Submit to Sensors Review for Sensors Propose a Special Issue

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Published Papers

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Fault Diagnosis & Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 32238

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Len Gelman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Computing and Engineering, Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
Interests: digital signal processing; structural health monitoring; condition monitoring; artificial intelligence; vibration analysis; motor current signature analysis; adaptation of diagnosis systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues:

Vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies/systems have become very important for most industrial sectors and academic research. The most challenging topic in this field is vibration sensor-based diagnosis of machineries and structures.

The main challenges for these areas are as follows:

Most industrial assets/machineries are working in non-stationary operations;
Most excitations of engineering structures and, therefore, sensor outputs are non-stationary;
One of the most important industrial requirements to vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies is an effective diagnosis at early stage of damage development.

Addressing these challenges requires novel developments related to vibration sensors and intelligent vibration sensors, time-frequency, and non-linear higher-order spectral analysis of sensor data and adaptation of vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies to non-stationary conditions, related to machineries and structures.

Therefore, this SI focuses on vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems for machineries/structures with the main attention to novel developments, related to: vibration sensors and intelligent vibration sensors, signal processing of sensor data, artificial intelligence for diagnosis decision making, and adaptation of vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies to non-stationary conditions, related to machineries and structures.

This Special Issue will not cover non-novel “case study papers”. Potential authors need to make clear statements of paper novelties that should be based on comprehensive state-of-the art reviews.

The following keywords describe this SI:

Classical, time-frequency, and higher-order signal processing for vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems;
Artificial intelligence for vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems;
Vibration sensor-based health diagnosis technologies and systems for engineering structures;
Vibration sensor-based condition monitoring technologies and systems for machinery and complex electromechanical assets;
Adaptive vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems;
Vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems for linear and non-linear asset components/assets;
Diagnostic feature extraction for vibration sensor-based diagnosis technologies and systems.

Prof. Dr. Len Gelman
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

14 pages, 4231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetoelastic Ribbons as Vibration Sensors for Real-Time Health Monitoring of Rotating Metal Beams

by Georgios Samourgkanidis and Dimitris Kouzoudis

Sensors 2021, 21(23), 8122; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21238122 - 04 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

In the current work, magnetoelastic material ribbons are used as vibration sensors to monitor, in real time and non-destructively, the mechanical health state of rotating beam blades. The magnetoelastic material has the form of a thin ribbon and is composed of Metglas alloy 2826 MB. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, an experiment was performed to test the ability of the ribbon to detect and transmit the vibration behavior of four rotating blades, while the second stage was the same as the first but with minor damages introduced to the blades. As far as the first stage is concerned, the results show that the sensor can detect and transmit with great accuracy the vibratory behavior of the rotating blades, through which important information about the mechanical health state of the blade can be extracted. Specifically, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum of the recorded signal revealed five dominant peaks in the frequency range 0–3 kHz, corresponding to the first five bending modes of the blades. The identification process was accomplished using ANSYS modal analysis, and the comparison results showed deviation values of less than 1% between ANSYS and the experimental values. In the second stage, two types of damages were introduced to the rotating blades, an edge cut and a hole. The damages were scaled in number from one blade to another, with the first blade having only one side cut while the last blade had two side cuts and two holes. The results, as was expected, show a measurable shifting on the frequency values of the bending modes, thus proving the ability of the proposed magnetoelastic sensors to detect and transmit changes of the mechanical state of rotating blades in real time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 9292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Prediction of Diagnosis Effectiveness for Adaptation of the Spectral Kurtosis Technology to Varying Operating Conditions

by Stuart Kolbe, Len Gelman and Andrew Ball

Sensors 2021, 21(20), 6913; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21206913 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

In this paper, two novel consistency vectors are proposed, which when combined with appropriate machine learning algorithms, can be used to adapt the Spectral Kurtosis technology for optimum gearbox damage diagnosis in varying operating conditions. Much of the existing research in the field is limited to test apparatus run in constant and carefully controlled operating conditions, and the authors have previously publicised that the Spectral Kurtosis technology requires adaptation to achieve the highest possible probabilities of correct diagnosis when a gearbox is run in non-stationary conditions of speed and load. However, the authors’ previous adaptation has been computationally heavy using a brute-force approach unsuited to online use, and therefore, created the requirement to develop these two newly proposed vectors and allow computationally lighter techniques more suited to online condition monitoring. The new vectors are demonstrated and experimentally validated on vibration data collected from a gearbox run in multiple combinations of operating conditions; for the first time, the two consistency vectors are used to predict diagnosis effectiveness, with the comparison and proof of relative gains between the traditional and novel techniques discussed. Consistency calculations are computationally light and thus, many combinations of Spectral Kurtosis technology parameters can be evaluated on a dataset in a very short time. This study shows that machine learning can predict the total probability of correct diagnosis from the consistency values and this can quickly provide pre-adaptation/prediction of optimum Spectral Kurtosis technology parameters for a dataset. The full adaptation and damage evaluation process, which is computationally heavier, can then be undertaken on a much lower number of combinations of Spectral Kurtosis resolution and threshold. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vibration Sensor-Based Method for Generating the Precise Rotor Orbit Shape with General Notch Filter Method for New Rotor Seal Design Testing and Diagnostics

by Karel Kalista, Jindrich Liska and Jan Jakl

Sensors 2021, 21(15), 5249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21155249 - 03 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2111

Abstract

Verification of the behaviour of new designs of rotor seals is a crucial phase necessary for their use in rotary machines. Therefore, experimental equipment for the verification of properties that have an effect on rotor dynamics is being developed in the test laboratories of the manufacturers of these components all over the world. In order to be able to compare the analytically derived and experimentally identified values of the seal parameters, specific requirements for the rotor vibration pattern during experiments are usually set. The rotor vibration signal must contain the specified dominant components, while the others, usually caused by unbalance, must be attenuated. Technological advances have made it possible to use magnetic bearings in test equipment to support the rotor and as a rotor vibration exciter. Active magnetic bearings allow control of the vibrations of the rotor and generate the desired shape of the rotor orbit. This article presents a solution developed for a real test rig equipped with active magnetic bearings and rotor vibration sensors, which is to be used for testing a new design of rotor seals. Generating the exact shape of the orbit is challenging. The exact shape of the rotor orbit is necessary to compare the experimentally and numerically identified properties of the seal. The generalized notch filter method is used to compensate for the undesired harmonic vibrations. In addition, a novel modified generalized notch filter is introduced, which is used for harmonic vibration generation. The excitation of harmonic vibration of the rotor in an AMB system is generally done by injecting the harmonic current into the control loop of each AMB axis. The motion of the rotor in the AMB axis is coupled, therefore adjustment of the amplitudes and phases of the injected signals may be tedious. The novel general notch filter algorithm achieves the desired harmonic vibration of the rotor automatically. At first, the general notch filter algorithm is simulated and the functionality is confirmed. Finally, an experimental test device with an active magnetic bearing is used for verification of the algorithm. The measured data are presented to demonstrate that this approach can be used for precise rotor orbit shape generation by active magnetic bearings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep-Learning and Vibration-Based System for Wear Size Estimation of Railway Switches and Crossings

by Taoufik Najeh, Jan Lundberg and Abdelfateh Kerrouche

Sensors 2021, 21(15), 5217; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21155217 - 31 Jul 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2865

Abstract

The switch and crossing (S&C) is one of the most important parts of the railway infrastructure network due to its significant influence on traffic delays and maintenance costs. Two central questions were investigated in this paper: (I) the first question is related to the feasibility of exploring the vibration data for wear size estimation of railway S&C and (II) the second one is how to take advantage of the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based framework to design an effective early-warning system at early stage of S&C wear development. The aim of the study was to predict the amount of wear in the entire S&C, using medium-range accelerometer sensors. Vibration data were collected, processed, and used for developing accurate data-driven models. Within this study, AI-based methods and signal-processing techniques were applied and tested in a full-scale S&C test rig at Lulea University of Technology to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. A real-scale railway wagon bogie was used to study different relevant types of wear on the switchblades, support rail, middle rail, and crossing part. All the sensors were housed inside the point machine as an optimal location for protection of the data acquisition system from harsh weather conditions such as ice and snow and from the ballast. The vibration data resulting from the measurements were used to feed two different deep-learning architectures, to make it possible to achieve an acceptable correlation between the measured vibration data and the actual amount of wear. The first model is based on the ResNet architecture where the input data are converted to spectrograms. The second model was based on a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. The proposed model was tested in terms of its accuracy in wear severity classification. The results show that this machine learning method accurately estimates the amount of wear in different locations in the S&C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic Feature Extraction and Filtering Criterion for Fatigue Crack Growth Using High Frequency Parametrical Analysis

by Ángela Angulo, Cristinel Mares and Tat-Hean Gan

Sensors 2021, 21(15), 5030; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21155030 - 24 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2045

Abstract

Mooring systems are an integral and sophisticated component of offshore assets and are subject to harsh conditions and cyclic loading. The early detection and characterisation of fatigue crack growth remain a crucial challenge. The scope of the present work was to establish filtering and alarm criteria for different crack growth stages by evaluating the recorded signals and their features. The analysis and definition of parametrical limits, and the correlation of their characteristics with the crack, helped to identify approaches to discriminate between noise, initiation, and growth-related signals. Based on these, a filtering criterion was established, to support the identification of the different growth stages and noise with the aim to provide early warnings of potential damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Fatigue Damage Estimation by New Stress Correction Based on Kurtosis Control of Random Excitation Loadings

by Yuzhu Wang and Roger Serra

Sensors 2021, 21(13), 4518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21134518 - 01 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2004

Abstract

In the pioneer CAE stage, life assessment is the essential part to make the product meet the life requirement. Commonly, the lives of flexible structures are determined by vibration fatigue which accrues at or close to their natural frequencies. However, existing PSD vibration fatigue damage estimation methods have two prerequisites for use: the behavior of the mechanical system must be linear and the probability density function of the response stresses must follow a Gaussian distribution. Under operating conditions, non-Gaussian signals are often recorded as excitation (usually observed through kurtosis), which will result in non-Gaussian response stresses. A new correction is needed to make the PSD approach available for the non-Gaussian vibration to deal with the inevitable extreme value of high kurtosis. This work aims to solve the vibration fatigue estimation under the non-Gaussian vibration; the key is the probability density function of response stress. This work researches the importance of non-Gaussianity numerically and experimentally. The beam specimens with two notches were used in this research. All excitation stays in the frequency range that only affects the second natural frequency, although their kurtosis is different. The results show that the probability density function of response stress under different kurtoses can be obtained by kurtosis correction based on the PSD approach of the frequency domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crack-Length Estimation for Structural Health Monitoring Using the High-Frequency Resonances Excited by the Energy Release during Fatigue-Crack Growth

by Roshan Joseph, Hanfei Mei, Asaad Migot and Victor Giurgiutiu

Sensors 2021, 21(12), 4221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21124221 - 20 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2475

Abstract

Acoustic waves are widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) for detecting fatigue cracking. The strain energy released when a fatigue crack advances has the effect of exciting acoustic waves, which travel through the structures and are picked up by the sensors. Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) can effectively sense acoustic waves due to fatigue-crack growth. Conventional acoustic-wave passive SHM, which relies on counting the number of acoustic events, cannot precisely estimate the crack length. In the present research, a novel method for estimating the crack length was proposed based on the high-frequency resonances excited in the crack by the energy released when a crack advances. In this method, a PWAS sensor was used to sense the acoustic wave signal and predict the length of the crack that generated the acoustic event. First, FEM analysis was undertaken of acoustic waves generated due to a fatigue-crack growth event on an aluminum-2024 plate. The FEM analysis was used to predict the wave propagation pattern and the acoustic signal received by the PWAS mounted at a distance of 25 mm from the crack. The analysis was carried out for crack lengths of 4 and 8 mm. The presence of the crack produced scattering of the waves generated at the crack tip; this phenomenon was observable in the wave propagation pattern and in the acoustic signals recorded at the PWAS. A study of the signal frequency spectrum revealed peaks and valleys in the spectrum that changed in frequency and amplitude as the crack length was changed from 4 to 8 mm. The number of peaks and valleys was observed to increase as the crack length increased. We suggest this peak–valley pattern in the signal frequency spectrum can be used to determine the crack length from the acoustic signal alone. An experimental investigation was performed to record the acoustic signals in crack lengths of 4 and 8 mm, and the results were found to match well with the FEM predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Damage Identification of Composite Rotors Based on Fully Connected Neural Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks

by Veronika Scholz, Peter Winkler, Andreas Hornig, Maik Gude and Angelos Filippatos

Sensors 2021, 21(6), 2005; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21062005 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2690

Abstract

Damage identification of composite structures is a major ongoing challenge for a secure operational life-cycle due to the complex, gradual damage behaviour of composite materials. Especially for composite rotors in aero-engines and wind-turbines, a cost-intensive maintenance service has to be performed in order to avoid critical failure. A major advantage of composite structures is that they are able to safely operate after damage initiation and under ongoing damage propagation. Therefore, a robust, efficient diagnostic damage identification method would allow monitoring the damage process with intervention occurring only when necessary. This study investigates the structural vibration response of composite rotors by applying machine learning methods and the ability to identify, localise and quantify the present damage. To this end, multiple fully connected neural networks and convolutional neural networks were trained on vibration response spectra from damaged composite rotors with barely visible damage, mostly matrix cracks and local delaminations using dimensionality reduction and data augmentation. A databank containing 720 simulated test cases with different damage states is used as a basis for the generation of multiple data sets. The trained models are tested using k-fold cross validation and they are evaluated based on the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Convolutional neural networks perform slightly better providing a performance accuracy of up to 99.3% for the damage localisation and quantification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 13311 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis of Hydraulic Piston Pump Based on Wavelet Analysis and Improved AlexNet

by Yong Zhu, Guangpeng Li, Rui Wang, Shengnan Tang, Hong Su and Kai Cao

Sensors 2021, 21(2), 549; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21020549 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 3679

Abstract

Hydraulic piston pump is the heart of hydraulic transmission system. On account of the limitations of traditional fault diagnosis in the dependence on expert experience knowledge and the extraction of fault features, it is of great meaning to explore the intelligent diagnosis methods of hydraulic piston pump. Motivated by deep learning theory, a novel intelligent fault diagnosis method for hydraulic piston pump is proposed via combining wavelet analysis with improved convolutional neural network (CNN). Compared with the classic AlexNet, the proposed method decreases the number of parameters and computational complexity by means of modifying the structure of network. The constructed model fully integrates the ability of wavelet analysis in feature extraction and the ability of CNN in deep learning. The proposed method is employed to extract the fault features from the measured vibration signals of the piston pump and realize the fault classification. The fault data are mainly from five different health states: central spring failure, sliding slipper wear, swash plate wear, loose slipper, and normal state, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract the characteristics of the vibration signals of the piston pump in multiple states, and effectively realize intelligent fault recognition. To further demonstrate the recognition property of the proposed model, different CNN models are used for comparisons, involving standard LeNet-5, improved 2D LeNet-5, and standard AlexNet. Compared with the models for contrastive analysis, the proposed method has the highest recognition accuracy, and the proposed model is more robust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration-Based Diagnostics of Radial Clearances and Bolts Loosening in the Bearing Supports of the Heavy-Duty Gearboxes

by Pavlo Krot, Volodymyr Korennoi and Radoslaw Zimroz

Sensors 2020, 20(24), 7284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20247284 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3145

Abstract

The problem solved in this research is the diagnosis of the radial clearances in bearing supports and the loosening of fastening bolts due to their plastic elongation (creep) or weak tightening using vibration signals. This is an important issue for the maintenance of the heavy-duty gearboxes of powerful mining machines and rolling mills working in non-stationary regimes. Based on a comprehensive overview of bolted joint diagnostic methods, a solution to this problem based on a developed nonlinear dynamical model of bearing supports is proposed. Diagnostic rules are developed by comparing the changes of natural frequency and its harmonics, the amplitudes and phases of shaft transient oscillations. Then, the vibration signals are measured on real gearboxes while the torque is increasing in the transmission during several series of industrial trials under changing bearings and bolts conditions. In parallel, dynamical torque is measured and its interrelation with vibration is determined. It is concluded that the radial clearances are the most influencing factors among the failure parameters in heavy-duty gearboxes of industrial machines working under impulsive and step-like loading. The developed diagnostics algorithm allows condition monitoring of bearings and fastening bolts, allowing one to undertake timely maintenance actions to prevent failures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 8948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Method for Vibration Sensor-Based Instantaneous Defect Frequency Estimation for Rolling Bearings Under Non-Stationary Conditions

by Dezun Zhao, Len Gelman, Fulei Chu and Andrew Ball

Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5201; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20185201 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3090

Abstract

It is proposed a novel instantaneous frequency estimation technology, multi-generalized demodulation transform, for non-stationary signals, whose true time variations of instantaneous frequencies are unknown and difficult to extract from the time-frequency representation due to essentially noisy environment. Theoretical bases of the novel instantaneous frequency estimation technology are created. The main innovations are summarized as: (a) novel instantaneous frequency estimation technology, multi-generalized demodulation transform, is proposed, (b) novel instantaneous frequency estimation results, obtained by simulation, for four types of amplitude and frequency modulated non-stationary single and multicomponent signals under strong background noise (signal to noise ratio is −5 dB), and (c) novel experimental instantaneous frequency estimation results for defect frequency of rolling bearings for multiple defect frequency harmonics, using the proposed technology in non-stationary conditions and in conditions of different levels of noise interference, including a strong noise interference. Quantitative instantaneous frequency estimation errors are employed to evaluate performance of the proposed IF estimation technology. Simulation and experimental estimation results show high effectiveness of the proposed estimation technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 7776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Higher-Order Spectral Cross-Correlation Technologies for Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis of Gearboxes

by Len Gelman, Krzysztof Soliński and Andrew Ball

Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5131; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s20185131 - 09 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2519

Abstract

Novel vibration sensor-based diagnostic technologies, built on the higher order wavelet spectral cross-correlation (WSC), are proposed, investigated and applied to gearbox vibration diagnosis for the first time in worldwide terms. The proposed WSC-based technologies do not feature any constrains in selection of signal spectral components, relations between which are analysed. That is a radical improvement in comparison with the higher-order spectra (HOS). The WSC technologies are applied for an experimental diagnosis of a local gear tooth fault of a helical gearbox that is developed during a long duration gearbox endurance test. Differences between the applied technologies and advantages of the novel WSC approach over the classical HOS are explained in detail. Superiority of the WSC technologies is justified by high validity comprehensive experimental comparison with the HOS technologies: i.e., the wavelet bicoherence and the wavelet tricoherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ )

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Vibration Sensor-Based Diagnosis Technologies and Systems: Part Ⅰ

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI