signals. Piezoelectric resonators are based on the reverse piezoelectric effect and they are widely used for the control of precision instruments and precision machinery, microelectronic components, bioengineering devices and other in applications requiring components to provide precision control of the relevant functional mechanism. In this paper, the structural evolution and design mechanism of sandwich resonators based on piezoelectric materials are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of different structures are compared and analyzed. The goal is to provide a comprehensive reference for the selection, application and promotion of piezoelectric resonators and for future structural innovation and mechanism research relevant to sandwich resonators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Liquid and Gas Sensors Based on Piezoelectric Resonators)
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